This study focused specifically on the ten second-tier agricultural cooperatives that existed within the district of Zululand at the time of initiating the study. It was only confined to the borders of the Zululand District of the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Further research might be undertaken to include other districts in the province to be able to obtain a comprehensive picture of the province as far as second-tier agricultural cooperatives are concerned. It would also be interesting to see if the views of local managers in other districts will be similar to those in the district of Zululand with regard to the role which the DAFF should play in supporting and strengthening existing second- tier cooperatives in the sector.
163 Secondly, the study aimed at investigating the role of the DAFF in strengthening the existing second-tier agricultural cooperatives. There are however, many other role players, including other government departments that provide support to second-tier agricultural cooperatives. A study that identifies these role players and the determination of what their role should be in supporting and strengthening second-tier agricultural cooperatives could also be undertaken. This will probably provide the basis for public-private- partnership in the quest to support and strengthen second-tier agricultural cooperatives.
6.6. CONCLUSION
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role which the DAFF should play in supporting and strengthening the existing second-tier agricultural cooperatives in South Africa. Although second-tier agricultural cooperatives in other developing and developed countries (as seen in chapter 3) have been able to progressively play a significant role in creating economies of scale in their member primary cooperatives and individual farmers at village level, the same cannot be said for second-tier agricultural cooperatives in South Africa.
The study revealed that as much as the objectives of establishing second-tier agricultural cooperatives are clearly articulated and in line with international standards, second-tier agricultural cooperatives in South Africa do not have adequate capacity to execute their objectives. This is mainly due to lack of appropriate infrastructure in the form of transportation, warehousing, agro- processing and packhouse facilities. Lack of the necessary skills to provide specific support services such as accounting and bookkeeping, auditing, tax and preferential procurement has also been identified as a hindrance to the development of second-tier agricultural cooperatives.
Responses from local managers in the study area (Zululand District) indicate that there is consensus on the nature of support services that second-tier agricultural cooperatives should provide. There is also a general consensus
164 that the existing second-tier agricultural cooperatives in the district of Zululand do not have capacity to execute their objectives. The study also revealed that the formation of some of the second-tier agricultural cooperatives in the district of Zululand is not in line with international best practices which follow commodity lines. Some second-tier agricultural cooperatives in the district are organised according to locality and others according to sectors.
Absence of clear policy directive and strategic intentions clearly articulating how the DAFF intends supporting second-tier agricultural cooperatives has been identified as a hindrance to the development of these cooperatives. The confusion that exists in provinces relating their role in promoting and supporting cooperatives in the sector could be attributed to the above point. There is therefore a need to develop a policy and strategy on the promotion and support of cooperatives in the sector taking queue from the Cooperative Development Strategy of the dti. Such sectoral policy will serve as a guide to provincial departments of agriculture on how to approach the issue of cooperative development in the sector and ensure that programmes to support and promote cooperatives in the sector are developed.
In conclusion, the fact that the South African government has identified cooperatives as being crucial to the reduction of poverty and unemployment, particularly in the rural areas means that these organisations require support. It is in this context that the DAFF should clearly articulate its role in supporting cooperatives in the sector. This should be in a form of a policy and strategy on the development of cooperatives in the sector. In view of the role played by second-tier agricultural cooperatives in other countries, the DAFF should prioritise the development of this level of cooperatives and develop special measures of support to ensure that they are strengthened. However, the establishment of these cooperatives should be the sole initiative of primary cooperatives themselves and any support provided should be based on merit.
165 REFERENCE LIST
African National Congress (ANC). 2007. 52nd National Conference: Resolutions. Johannesburg. [Data accessed on 14/03/2012]
www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=2536
Alima W. A. 2008. Analysis of the role of cooperatives in Agricultural Input and Output Marketing in Southern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. MA thesis. Ethiopia, University of Mekelle.
Amin N. & Bernstein H. 1996. The role of Agricultural Cooperatives in Agricultural and Rural Development. LAPC: Policy paper 32.
Auriacombe C.J. 2001. Guidelines for drawing up research proposals and preparing theses/dissertations. Pretoria, University of Pretoria.
Avital M. 2010. Labour Movement Cooperatives in mandatory Palestine: Legal Transplants and Cultural Implants.
Balaji C & Reddy K.P. 1999. Organisational Behaviour issues in cooperatives. Allied Publishers: New Delhi (India), Allied Publishers.
Behr A.L. 1988. Empirical research methods for the human sciences: An introductory text for students of education, psychology and the social sciences. Durban, Butterworth.
Bircall J. & Ketilson L.H. 2009. Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in times of Crisis. Geneva, International Labour Organisation. [Data accessed on 04/01/2010] www.ilo.org/empent/Whatwedo/Publications/WCMS_108416? .
Biggam J. 2008. Succeeding with your Master’s Dissertation: A step-by-step handbook. Berkshire (England) McGraw-Hill Education.
166 Publications.
Botha E. 2005. The use of derivatives by South African Agricultural Co operatives to hedge financial risks. MA thesis. Pretoria, University of South Africa.
Boučková B. 2002. Agricultural Cooperatives: perspectives for the 21st Century. AGRIC.ECON. 48, 2002 (4): 166-171
Bowonder B.; Prasad B.R.R. & Kotla A. (nd). ICT application in a dairy industry: The experience of Amul.
Brynard PA. & Hanekom, SX. 1997. Introduction to research in Public Administration. Pretoria: J.L. Van Schaik.
Chakravarty R. (nd). IT at milk collection centers in cooperative dairies: The National Dairy Development Board Experience. Anand (India).
Chandy K.T. (nd). Agricultural cooperatives structure in India. Booklet No. 140. Agricultural cooperation: ACS-3
Chandra P. & Tirupati D. 2002. Managing Complex Networks in Emerging Markets: The Story of Amul. Working Paper No. 2002-05-06. Ahmadabad (India), Indian Institute of Management. Vastrapur
Chukwu SC. 1990. Economics of the Cooperative Business Enterprise. Marburg Consult for self promotion. Marburg (Germany), S & W Druckerei and Verlag GmbH.
Chloupkova J. 2004. European cooperatives-Background and common denominators. Denmark, The Royal veterinary and Agricultural University.
167 Companies and Intellectual Property Commission. 2011. Statistics of the Cooperatives in the Republic of South Africa. Volume 2. Pretoria
Cozby P.C. 1989. Methods in Behavioural Research. California, Mayfield Publishing Company.
Creswell J.W. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. London, SAGE Publications.
Creswell J.W. & Plano Clark V.L. 2011. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. 2nd Edition. London, SAGE Publications.
Das B., Palai N. K. & Das, K. 2006 Problems and Prospects of the Cooperative movement in India under the globalization regime. Paper presented at the XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki 2006, session 72.
Department of Agriculture. 2000. What is a cooperative? Book 1. Pretoria.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2011. Annual report of the status of agricultural cooperatives. (unpublished). Pretoria
Department of Provincial and Local Government. n.d. Zululand Nodal Economic Development Profile. Kwazulu-Natal
Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. 2009. Comprehensive Rural Development Programme. Pretoria, Government Printers.
Department of Trade and Industry. 2004. A cooperative Development Policy for South Africa. Pretoria, Government Printers.
Department of Trade and Industry. 2012. Integrated Strategy on the Development and Promotion of Cooperatives. Promoting an integrated
168 Cooperative Sector in South Africa, 2012-2022. Pretoria, Government Printers.
Department of Trade and Industry. 2009. The dti base line study on cooperatives in South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printers.
DePoy E. & Gitlin LG. 2005. Introduction to research: Understanding and applying multiple strategies. Missouri, Elsevier Mosby.
Develtere P, Pollet I & Wanyama F.O. (eds). 2008. Cooperating out of poverty: The renaissance of the African cooperative movement. ILO. Geneva. [Data accessed on 04/01/2011]
https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/221692/2/R1243%5B1%5D.pdf
Develtere P & Pollet I. 2005. Cooperatives and fair trade. Background paper commissioned by the committee for the promotion and advancement of cooperatives (COPAC) for COPAC for own forum on fair trade and cooperatives in Berlin, Germany: COPAC, Geneva.
De Vos AS. 1998. Research at Grass Roots. Pretoria: J.L. Van Schaik.
Dlamini L. 2010. Collective Farming: Elements constituting an effective agricultural cooperative, the case of three cooperatives in the Umgugundlovu District. MA Dissertation, Pietermaritzburg, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Emana B. 2009. Cooperatives: a path to economic and social empowerment in Ethiopia. Dar es Salaam, International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2009.
Fairbairn B. 1996. Balancing Act: Crown Corporations in a successful economy. Canada, University of Saskatchewan (Centre for the Study of Cooperatives).
169 Fischer I. 2002. The Changing Roles of the State and the International Cooperative Movement in the Creation of a Supportive Environment. Monglia: Ulaanbaatar.
Francesconi G.N. & Heerink N. 2010. Ethiopian Agricultural Cooperatives in an Era of Global Commodity Exchange: Does Organisational Form matter? Journal of African Economies, pp 1-25 (available on www.jae.oxford
journal.org/content/early/2010/…/jae.ejg036.full.html?...[accessed on 04/01/2012]
Fulton et al., (nd). Management of agricultural, forestry and fisheries enterprises-Volume 1- International Agricultural Cooperatives.
Galor Z. 1990. A Marketing Cooperative in Israel - The Tnuva Case Study. [Data accessed on 06/01/2011]
www.coopgalor.com/doc/AMarketingCoopinIsrael.doc.
Galor Z. 2008. Demutualisation of Cooperatives: the case study of Tnuva. Rural Cooperation in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Past, Pathways to the Future. [Data accessed on 06/01/2010]
www.coogalor.com/doc/DemutTnuva.pdf.
Galor Z. 1997. Models of Secondary and Tertiary cooperatives as supportive to the primary cooperative. [Data accessed on 06/01/2011].
http://www.coopgalor.com/i_publications.htm/
Göler von Ravensburg N. 2009. Enterprise future lies in cooperation- Entrepreneur cooperatives in Africa. Geneva. International Labour Office. [Accessed on 10/04/2011] Available at:
www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/.../wcms/11787.pdf-.
Government Communication and Information Systems (GCIS). 2003. The Growth and Development Summit: Building a people’s contract for growth and
170 development. Pretoria. Government Printers. [Data accessed on 9/3/2012] http://www.info.gov.za/view/downloadFileAction?id=70194
Hann C. 2008. Doing qualitative research using your computer. A practical guide. London, SAGE Publications.
Harper M. 1992. Their own idea: Lessons from workers’ cooperatives. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
Hosseni S.A. 2008. Making markets work for the poor: A case study of the Yebo Cooperative in South Africa. DGRV SA. Working Paper No.4-April 2008. Pretoria, University of Pretoria (Centre for Microfinance).
Hussi P., Murphy J., Lindberg, O. & Brenneman L. 1993. The development of Cooperatives and other rural organisations: The role of the World Bank. Washington, D.C: The World Bank.
International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). 1995, Statement on the Cooperative Identity, in Review of International Cooperation, Vol. 88, No.3.
International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). 2008. Global300 list: The world’s major cooperatives and mutual businesses. Geneva: ICA.
International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) (2011). Global300 list: The world’s major cooperatives and mutual businesses. Geneva: ICA.
International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2002. Recommendation 193- Concerning the promotion of cooperatives. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
Jara M. & Satgar V. 2008. International Cooperative Experience and Lessons for the Eastern Cape Cooperative Development Strategy: A Literature Review. Johannesburg: Copac.
171 Kadan P.P. 2011. Cooperative movements in the world. P 70-112. [Data accessed on 10/01/2011]
www.Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/.../09_chapter%203.pdf.
Kislev Y. 2000. Recent experiences with agricultural cooperatives in Israel. [Data accessed on 18 February 2011]
www.departments.agri.huji.ac.il/economics/...kislev.../kislev-cooperatives Kislev Y. 2004.
Lemma T, 2008. Growth without structures: the cooperative movement in Ethiopia, in Develtere et al., Co-operating out of poverty, op cit.
Leedy P.D. 1989. Practical research: Planning and design. (4th edition). New York, Macmillan.
Leedy P.D. 1997. Practical Research: Planning and Design. (6th edition). New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Lyne M. & Collins L. 2008. South Africa’s new cooperatives Act: A missed opportunity for small farmers and land reform beneficiaries. Agrekon, volume 47, no 2.
Madan G.R. 2007. Cooperative Movement in India. New Delhi-India, Mittal Publication:
Maghimbi S. 2010. Cooperatives in Tanzania Mainland: Revival and Growth: Series on the status of cooperative development in Africa. Da res Salaam, ILO
McBurney D.H. & White, T.L. 2004. Research Methods. (6th edition). Belmont (US), Thomson Wadsworth
172 Mchomvu A.S.T., Tungaraza F.S.S. & Maghimbi S. 2002. Social security systems in Tanzania. Journal of social development in South Africa, Vol 17 No 2 July 2002.
Mcloughlin C. 2011. Helpdesk Research Report: Cooperatives and Development: Governance and Social Development Resource Centre
Meskele T. 2011. Status of Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Unions:, A presentation for the expert group meeting on cooperatives in social development: Beyond 2012, 3-6 May 2011, Ulaanbaatar.
Mitchell M.L. & Jolley, J.M. 2007. Research Design Explained. (6th edition). Belmont (US), Thomson Wadsworth.
Mouton J. 2001. How to succeed in your Masters and Doctoral studies. A South African guide and resource book. Pretoria: J.L. Van Schaik.
Mphahlwa M. 2008. Cooperatives play a role in building a better South Africa. Speech at the International Cooperatives Day. City Pres. South African Media (University of the Free State)
Munkner H. 1995. Chances of Cooperatives in the Future: Contribution To the International Cooperative Alliance Centennial 1895-1995. Marburg, S & W Druckerei and Verlag GmbH.
Myeni A. Personal interview. 23 January 2012
Neser M. 2005. An analysis of strategies driving, and the successes achieved after the conversion of agricultural cooperatives to alternative business forms in South Africa. MA thesis. Port Elizabeth, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.
Ntuli M. 2010. Presentation to the Select Committee on Trade and International Relations. Cape Town.
173 Oakshot L. 2009. Essential quantitative methods for business, management and finance. United Kingdom, Palgrave Macmillan.
Ortmann GF. & King RP. 2006. Small scale farmers in South Africa: Can Agricultural cooperatives facilitate access to input and product markets? University of Minnesota (Department of Applied Economics).
Ortmann G.F. and King R.P. 2007. Agricultural Cooperatives I: History, Theory and Problems. Agrekon, Vol 46, No 1 (March 2007)
Ottolanghi S. 1979. Voting rights in a cooperative society: Israel Yearbook on Human rights. Volume 9. Israel.Tel Aviv University
Philip K. 2003. Cooperatives in South Africa: Their role in job creation and poverty reduction. [Data accessed on 10/01/2011]
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000786/index.php
Polman W. 2006. Rural employment through agricultural/rural cooperative development. Lessons learnt from FAO experience in Asia. [Data accessed on 16/01/2011] http://www.fao.org/world/regional/rap/susdev rural devt.osp.
Prakash D. 2004. Capacity Building of Agricultural Cooperatives to meet the Market and human resource development demands: A step-by-step. New
Delhi, India. [Data accessed on 15/01/2011].
http://ageconresearch.umn.edu/bitsream/9418/ sp07fr04: pdf.
Presidency of the Republic of South Africa. 2009. Medium Term Strategic Framework: A framework to guide government’s programme in the electoral mandate period (2009-2014).Pretoria, Government Printers.
Rehber E., Galor Z. and Duman S. 1999. Cooperatives Support for rural industrialization. 15th International Turkish Cooperative Congress, 36
174 November 1999, Ankara, Turkey. P75-86 (En). [Data accesses online on 06/04/2012] http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/botstream/11840/1/rehb01.pdf
Roy E.P. 1964. Cooperatives Today and Tomorrow. Illinois: The Interstate Printers & Publishers, Inc
Rutatora D.F. & Mattee A.Z. 2001. Major agricultural extension providers in Tanzania: African Study Monographs, 22(4): 155-173, December 2001. [Available on www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jb/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ 22- 4/155-173.pdf]
Ryan G., Devron K. and Lori G. 2005. The Cooperative Movement: A Historical overview and relevance to Northern and Aboriginal Communities. RDI Working paper No 2005-1. Canada. Brendon University, Manitoba.
Sarafino E.P. 2005. Research Methods: Using Process and Procedures of Science to Understand Behaviour. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Satgar V. 1999. Cooperatives and Development: Discussion Paper. Johannesburg. Cooperative Policy Alternative Centre (COPAC).
Satgar V. 2007. The state of the South African cooperative sector. Johannesburg. Cooperative Policy Alternative Centre (COPAC).
Satgar V & Williams M. 2008. The Passion of the people: Successful co- operative experiences in Africa. Johannesburg. Cooperative Policy Alternative Centre (COPAC).
Schoeman N.F. 2006. The Cooperative as an appropriate from of Enterprise for Black Economic Empowerment. MA thesis. Bloemfontein, University of Free State. [Data accessed on 16/01/2010] on
175 Schwartz M. 1999. The rise and decline of the Israeli moshav cooperative: A historical overview. Journal of Rural Cooperation, Volume 27 No. 2. Israel. Ben Gurion University of the Negev.
Schwettmann J. 2011. Capacity building for Africa’s Cooperatives and social economy organisations: A contribution to the Expert Group Meeting, Cooperatives in social development: Beyond 2012. Geneva. International Labour Organisation (ILO).
Schwettmann J. 2000. Cooperatives and Employment in Africa: Occasional discussion paper 97-1: Geneva. ILO Cooperative Branch
Sekele T. L. & Lekorwe M. 2010. Cooperatives and Development: A case of citizen economic empowerment in Botswana. Da res Salaam. International Labour Office (ILO).
Sexton RJ. & Iskow J. Undated). Factors Critical To the Success or Failure of Emerging Agricultural Cooperatives. Davis. University of California.
Shufang Z. & Apendaile L .P. 1998. Cooperative organisations in rural Canada and the agricultural cooperative movement in China: A comparison. Volume 98, issue 1 of occasional paper: Centre for the study of cooperatives. Canada. University of Saskatchewan.
Sikuka W. 2010. The comparative performance of selected Agribusiness companies and cooperatives in the Western Cape, South Africa. MA thesis. Cape Town. University of Stellenbosch.
Sizya M.J. 2001. The role cooperatives play in poverty reduction in Tanzania: Paper presented at the United Nations on observance of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty on 17 October 2001.
176 Smith R.E. 2010. The relationship between Saskatchewan Cooperative Community Clinics and the government of Saskatchewan: Towards a new understanding. Doctoral thesis. Canada. University of Saskatchewan.
Smith S. 2010. The cooperative movement-Part 1. Fair Trade saves the day- the cooperative movement in Tanzania [available at www.coop.ac.uk/wp- content/uploads/2010/07/The_cooperative_movement_in_Africa_Part_1pdf accessed on 02/01/2012]
South Africa. 2005. Cooperatives Act (Act No 14 of 2005). Pretoria: Government Printers.
South Africa. 1981. Cooperatives Act (Act No 91 of 1981). Pretoria: Government Printers.
Sriram M.S. (n.d.). Financial cooperatives in Quebec, Canada. A study of the Desjardins Movement. Indian Institute of Management. Vastrapur, Ahmadabad. [Data accessed on 15/4/2012]
http://www.mssriram.in/files/desjardins-jrd.pdf.
Steward D.W. & Kamins M.A. 1993. Secondary Research: Information Sources and Methods, Applied Social Research Methods Series. Volume 4. (2nd edition). California. SAGE publications.
Taylor G.R. 2005. Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Research. Maryland (Oxford). University Press of America, Inc.
Tesfaye A. 2005. Revitalizing Market-Oriented Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: ACDI-VOCA.
Thani XC. 2009. The research methods of completed South African Doctoral research output in Public Administration from 2000 to 2005. MA thesis. Pretoria. University of South Africa.
177 Theron J. 2008. ‘Cooperatives in South Africa: A movement re-emerging’, in Develtere et al., Cooperating out of Poverty, op cit.
Thompson T. 2007. Cooperatives: by the people for the people. Uganda. Dairy Mail Africa.
Van Der Waldt L. 2005. The Resuscitation of the cooperative sector in South Africa: Paper prepared for the International Cooperative Alliance Research Conference. Cork Ireland 11-14 August 2005. Potchefstroom. North West University.
Van Niekerk J.A.S. 1988. Cooperative Theory and Practice. Pretoria. SAAU.
Veerakumaran G.V. 2007. Ethiopian Cooperatives: An exploratory study. Department of Cooperatives. Ethiopia. University of Mekelle.
Walton J. 2005. Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopia. Washington, DC.
Wanyama F.O.; Develtere P. & Pollet I. 2009. Reinventing the wheel? African cooperatives in a liberalized economic environment. Geneva, ILO cooperative branch: Geneva. [Data accessed on 04/01/2011]
http://www.ica.coop/activities/un/2009-coop-resilience.pdf.
Worsley P. 1971. Two Blades of Grass: Rural cooperatives in agricultural modernization. Manchester. University of Manchester (Manchester University Press).
Xingwana L. 2009. Speech at the First International Cooperative Conference. (Unpublished). Durban, ICC.
178