Many people might wonder about the ability of the parliament that struggled for its constituency with the military and the Judiciary institutions in Egypt, and could not stay in official presence more than six months, to achieve any progress for the Egyptians. Although the few months that the People’s Assembly could strive to stay firm for its four-year phase in power, they could achieve some reforms on the ground which affected many Egyptians’ lives. One of these primary laws that had been issued by the Egyptian parliament was relevant to women’s rights. This law is called al-mara’a al-ma3ela (the law of the breadwinner woman). Azza al- Garf, the MB female leader and the member of the parliament, explained more about this law and who is the al-mara’a al-ma3ela. Al-Garf clarified that al-mara’a al-ma3ela is the woman who is taking care of her orphans, the widows who have kids and are taking care of them, the women who were deserted by their husbands, and the women who have not yet married yet and have nobody to taker of them financially. She asserted that the percentage of such women is more than 36 percent of the Egyptians, and their families are just subsisting.142
The first achievement of the al-mara’a al-ma3ela law was the Medical Insurance law. This law gave the breadwinner women full coverage medical insurance for only one Egyptian
showdown-in-egypt-as-court-invalidates-parliament.html; “Egypt’s Military Ruler Orders Parliament Dissolved,” Reuters, June 16, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/16/us-egypt-election-parliament-
idUSBRE85F0L520120616.
141
Hearst and Hussein, “Egypt’s Supreme Court Dissolves Parliament and Outrages Islamists.”
142
“Azza al-Garf , “El-Balaman ma A’amalsh Haga” (the Member of the Parliament in Bani Swaif, The Parliament has achieved nothing), accessed March 6, 2014, youtube, 2012,
pound per month. Al-mara’a al-ma3ela is a primary responsibility for society to take care of, and it gave her the required support, al-Garf added. In response to many allegations, especially those spread by the liberal supporters or anti-Islamists, that the People’s Assembly has not
accomplished any achievements, al-Garf in a popular conference in Bani Swaif governorate counted the draft laws. She talked about the draft law of building a long-linking bridge between Saudi and Egypt, which will increase the amount of cooperation between the two countries. Another draft law was the law of honoring the families of the martyrs. By this law, the families of the martyrs who have been through protests after the revolution should be compensated. While SCAF were in power, a draft with compensation of 30.000 Egyptian pounds was issued. The members of the parliament could increase this amount to reach 100.000 Egyptian pounds; in addition, an educational sponsorship, and employing one of the sons in the public sector, if she/he needs a job, would be granted to each family had a revolution martyr. Al-Garf asserted that there were 28 more draft laws in the People’s Assembly that would be beneficial for a large sector of the Egyptian people.143
Although Islamist parties won 70 percent of the seats of the parliament, the moderate FJP won 45 percent of the seats of the Lower House and 58.3 percent of the Upper House. Despite the fact that women, in general, gained only 12 seats in the people’s Assembly, four of them were from the FJP party. Women participated very actively in the January 25 revolution, but they could barely win a few seats in the people’s assembly election. This low representation of
women was not due to Islamist radical policies, as was claimed by many liberals, but it was more related to cultural traditions and women’s slight preparation to compete in real democratic
elections. Liberal parties had a low representation of women on their lists as well as Islamists due to the same reasons previously mentioned in this research.
143
When FJP participated in politics, they neither collaborated with the Islamist bloc nor with liberal-leftist bloc; they were allied with the democratic bloc, which means that they supported democracy and modernity from the very beginning. Islamists did not accept to run elections under an extremist alliance or very liberal alliance; they understood the diversity and the requirement for the majority of the society, which is democracy. Moderate Islamists, most likely, were the only group to claim that the best way to move towards democracy is through ballot boxes and reforming the institutions. Islamists, when they came to power through elections, were critically condemned by liberals because of some extremists’ behaviors, which were criticized by MB as well.
Muslim Brotherhood, who believed in diversity and democracy, chose a Coptic Christian intellectual, Dr. Rafik Habib, who crossed the sectarian lines to join the new established Islamist political parties and to become one of the founders for this party and the vice-president as well. This step was encouraged by many Islamists, except the Salafis. Although sectarian clashes between Muslims and Christians became a crucial concern in Egypt after throwing out Mubarak from power, Habib had a common view with MB regarding reconciliation and shared identity between Egyptians, he asserted that, “Freedom and Justice Party has an answer for that. Even though there is a distinction, we share an identity.” Moreover, Habib believed that MB is considered as one of the most sophisticated groups in Egypt.144
Habib is interested in examining the Islamic groups. According to one of his studies, he found that “Muslim Brotherhood was able to accept different terms of democracy, to take new ideas and incorporate them into its thinking.’ Habib clarified that the main reason for his joining the group’s political party was that his belief that Egypt is a conservative religious country,
144
“A Coptic Christian’s Reasons for Backing the Muslim Brotherhood | The National,” accessed March 3, 2014, http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/a-coptic-christians-reasons-for-backing-the-muslim- brotherhood.
which means to him that, “many ideas of modern society, such as human rights, democracy, and balance of power, can be derived from the teachings of Islam. Habib acknowledged that his joining FJP was beneficial for Christians in Egypt. He debated that if we did not overcome the gap between Christians and Islamist movements, especially the moderate ones, there will be a problem. Habib, who defended the MB and had collaborated with them already, had a good relation with Mohammad Mahdi Akef, the MB’s former supreme guide, who allowed him to access the leadership of the organization.145
Islamist moderate parties adopted an ideology that supported democracy, women’s rights, and human rights, with no contradiction of the principles of Islam, which demonstrates their beliefs that Islam is compatible with democracy. Moderate Islamists like MB came to power through elections; they participated in the election under the democratic alliance, not the Islamist, and acknowledged democracy as the best way for Egypt to pass through the transition period into a modern country. The Islamist president was the first democratic elected president in the history of the country. When the military took over power, FJP members established the Al- Tahaluf al-Watani Li Dʿam al-Sharʿia (The National Coalition to Support Legitimacy) (NCSL). Through this coalition, Islamists have denied the coup and revealed the Egyptian’s military crimes against humanity, at the domestic and international levels; moreover, they called for returning back to democracy and legitimacy.146
Ikhwan were accused of failing to run the country in a good manner; all their policies were failed due to their attempt to Islamize the state. However, Ikhwan repeatedly asserted that Egypt would be a civil state based on law and the constitution. They appointed more Islamists than liberals to take leading positions in the government, and they were consequently criticized
145
Ibid.
146
“National Coalition to Support Legitimacy Calls for Escalation | Cairo Post,” accessed March 23, 2014, http://thecairopost.com/news/103001/news/national-coalition-to-support-legitimacy-calls-for-escalation.
by the liberal oppositions that they were trying to overcome all the incumbents in the country. When Islamist politicians responded to this accusation, they asserted that the elected government had the right to appoint members of its parties in official position s in the state, to be able to take the responsibility before the people and the parliament, which is as part of democracy that people commonly understand.
However, the newly formed cabinet under President Morsi seemed designed to avoid domination by MB. It included several members of the outgoing independents and military- picked government and technocrat figures. This cabinet, which was formed on August 2, 2013, included only 4 ministers from MB out of 35 ministries, along with 2 other ministers from al- Wasat and al-Hadara, the Islamist less active moderate political parties. On January 5, 2013, Dr. Hisham Qandil, the Prime minister of Morsi’s government, changed 10 ministers, leading to an increase in the number of FJP members to 8 after the reshuffle. Thus, the reasonable number of Ikwan ministers in the cabinet demonstrates the false allegations of the liberal opposition that MB were trying to dominate all the powers in the country.147I assume that what mostly angered
the liberals and the Salafi party al-Nour was their absence in the new government. Regarding women’s participation in that cabinet, it was very low, similar to the People’s Assembly; only two women were involved, one of whom was Christian.148
In fact, MB during their time in power, faced challenges from SCAF, Liberals, non- Islamists, former regime elements, the state institutions which were still controlled by figures
147 “Ten New Ministers Take Oath in Cabinet Reshuffle,” Daily News Egypt, accessed March 9, 2014,
http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/01/06/ten-new-ministers-take-oath-in-cabinet-reshuffle/; AP, “New Egyptian Prime Minister Hisham Qandil and Cabinet Are Sworn in,” The Independent, accessed March 9, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/new-egyptian-prime-minister-hisham-qandil-and-cabinet-are- sworn-in-8002307.html.
148
“Egypt’s New Cabinet Under Qandil – Egypt’s Transition,” accessed March 9, 2014,
from the former regime, in addition to the extremist Salafist pary, al-Nour.149 Although Ikwan
might have committed some mistakes during their regime, it would be better if their partners of the revolution tried to help them build the country again after more than 6 decades of corruption, rather than only attacking their own policies all the time, which finally led to demolishing democracy, and getting back to an era which is worse than Mubarak’s time.