CAPÍTULO I: EL OBJETO DE ESTUDIO
1.1. El éxito de la serie
1.1.5. La Tercera Edad de Oro de la ficción televisiva
The two Trichoderma cf. atroviride isolates LU132 and LU140 were virtually clonal individuals displaying distinct phenotypes. They acquired one single base mutation (SNP) each and a number of differential DNA methylations. No other genetic differences or extra- chromosomal elements were detected. As SNP2 was synonymous and SNP1 did not entirely account for all isolate-specific phenotypic traits, I conclude that the distinct phenotypes of LU132 and LU140 are a result of the SNP1 mutation and other factors, which are likely to include differential DNA methylation.
The results show that the definition of an individual is not exclusively defined by its DNA sequence. Individual phenotypes depend on the interconnected regulating systems of genome and epigenome in the specific environment (Figure 6.1). Consequently, molecular strain typing for identification of specific traits should be applied with caution and should always be combined with phenotypic characterisation.
Figure 6.1 Illustration of how the interactions between environment, genome and epigenome might result in a specific phenotype.
Environmental conditions can cause point mutations and DNA methylation in an organism. Point mutations can change the genome and DNA methylation can change the epigenome, but they can also influence each other. Both, genome and epigenome interact to create the
References
Abd-El Moity, T., Papavizas, G. & Shatla, M. (1982). Induction of new isolates of
Trichoderma harzianum tolerant to fungicides and their experimental use for control of white rot of onion. Phytopathology, 72(4), 396-400.
Altomare, C., Norvell, W., Björkman, T. & Harman, G. (1999). Solubilization of phosphates and micronutrients by the plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 1295-22. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65(7), 2926- 2933.
Anckar, J. & Sistonen, L. (2007). SUMO: getting it on. Biochemical Society Transactions, 35(6), 1409-1413.
Andersson, J. O. (2005). Lateral gene transfer in eukaryotes. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 62(11), 1182-1197.
Andrianopoulos, A. & Timberlake, W. E. (1994). The Aspergillus nidulansabaA gene
encodes a transcriptional activator that acts as a genetic switch to control development.
Molecular and cellular biology, 14(4), 2503-2515.
Angers, B., Castonguay, E. & Massicotte, R. (2010). Environmentally induced phenotypes and DNA methylation: how to deal with unpredictable conditions until the next generation and after. Molecular Ecology, 19(7), 1283-1295.
Antal, Z., Hatvani, L., Varga, J., Kredics, L., Szekeres, A., Manczinger, L., . . . Nagy, E. (2005). Double-stranded RNA elements in Trichoderma strains derived from
mushroom farms (Poster abstract). Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 52(2), 5.
Antal, Z., Manczinger, L., Kredics, L., Kevei, F. & Nagy, E. (2002). Complete DNA sequence and analysis of a mitochondrial plasmid in the mycoparasitic Trichoderma harzianum strain T95. Plasmid, 47(2), 148-152.
Antal, Z., Varga, J., Szekeres, A., Kredics, L., Manczinger, L., Hatvani, L., . . . Nagy, E. (2005). Investigation of dsRNA molecules in Trichoderma strains (Poster abstract).
Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 52(2), 241-242.
Aro, N., Saloheimo, A., Ilmén, M. & Penttilä, M. (2001). ACEII, a novel transcriptional activator involved in regulation of cellulase and xylanase genes of Trichoderma reesei. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(26), 24309-24314.
Aronesty, E. (2013). Comparison of sequencing utility programs. Open Bioinformatics Journal, 7, 1-8.
Ashelford, K., Eriksson, M. E., Allen, C. M., D’Amore, R., Johansson, M., Gould, P., . . . Hall, A. (2011). Full genome re-sequencing reveals a novel circadian clock mutation in Arabidopsis. Genome Biol, 12(3), R28.
Atanasova, L. & Druzhinina, I. S. (2010). Global nutrient profiling by Phenotype
MicroArrays: a tool complementing genomic and proteomic studies in conidial fungi.
Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B, 11(3), 151-168.
Atanasova, L., Druzhinina, I. S. & Jaklitsch, W. M. (2013). Two hundred Trichoderma
species recognized on the basis of molecular phylogeny. In P. K. Mukherjee, B. A. Horwitz, U. S. Singh, M. Mala & M. Schmoll (Eds.), Trichoderma: Biology and Applications (10-42).
Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Seidman, J., Smith, J. A. & Struhl, K. (2002). Short protocols in molecular biology: a compendium of methods from current protocols in molecular biology (Vol. 2): Wiley New York.
Baek, J. M. & Kenerley, C. M. (1998). The arg2 gene of Trichoderma virens: Cloning and development of a homologous transformation system. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 23(1), 34-44.
Baidyaroy, D. & Bertrand, H. (1997). Method for the isolation of circular mitochondrial plasmids from filamentous fungi. Fungal Genetics Newsletter, 44, 8-9.
Bailey, B. A. & Melnick, R. L. (2013). The endophytic Trichoderma. In P. K. Mukherjee, B. A. Horwitz, U. S. Singh, M. Mala & M. Schmoll (Eds.), Trichoderma: Biology and Applications (152-172).
Bailey, T. L., Boden, M., Buske, F. A., Frith, M., Grant, C. E., Clementi, L., . . . Noble, W. S. (2009). MEME SUITE: tools for motif discovery and searching. Nucleic Acids
Research, 37(suppl 2), W202-W208.
Belfort, M. & Perlman, P. S. (1995). Mechanisms of intron mobility. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270(51), 30237-30240.
Benetti, R., Gonzalo, S., Jaco, I., Munoz, P., Gonzalez, S., Schoeftner, S., . . . Blasco, M. A. (2008). A mammalian microRNA cluster controls DNA methylation and telomere recombination via Rbl2-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferases. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 15(3), 268-279.
Benitez, T., Rincon, A. M., Limon, M. C. & Codon, A. C. (2004). Biocontrol mechanisms of
Trichoderma strains. International Microbiology, 7(4), 249-260.
Berrocal-Tito, G. M., Esquivel-Naranjo, E. U., Horwitz, B. A. & Herrera-Estrella, A. (2007).
Trichoderma atroviride PHR1, a fungal photolyase responsible for DNA repair, autoregulates its own photoinduction. Eukaryotic Cell, 6(9), 1682-1692.
Berrocal-Tito, G. M., Sametz-Baron, L., Eichenberg, K., Horwitz, B. A. & Herrera-Estrella, A. (1999). Rapid blue light regulation of a Trichoderma harzianum photolyase gene.
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(20), 14288-14294.
Binz, T., D'Mello, N. & Horgen, P. A. (1998). A comparison of DNA methylation levels in selected isolates of higher fungi. Mycologia, 785-790.
Bird, A. (2002). DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes & development, 16(1), 6-21.
Bisby, G. (1939). Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries, and notes on Hypocrea. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 23(2), 149-168.
Bissett, J. (1984). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. I. Section Longibrachiatum sect. nov.
Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 62(5), 924-931. Bissett, J. (1991a). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. IV. Additional notes on the section
Longibrachiatum. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 69(11), 2418-2420.
Bissett, J. (1991b). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. II. Infrageneric classification.
Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 69(11), 2357-2372. Bissett, J. (1991c). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. III. Section Pachybasium. Canadian
Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 69(11), 2373-2417.
Bissett, J. (1992). Trichoderma atroviride. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 70(3), 639-641.
Bissett, J., Szakacs, G., Nolan, C. A., Druzhinina, I., Gradinger, C. & Kubicek, C. P. (2003). New species of Trichoderma from Asia. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue
Canadienne De Botanique, 81(6), 570-586.
Blackwood, E. M. & Kadonaga, J. T. (1998). Going the distance: A current view of enhancer action. Science, 281(5373), 60-63.
Bochner, B. R., Gadzinski, P. & Panomitros, E. (2001). Phenotype MicroArrays for high- throughput phenotypic testing and assay of gene function. Genome Research, 11(7), 1246-1255.
Bradner, J., Gillings, M. & Nevalainen, K. (1999). Qualitative assessment of hydrolytic activities in Antarctic microfungi grown at different temperatures on solid media.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 15(1), 131-132.
Brena, R. M. & Costello, J. F. (2007). Genome–epigenome interactions in cancer. Human molecular genetics, 16(R1), R96-R105.
Brotman, Y., Briff, E., Viterbo, A. & Chet, I. (2008). Role of swollenin, an expansin-like protein from Trichoderma, in plant root colonization. Plant Physiology, 147(2), 779- 789.
Brunner, K., Omann, M., Pucher, M. E., Delic, M., Lehner, S. M., Domnanich, P., . . . Zeilinger, S. (2008). Trichoderma G protein-coupled receptors: functional characterisation of a cAMP receptor-like protein from Trichoderma atroviride.
Current Genetics, 54(6), 283-299.
Brunner, K., Peterbauer, C. K., Mach, R. L., Lorito, M., Zeilinger, S. & Kubicek, C. P. (2003). The Nag1 N-acetylglucosaminidase of Trichoderma atroviride is essential for chitinase induction by chitin and of major relevance to biocontrol. Current Genetics, 43(4), 289-295.
Buchan, D. W., Minneci, F., Nugent, T. C., Bryson, K. & Jones, D. T. (2013). Scalable web services for the PSIPRED Protein Analysis Workbench. Nucleic Acids Research, 41(W1), W349-W357.
Bustin, S. A., Benes, V., Garson, J. A., Hellemans, J., Huggett, J., Kubista, M., . . . Wittwer, C. T. (2009). The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of
quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry, 55(4), 611-622. Capuano, F., Mülleder, M., Kok, R., Blom, H. J. & Ralser, M. (2014). Cytosine DNA
methylation is found in Drosophila melanogaster but absent in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and other yeast species. Analytical chemistry, 86(8), 3697-3702.
Card, S. D., Walter, M., Jaspers, M. V., Sztejnberg, A. & Stewart, A. (2009). Targeted selection of antagonistic microorganisms for control of Botrytis cinerea of strawberry in New Zealand. Australasian Plant Pathology, 38(2), 183-192.
Carsolio, C., Gutierrez, A., Jimenez, B., Van Montagu, M. & Herrera-Estrella, A. (1994). Characterization of ech42, a Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene expressed during mycoparasitism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(23), 10903-10907.
Casas-Flores, S. & Herrera-Estrella, A. (2013). The influence of light on the biology of
Trichoderma. In P. K. Mukherjee, B. A. Horwitz, U. S. Singh, M. Mala & M. Schmoll (Eds.), Trichoderma: Biology and Applications (43-66).
Casas-Flores, S., Rios-Momberg, M., Bibbins, M., Ponce-Noyola, P. & Herrera-Estrella, A. (2004). BLR-1 and BLR-2, key regulatory elements of photoconidiation and mycelial growth in Trichoderma atroviride. Microbiology, 150(11), 3561-3569.
Cervera, M. T., Ruiz-Garcia, L. & Martinez-Zapater, J. M. (2002). Analysis of DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana based on methylation-sensitive AFLP markers.
Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 268(4), 543-552.
Chang, Y. C. & Timberlake, W. E. (1993). Identification of AspergillusbrlA response elements (BREs) by genetic selection in yeast. Genetics, 133(1), 29-38.
Chet, I., Benhamou, N. & Haran, S. (1998). Mycoparasitism and lytic enzymes. In G. E. Harman & C. P. Kubicek (Eds.), Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Enzymes, biological control, and commercial applications (Vol. 2, 153-171).
Chohan, P., Kandula, D., Stewart, A. & Hampton, J. (2010). Biological control of Rhizoctonia solani in perennial ryegrass using Trichoderma atroviride isolates. Paper presented at the 6th Australasian Soilborne Diseases Symposium, Twin Waters, Queensland, 9-11 August, 2010.
Contreras-Cornejo, H. A., Ortiz-Castro, R. & Lopez-Bucio, J. (2013). Promotion of plant growth and the induction of systemic defence by Trichoderma: physiology, genetics and gene expression. In P. K. Mukherjee, B. A. Horwitz, U. S. Singh, M. Mala & M. Schmoll (Eds.), Trichoderma: Biology and Applications (173-194).
Cordier, C., Edel-Hermann, V., Martin-Laurent, F., Blal, B., Steinberg, C. & Alabouvette, C. (2007). SCAR-based real time PCR to identify a biocontrol strain (T1) of
Trichoderma atroviride and study its population dynamics in soils. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 68(1), 60-68.
Cortes, C., Gutierrez, A., Olmedo, V., Inbar, J., Chet, I. & Herrera-Estrella, A. (1998). The expression of genes involved in parasitism by Trichoderma harzianum is triggered by a diffusible factor. Molecular and General Genetics, 260(2-3), 218-225.
Cox, M. P., Peterson, D. & Biggs, P. (2010). SolexaQA: At-a-glance quality assessment of Illumina second-generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinformatics, 11(1), 485-490. de Groot, M. J. A., Bundock, P., Hooykaas, P. J. J. & Beijersbergen, A. G. M. (1998).
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of filamentous fungi. Nature Biotechnology, 16(9), 839-842.
De la Cruz, J., Pintor-Toro, J. A., Benitez, T., Llobell, A. & Romero, L. C. (1995). A novel endo-beta-1,3-glucanase, BGN13.1, involved in the mycoparasitism of Trichoderma harzianum. Journal of bacteriology, 177(23), 6937-6945.
Denison, S. H. (2000). pH regulation of gene expression in fungi. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 29(2), 61-71.
Di Lonardo, D. P., Pinzari, F., Lunghini, D., Maggi, O., Granito, V. M. & Persiani, A. M. (2013). Metabolic profiling reveals a functional succession of active fungi during the decay of mediterranean plant litter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 60, 210-219. Dieckman, L. M., Freudenthal, B. D. & Washington, M. T. (2012). PCNA structure and function: insights from structures of PCNA complexes and post-translationally
modified PCNA. In S. MacNeill (Ed.), The Eukaryotic Replisome: a Guide to Protein Structure and Function (281-299): Springer.
Dingley, J. (1957). Life history studies in the genus Hypocrea Fr. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 84(4), 689-693.
Dinkel, H., Van Roey, K., Michael, S., Davey, N. E., Weatheritt, R. J., Born, D., . . . Gibson, T. J. (2013). The eukaryotic linear motif resource ELM: 10 years and counting.
Nucleic Acids Research, 42(D1), D259-D266.
Djonovic, S., Pozo, M. J., Dangott, L. J., Howell, C. R. & Kenerley, C. M. (2006). Sm1, a proteinaceous elicitor secreted by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens induces plant defense responses and systemic resistance. Molecular Plant-Microbe
Interactions, 19(8), 838-853.
Dodd-Wilson, S. L. (1996). Biochemical and molecular characterisation of Trichoderma species. (PhD Thesis), University of Auckland, Auckland.
Dodd, S. L., Crowhurst, R. N., Rodrigo, A. G., Samuels, G. J., Hill, R. A. & Stewart, A. (2000). Examination of Trichoderma phylogenies derived from ribosomal DNA sequence data. Mycological Research, 104(01), 23-34.
Drummond, A. J., Ashton, B., Buxton, S., Cheung, M., Cooper, A., Duran, C., . . . Wilson, A. (2011). Geneious Pro v5.5.3. Retrieved from http://www.geneious.com
Druzhinina, I. S., Komoń-Zelazowska, M., Kredics, L., Hatvani, L., Antal, Z., Belayneh, T. & Kubicek, C. P. (2008). Alternative reproductive strategies of Hypocrea orientalis and genetically close but clonal Trichoderma longibrachiatum, both capable of causing invasive mycoses of humans. Microbiology, 154(11), 3447-3459.
Druzhinina, I. S., Schmoll, M., Seiboth, B. & Kubicek, C. P. (2006). Global carbon utilization profiles of wild-type, mutant, and transformant strains of Hypocrea jecorina. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(3), 2126-2133.
Dunker, A. K., Lawson, J. D., Brown, C. J., Williams, R. M., Romero, P., Oh, J. S., . . . Obradovic, Z. (2001). Intrinsically disordered protein. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 19(1), 26-59.
Dyson, H. J. & Wright, P. E. (2002). Coupling of folding and binding for unstructured proteins. Current opinion in structural biology, 12(1), 54-60.
Elad, Y., Chet, I., Boyle, P. & Henis, Y. (1983). Parasitism of Trichoderma spp. on
Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Phytopathology, 73(1), 85-88.
Ellison, P. J., Harrower, K. M., Chilvers, G. A. & Owens, J. D. (1981). Patterns of sporulation in Trichoderma viride. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 76(JUN), 441- 445.
Emanuelsson, O., Nielsen, H., Brunak, S. & von Heijne, G. (2000). Predicting subcellular localization of proteins based on their N-terminal amino acid sequence. Journal of molecular biology, 300(4), 1005-1016.
Esquivel-Naranjo, E. & Herrera-Estrella, A. (2007). Enhanced responsiveness and sensitivity to blue light by blr-2 overexpression in Trichoderma atroviride. Microbiology, 153(11), 3909-3922.
Faruk, M. I., Eusebio-Cope, A. & Suzuki, N. (2008). A host factor involved in hypovirus symptom expression in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Journal of virology, 82(2), 740.
Fayaz, A. M., Balaji, K., Girilal, M., Yadav, R., Kalaichelvan, P. T. & Venketesan, R. (2010). Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their synergistic effect with antibiotics: a study against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nanomedicine:
Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 6(1), 103-109.
Fekete, C., Weszely, T. & Hornok, L. (1996). Assignment of a PCR-amplified chitinase sequence cloned from Trichoderma hamatum to resolved chromosomes of potential biocontrol species of Trichoderma. Fems Microbiology Letters, 145(3), 385-391. Ferguson, B., Dreisbach, T., Parks, C., Filip, G. & Schmitt, C. (2003). Coarse-scale
population structure of pathogenic Armillaria species in a mixed-conifer forest in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33(4), 612-623.
Fincham, J. R. (1989). Transformation in fungi. Microbiological Reviews, 53(1), 148-170. Flores, A., Chet, I. & Herrera-Estrella, A. (1997). Improved biocontrol activity of
Trichoderma harzianum by over-expression of the proteinase-encoding gene prb1.
Current Genetics, 31(1), 30-37.
Flores, K., Wolschin, F., Corneveaux, J. J., Allen, A. N., Huentelman, M. J. & Amdam, G. V. (2012). Genome-wide association between DNA methylation and alternative splicing in an invertebrate. Bmc Genomics, 13(1), 480-488.
Friedl, M. A., Kubicek, C. P. & Druzhinina, I. S. (2008). Carbon source dependence and photostimulation of conidiation in Hypocrea atroviridis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(1), 245-250.
Gams, W. & Bissett, J. (1998). Morphology and identification of Trichoderma. In G. E. Harman & C. P. Kubicek (Eds.), Trichoderma and Gliocladium: basic biology, taxonomy and genetics (Vol. 1, 3-34).
Ghabrial, S. A. & Suzuki, N. (2009). Viruses of plant pathogenic fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47, 353-384.
Ghisalberti, E. L. & Sivasithamparam, K. (1991). Antifungal antibiotics produced by
Trichoderma spp. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 23(11), 1011-1020.
Gibney, E. R. & Nolan, C. M. (2010). Epigenetics and gene expression. Heredity, 105(1), 4- 13.
Gonzalgo, M. L. & Jones, P. A. (1997). Mutagenic and epigenetic effects of DNA methylation. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 386(2), 107-118. Gorgen, C. A., da Silveira, A. N., Carneiro, L. C., Ragagnin, V. & Lobo, M. (2009). White
mold control with mulch and Trichoderma harzianum 1306 on soybean. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 44(12), 1583-1590.
Griffiths, A. J. F. (1995). Natural plasmids of filamentous fungi. Microbiological Reviews, 59(4), 673-685.
Griffiths, A. J. F., Kraus, S. & Bertrand, H. (1986). Expression of senescence in Neurospora intermedia. Genome, 28(3), 459-467.
Gruss, A. & Ehrlich, S. D. (1989). The family of highly interrelated single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid plasmids. Microbiological Reviews, 53(2), 231-241. Gupta, S., Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A., Bailey, T. L. & Noble, W. S. (2007). Quantifying
similarity between motifs. Genome Biol, 8(2), R24-R32.
Hamari, Z., Tóth, B., Beer, Z., Gácser, A., Kucsera, J., Pfeiffer, I., . . . Kevei, F. (2003). Interpretation of intraspecific variability in mtDNAs of Aspergillus niger strains and rearrangement of their mtDNAs following mitochondrial transmissions. Fems Microbiology Letters, 221(1), 63-71.
Harman, G. E. (2006). Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp.
Phytopathology, 96(2), 190-194.
Harman, G. E. (2011). Multifunctional fungal plant symbionts: new tools to enhance plant growth and productivity. New Phytologist, 189(3), 647-649.
Harman, G. E., Herrera-Estrella, A. H., Horwitz, B. A. & Lorito, M. (2012). Special issue:
Trichoderma–from basic biology to biotechnology. Microbiology, 158(1), 1-2.
Harman, G. E., Howell, C. R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I. & Lorito, M. (2004). Trichoderma species - Opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2(1), 43-56. Harrison, Y. A. & Stewart, A. (1988). Selection of fungal antagonists for biological control of
onion white rot in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 16(3), 249-256.
Hatvani, L., Antal, Z., Manczinger, L., Szekeres, A., Druzhinina, I. S., Kubicek, C. P., . . . Kredics, L. (2007). Green mold diseases of Agaricus and Pleurotus spp. are caused by related but phylogenetically different Trichoderma species. Phytopathology, 97(4), 532-537.
Hayes, C. K., Harman, G. E., Woo, S. L., Gullino, M. L. & Lorito, M. (1993). Methods for electrophoretic karyotyping of filamentous fungi in the genus Trichoderma. Analytical Biochemistry, 209(1), 176-182.
He, C. Z., Rusu, A. G., Poplawski, A. M., Irwin, J. A. G. & Manners, J. M. (1998). Transfer of a supernumerary chromosome between vegetatively incompatible biotypes of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Genetics, 150(4), 1459-1466.
Heinemann, J. A. & Sprague, G. F. (1989). Bacterial conjugative plasmids mobilize DNA transfer between bacteria and yeast. Nature, 340(6230), 205-209.
Heisterkamp, N. & Groffen, J. (1991). Molecular insights into the Philadelphia translocation.
Hematologic pathology, 5(1), 1-10.
Hermosa, M. R., Grondona, I., Diaz-Minguez, J. M., Iturriaga, E. A. & Monte, E. (2001). Development of a strain-specific SCAR marker for the detection of Trichoderma atroviride 11, a biological control agent against soilborne fungal plant pathogens.
Hermosa, M. R., Keck, E., Chamorro, I., Rubio, B., Sanz, L., Vizcaíno, J. A., . . . Monte, E. (2004). Genetic diversity shown in Trichoderma biocontrol isolates. Mycological Research, 108(08), 897-906.
Hernández-Oñate, M. A., Esquivel-Naranjo, E. U., Mendoza-Mendoza, A., Stewart, A. & Herrera-Estrella, A. H. (2012). An injury-response mechanism conserved across kingdoms determines entry of the fungus Trichoderma atroviride into development.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(37), 14918-14923. Herrera-Estrella, A., Goldman, G. H., Van Montagu, M. & Geremia, R. A. (1993).
Electrophoretic karyotype and gene assignment to resolved chromosomes of
Trichoderma spp. Molecular Microbiology, 7(4), 515-521.
Hodnett, B. & Anderson, J. B. (2000). Genomic stability of two individuals of Armillaria gallica. Mycologia, 92(5), 894-899.
Holyoake, A., O'Sullivan, P., Pollock, R., Best, T., Watanabe, J., Kajita, Y., . . . Guilford, P. (2008). Development of a multiplex RNA urine test for the detection and stratification