El territorio escolar, y la educación en valores éticos

This paragraph will present the total of 21 sites registered featuring pre-colonial occupation located in the Apoala Valley. Table 4.1 shows the diagnostic ceramic types documented at each site. Site coordinates are referenced to the appropriate topographic maps issued by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Geográfia e Informatica (INEGI). Descriptive information for the site will begin by presenting the local name for the site, followed by a site code. This code consists of the letters AV which stand for Apoala Valley and a sequence number which was produced when sites were encountered in the field; thus for example AV1 is the first site that was registered. In doing so, a continuous list of 1 to 21 was created. Whereas previous compilations of site infor- mation integrated the municipal administrative authority in the site code (cf. Blanton 1982; Kowalewski et al. 1989; Spores 1972; Stiver 2001) this was superfluous since all encountered sites are on grounds under Santiago Apoala authority. The mentioned commonly used system consists of a site code made up of four elements: two letters designating the ex-district; two letters indicating the municipality; two letters indicating the agencia, followed by the sequence number.

After the site code, information concerning the localization of the site will be given. This information serves to facilitate relocating the site for future verification and follow-up research. In addition, the sites coordinates based on the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system will be provided, as well as a reference to the pertinent standard topographical INEGI map. These coordinates will consistently refer to the central area of the site. Following this, the topographical setting will be described, including overall characteristics of the terrain as well as environmental data. This will include references to the nature and appearance of the soils at the site; indications as to the level of erosion encountered; and attention for any outstanding natural features that may exist at the site, such as rock outcrops, large boulders, but also sources of clay, flint or basalt. If pertinent, a hydrographical description will be added to include any Site Cruz Ramos Las Flores Natividad Convento Total Area

code Early Middle Late (ha)

AV1 1,05 1,05 AV2 2,44 2,44 AV3 0,88 5,38 5,38 AV3a 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 AV4 0,02 0,02 AV5 0,01 AV6 0,01 AV7 0,03 0,03 AV8 4,82 6,22 2,00 6,22 AV9 0,60 9,33 0,05 9,33 AV10 3,29 5,88 3,60 6,88 AV11 0,01 1,34 1,17 1,34 AV12 0,01 8,54 2,33 8,54 AV13 0,03 0,03 AV14 8,50 15,22 15,22 AV15 10,00 10,00 10,00 AV16 1,10 12,22 14,10 14,10 AV17 0,25 0,25 AV18 0,78 1,51 1,51 AV19 0,01 0,01 AV20 0,01 AV21 0,08 Total 0,00 0,00 0,20 7,65 54,26 69,35 2,05 82,66

springs, streams etc. The current use of the site (if any) will also be described. This may centre on a range of agricultural uses, but might also include contemporary structures, such as roads, houses, sheds, levelled sports fields, and walls consisting of heaped up stones that delimit per- sonal properties. Finally, if any evidence of past or present water management was encountered, such as channel irrigation then this was also included in the site descriptions.

Following this more general site information, the archaeological features encountered will be presented. This will be done first by means of the general description of the registered fea- tures, including mounds, wall foundations, retaining walls for terraces, and floors. In addition, information as to the temporal occupation of the site is given, based on the surface ceramics encountered at the site. Several sites only demonstrated single components; this was to be expected given the relatively small surface measures of many sites. Some sites, however, feature multi-component occupation. Surface materials differed in density in the Valley and are thus described in two qualitative densities based on the scale developed by Sanders et al. (1979:38- 39) and used previously in Oaxaca (Blanton et al. 1982:10; Stiver 2001: 55-56). Scanty pres- ence of surface materials implies up to 2 sherds found every few meters, and light-to-moderate implies sherds found every 20 to 20 cm with occasional build-up.

The well-established chronological framework used for analysing Mixteca Alta ceramics, is based on the five-phase sequence proposed by Spores (1972, 1974a). That sequence is also adopted in this study. Since initial publication of this chronology, several survey and excavation projects have utilized this framework, as well as proposed adjustments to temporal start- and end-points, and subdivision of existing phases (Balkansky et al. 2004; Byland 1980; Gaxiola 1976; Lind 1987; Plunket 1983; Robles 1988; Stiver 2001; Zárate 1987). Since the Apoala Val- ley is located at a diffuse edge of certain Mixteca Alta regional wares, occasionally comparison will be made to bordering regions through the cross-ties established by horizon markers. These regions are the Oaxaca Valley, the Tehuacán Valley and the Cuicatlán Cañada (respectively for the Oaxaca Valley based on Drennan 1983a; Caso, Bernal and Acosta 1967; Kowalewski et al. 1989; Martínez López et al. 2000; for the Tehuacán Valley MacNeish 1972; for the Cuicatlán Cañada Spencer and Redmond 1997). Given the limited amount of material documented at the 21 sites, some of which lacking any surface material entirely, and the unsystematic survey methods applied, the subdivisions were integrated in the analysis where possible, but more extensive analysis during future investigations is to be advised.

4.3.1 Tiki Tinduu Akama (AV1)

This site is located at the western end of the Apoala Valley (E 96152, N 195177, INEGI E14D26). The site is estimated to be 1.05 hectare in size, and is situated on the summit of the gently sloping hill, overlooking large part of the Apoala Valley to the east and the canyon to the south. Gullies are present to the southwest and northeast of the site, leading to the canyon be- low, where the riverbed runs. Soils in this location are thin, and the habitation almost certainly

remained limited to a few houses. This is confirmed by the modest amount of architectural remains, consisting of 4 alignments of stones, together forming a low platform (Figure 4.3). The northern limit of this platform is poorly preserved. Surface vegetation consisted of a minimal amount of scrub and some low grass. Despite the limited vegetation, surface artefacts are only visible to a very limited degree, and only occur with some frequency in ploughed or otherwise disturbed areas. Some small looting activities have taken place in the recent past, as evidenced by small pits (diameter < 0.5 m) in the sides of the platform. The site area is situated in a re- mote corner of the Jazmín Morelos agencia, and is entirely located on communal terrain. It is noteworthy that the site by its location forms part in a ring of sites circumscribing the Valley, and simultaneously forms an extension into the canyon leading south.

Surface materials documented revealed a single Las Flores component at the site and include Chachoapan Orange ware and Nochixtlán Greys in scanty densities.

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Approx. scale 1:3 m

Figure 4.3 General map Tiki Tinduu Akama (AV1). 4.3.2 Tiki Kahua Akama (AV2)

This site is located on a hill approximately 1.05 km southwest of the administrative centre of Santiago Apoala, and directly preceding the point where the river enters the valley from the canyon (E 696700, N 1951951, INEGI E14D26). The site is reached by walking west from the centre across the path called Ichi Akama (‘quick road’). The central area of the site is cur- rently under use for agricultural purposes and the owner of the terrain has built a residential

structure in the site area (Figures 4.4 and 4.5). The upper part of the site (i.e. the hill) is com- munal land, whereas the central and north parts are private property. The site is 2.44 hectares in total extension and situated on a hill with many rock outcrops at its summit and various ter- races covering the steep inclined hillside. The architectural build-up of the site further consists of a plaza on the north-eastern foot of the hill. The most notable architectural feature of this site though is the significant amount of walls that were built on the higher parts of the slope and immediately below the summit. These walls were constructed so as to take advantage of the natural rugged, rocky features of the hillside. The walls would have protected the summit of the hill, on which surface artefacts were recorded in low-to-moderate density. Even though the walls do not exceed a height of more than 1.8 m, the steep inclination in combination with the sharp, rocky outcrops must have worked effectively in prohibiting access to the summit. Evidence of conflict actually taking place at the site was not found.

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