The habitus of Translators

Ethics are one part of the research quality, and in order for a good quality research the ethics needs to be kept in mind (Kvale, 2007). According to Recker (2013) and Bhattacherjee (2012), ethics defines what is thought of as right or wrong within a community or profession, and it can be defined as an action in relation to responsibility, accountability, liability, and due process. There are two research activities where ethical guidelines should be considered:

1. Ethical issues in conducting research

A researcher should always have ethical considerations in mind while working on the research process. Furthermore, a key ethical principle within IS research is to be aware of having a responsibility in securing the actual permission and interest of all participants in the study. The information gained within the study period should not be misused. The following should be borne in mind throughout the study: secure ano-nymity; secure confidentiality; participants are voluntary taking part of the study and can choose if they want to participate or not, and if they want to withdraw their partic-ipation from the study; provide information to the participant about the study subject in order for the participant to decide if he wants to take a part of the study or not;

communicate with the participants about potential risk to the subject; secure the stor-age and analysis of data; and keep honesty when reporting how data was analyzed and reported.(Bhattacherjee, 2012; Recker, 2013)

2. Ethical issues in writing

Avoid plagiarism, recognition of co-author contributions, and appropriate use of lan-guage. (Bhattacherjee, 2012; Recker, 2013)

During our research process we ensured that the above mentioned ethical issues would be taken into account all the time. When it comes to the ethical issues in conducting interviews we informed all of our interviewees that their data would be confidential, that we would trig-ger anonymity, they could stop the interview at any time, and about the study subject. Fur-thermore we kept our data within closed drive, only accessible for us that only us. Moreover, we conscientiously reported our data in the thesis. Regarding the ethical issues in writing, we used references for all of the material taken from other articles in order to avoid plagiarism, and further to have appropriate use of language we had a native speaker read our thesis over in order to ensure good language.

Moreover, Brinkmann and Kvale (2005) states that ethics can occur in qualitative research because it is a complex area where the research process is to conduct interview which requires personal opinion of the interviewee. It is of interest to look further into the first research activ-ity provided by Bhattacherjee (2012) and Recker (2013), i.e. ethical issues in conducting re-search, in order to acknowledge the ethics within a qualitative research process. There are two types of ethics within qualitative research, microethics and macroethics, which describes the relationships within the interview situation, and the relations to society and culture (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2005).

Microethics

Microethics occur when a researcher secures the interviewee or participants confidentiality, informs them about the character of the research and that the interviewee can withdraw at any time (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2005), thus we stated so in our interview guide which was provid-ed for each interviewee before the interview was conductprovid-ed, as well as inform then when we met. The ethical issues at the seven research stages (to recap thematizing, designing, inter-viewing, transcribing, analyzing, verifying, and reporting) are part of the microethics. As stat-ed by Kvale (2007) the ethical issues of thematizing should not only focus on seeking valua-ble scientific knowledge with the interview study, as it should also consider seeking on im-proving human situation; the ethical issues of designing is to gain an approval from the inter-viewee for a participation in the interview, secure confidentiality, and keep in mind the con-sequences of the study for the interviewee; the ethical issues of interviewing needs to take into account the consequences that may occur in the interviewee interaction during the interview, i.e. the interviewee can be stressed or his self-understanding changes; the ethical issues of transcribing protects the confidentiality of the interviewee, as well as being loyal to the statements presented orally by the interviewee when creating the transcribed text; the ethics of analysis holds the question on how well the interviews can be analyzed, as well as if the in-terviewee can comment on how his or her statement are interpreted; ethical issues of verifica-tion implies that the researcher's ethical responsibility is to report as secured and validated knowledge as possible; finally, the issue of ethical reporting is to keep confidentiality when the private interviews are reported in public. In our study we ensured the ethics in the seven research stages, where in the thematizing stage we collected data that might possibly assist with improving ESN adoption in the future. Within the designing stage we did, as previously mentioned, inform all of our interviewees about the confidentiality of their identity. In order to take the ethical issues of interviewing into account we did not put any pressure on the in-terviewee, explained the interview process beforehand, as well as had a conversation with the interviewee before we started asking him or her the questions. Within the transcript of the interviews, we did not use the interviewee names, the organizations’ name nor did we display any words that could possibly lead to the identity of the interviewee or the organization. Fur-thermore, in the analysis part, as stated before we each went over the transcripts separately and then discussed it and thereby ensured the ethical issues of the analysis. Moreover, we en-sured the ethical issues of verification by gaining knowledge through the literature review. As stated before names of individuals and organizations were not stated in the transcription and therefore we ensured the ethical issue of reporting.

Macroethics

Macroethics occur when a researcher keeps it in mind how the knowledge produced will cir-culate within the culture and how it will affect the humans and the society (Brinkmann &

Kvale, 2005). Before the interview is conducted, the interviewee should be informed about the ethical principles in scientific research. These principles state that the interviewee is par-ticipating as a volunteer, he/she is can choose if they want to participate in the study, and can withdraw the participation at any time. In a face-to-face interview, the interviewee should be informed about anonymity and confidentiality of the study, where the interviewee's particular answers cannot be tracked back to him or he, and the interviewee will be informed about total confidentiality of his or her answers. Disclosure means that the interviewee should be provid-ed with information about the study before the interview starts, in order to make a decision about participation. The analysis and reporting of the study should be well made, and the re-searcher should inform about all findings, even if they are unexpected or negative.

(Bhattacherjee, 2012; Recker, 2013)

In order to ensure the ethical principles of scientific research we informed the interviewee that he/she could choose if they want to participate or not, anonymity was ensured, and they were furthermore sent the information guide before the interview was collected.

4 Empirical findings

This chapter reports the results of analysing the data collected through the semi-structured interviews, where the relevant responses from the interviewees are described in details. Based on the big picture illustrated in the previous chapter, the results are described and categorized in several subcategories.

In some subchapters the responses from the interviewees are merged together, while in other chapters the responses are separately outlined. The reason for that setup is because where the interviewee responses are merged together, the interviewees had responses that were similar or the same, whilst in other subchapters it was not possible to merge the responses together as the answers would have then lose its value. In addition to that, we will provide a table for each theme, which displays key words from each interviewee for that particular theme. Fur-thermore, Table 4-1 displays a brief overview of which ESN software is used in the inter-viewees’ organization. Even though, more detailed information about the interviewees can be found under chapter 3.2.2.

Table 4-1. Overview of the organizations’ ESN software

Interviewee Organization’s industry ESN software

A (IA) Software products and service provider Yammer B (IB) IT organization providing portal solutions Yammer

C (IC) Global matrix organization and automotive industry

supplier IBM Connections

D (ID) Holding organization engaged in the field of medical

and healthcare products Tibbr

E (IE) Shipping Yammer

F (IF) IT Consultancy IBM Connections