3. CAPITULO 3: TERMINALES PORTUARIAS
3.1. Tipos de terminales portuarias
3.1.3. Terminales de granel sólido
Over all scenarios (i.e. time slices, realizations, CO2‐emission scenarios and RCMs), the changes in NPP are strongly influenced by our assumptions on CO2 (Table 3‐3; Fig. 3‐1; Fig. 3‐2). With increasing CO2, the NPP increases in most simulations and in most regions with
Chapter 3: Projecting regional changes in forest net primary productivity in Europe
few exceptions mainly in the Mediterranean Mountains and Lusitania (Fig. 3‐1). The median of the NPP change ranges between 10 to 20% in the different regions (again with the Mediterranean Mountains and Lusitania having slightly lower values). There seems to be a tendency of decreasing NPP change from north to south but the difference in NPP change in between groups is mostly not significant as indicated by the Kruskal‐Wallis test (Fig. 3‐1). The homogenous probability density functions of the different regions support this result (Fig. 3‐1). The variation of the changes in NPP at the stand‐level across the different scenarios, time slices and RCMs is quite large (Fig. 3‐2). This translates into large variations of NPP change at the regional level and the changes in NPP encountered in individual regions span a range of about 20 to 45% without considering outliers (Fig. 3‐1).
Assuming constant CO2, the changes in NPP are much smaller, span a range of about 15 to 30% without considering outliers (with the exception of MDM, which spans a range of almost 50%) and turn negative for some scenarios in all environmental zones (Fig. 3‐1). The median of the NPP change ranges between ‐5 to 10%. The tendency towards decreasing NPP changes from north to south is somewhat clearer than under increasing CO2 (Fig. 3‐1). The Kruskal‐Wallis test indicates stronger regional differentiation and highlights the Atlantic North as distinct group with the highest median NPP change (Fig. 3‐1). This is also illustrated by the diverse shapes of the probability density functions of the regions (Fig. 3‐1). The variation of the changes in NPP across the different scenarios at the stand‐level is mostly lower than in the case of increasing CO2 (Fig. 3‐2). This translates into lower variations in NPP change at the regional level although it is notable that there are many positive and negative outliers (Fig. 3‐1). These regional patterns of higher NPP change and increasing variability under increasing CO2 are consistent with the results of the individually simulated forest stands over Europe (Fig. 3‐2). Fig. 3‐2 also shows that with constant CO2 the changes in NPP are strongly regionally stratified, with increases in Northern, decreases in Southern and Western and ambivalent responses in Central and Eastern Europe. Over the three future time slices considered, NPP increases from the first to the third time slice in most environmental zones under increasing CO2 (Table 3‐3). Only in few cases in the Mediterranean Mountains and in Lusitania, the NPP is lower in the third time slice compared to the second. Under constant CO2, the temporal patterns of NPP change are more diverse (Table 3‐3). In environmental zones located in higher latitudes and altitudes (ALN, ALS, BOR, NEM), NPP increases from the first to the third time slice of most climate change scenarios.
scenarios in the southwestern and southeastern environmental zones (LUS, MDM, PAN). In the Atlantic and Continental environmental zones (ATC, ATN, CON), the changes in NPP are less consistent and do not show clear increasing or decreasing trends over the three time slices and across the different emission scenarios and climate models. More information of changes in NPP in the individual time slices, RCM/GCM combinations, realizations and assumptions on CO2 is presented in Fig. 9‐13 to Fig. 9‐18. Furthermore, Table 3‐3 shows that the effect of the CO2‐emission scenario on NPP change is lower than the choice of the RCM/GCM combination. For example, the NPP change ranges from ‐0.4 to 7.2% over the CCLM A1B and B1 scenario runs with constant CO2 in the Boreal environmental zone, while it ranges from ‐1 to 19% over the A1B scenario runs only but of the three RCMs.
Fig. 3-1 Change in net primary productivity (NPP) in each environmental zone (Metzger et al. 2005, for abbreviations see Table 3-1, color codes as in Fig. 3-2) over all scenarios for simulations with constant and increasing CO2. Left panels show boxplots, right panels show probability density functions. The vertical line at zero NPP change indicates ‘no change’ relative to baseline conditions. The lower case letters indicate groups of environmental zones that are significantly different from each other according to the Kruskal-Wallis test. The boxplots show the following information: thick line= median, bottom and top of the box = 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers = maximum value or 1.5 times the interquartile range of the data depending on which is smaller. Points = outliers larger than 1.5 times interquartile range. The density curves represent kernel density estimates of the changes in forest productivity (using Gaussian kernels and a smoothing bandwidth scaled with the standard deviation of the kernel).
Fig. 3-2 Change in net primary productivity (NPP) for each site averaged over all scenarios for simulations with constant and increasing CO2. The
Table 3-3 Changes in net primary productivity (NPP) in % per environmental zone (Metzger et al. 2005, for abbreviations see Table 3-1) and each RCM/GCM combination (CCLM/ECHAM5 (CCLM), HadRM3/HadCM3 (HAD) and HIRHAM3/Arpège (HIR)), CO2-emission scenario (A1B or B1), realization (R1 or R2) and time slice (P1=2001-2030, P2=2031-2060, P3=2061-2090) considered in this study.