Work capacities (Functional II. Specific abilities, characteristics, knowledge and skills
Specific physical conditioning
fitness
Specific abilities, skills and knowledge –
technical preparedness
Specific abilities, skills and knowledge – III. Performance efficiency of athletes
Indicators of performance in
the phase of defense
Indicators of performance in
the phase of offense/attack
Other performance
indicators IV. Competition result
Health status
– Sports and sport training should never jeopardize health of athletes.
– To fight against substance abuse in sport is an obligation of each and every participant.
9.1.1. Basic anthropological characteristics of athletes
I. Basic anthropological characteristics of athletes Health
status Morphological characteristics
Morphological characteristics of athletes
- These are body composition indicators, somatotype characteristicsof athletes – important sport performance factors.
- Variuos sports require various somatotypes
(ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph)
- For high achievements in certain sports morphological characteristics are crucial,
decisive. Skinfold measurements (Beachle & Earle, 2009)
Anthropometric characteristics of athletes:
body height, body mass, somatotype of basketball players(Milanović et al., 1989)
(M - Mean, SD - standard deviation) Player /
Test Height (cm) Mass (kg) Somatotype
01 198.3 91.3 4.5/2.6/4.5
02 204.9 97.0 2.5/2.9/4.0
03 212.9 110.3 3.0/4.0/4.0
04 187.0 81.8 3.5/4.5/3.0
05* 207.6 85.7 2.0/1.0/6.0
06 205.5 101.0 3.0/3.4/3.0
07 206.5 97.6 3.0/2.9/4.5
08 190.7 81.0 1.5/4.0/3.5
09 187.6 85.7 2.5/4.1/2.5
10* 208.5 110.8 4.5/4.4/3.0
11 217.7 117.4 2.0/3.9/4.0
12 194.4 86.0 2.5/3.8/3.5
M 201.7 95.5 2.9/3.5/3.8
SD 10.03 12.31 0.93/0.98/0.94
Work capacities / functional (energy supply) abilities of athletes
– Related with the efficiency of the oxygen transport system (aerobic ability) and anaerobic energy supply capacities(phosphogenic and glycolitic metabolic processes).
– Athletes may significantly differ among themselves by the aerobic abilities as well as by anaerobic capacities.
– In certain sports the anaerobic glycolitic energy production process prevails, whereas in others theaerobic metabolic process is predominant.
Characteristic metabolic processes in various performance time intervals of high intensity sport
activity (Bompa, 1994) 100%
50%
anabolic (A) phosphogenic (P) gliycolitic (G)
aerobic
30 60 90 120 150
seconds
A P
G Energy intensity
of the activity
• Each sport event can be described in terms of particular energy supply mechanisms:
anabolic (A), - phosphogenic (P), glycolitic (G) and aerobic (oxydative; O).
Energy supply
system Anaerobic
Alactic Lactic
Aerobic
Basic energy sources
Phosphate system (ATP and CP from muscles)
Lactic system (glycogen lactic acid)
Glycogen (completely burns outin presence of O2)
200-400m 800 m Medium distance (running, speed
skating, swimming)
Long distance (running, swimming, speed skating, kayak-canoe) Throwing
events 500m
speed skating
100 m
swimming 1000m
kayak-canoeing Cross-country skiing Jumping
events Artistic
gymnastics 500m
canoeing Boxing Triathlon
Weight
lifting 50m
swimming 1000m speed skating
Wrestling /
Combat sports Cycling, road race jumpingSki Floor routine
(artistic gymnastics)
Figure skating
Diving Alpine skiing Rowing
Vault (art.
gymn.)
Sports games, individual (net&wall) games, sailing
Activity Acyclic Acyclic and cyclic Cyclic
Aerobic and anaerobic energetic processes in sports events of various duration(Bompa, 1994)
• The differences between test results in rest and parameters obtained under competition loads are frequently analysed to determine specific work (functional) responds/capacities of athletes.
FUNCTIONAL (WORK CAPACITY) PARAMETER
VALUES IN REST
VALUES IN COMPETITION
HR (heart rate) 40 200.0
Respiratory volume (l/min) 8.0 200.0
Oxygen consumption (O2l/min) 0.5 6.5
Lactate (mmol/l) 1.0 20.0
Functional indicators of elite rowers in rest and in competition
(Körner & Schwanitz, 1985, according to Milanović, 1997)
Average values of maximal oxygen uptake in athletes of various sports
(Bangsbo, 1994) mlO2/min/kg
0 medium distance running
untrained individuals
Values of absolute and relative oxygen uptake (VO2) of Australian athletes
(Pyke, 2001) relative VO2max
(ml/kg/min)
– Represent efficiency of the neuro-muscular system responsible for intensity, duration and regulation of movements.
– They enable either powerful, quick, long-lasting, accurate,
coordinated, or combined performance of various motor tasks.
Motor abilities of athletes
Motor abilities are the aspects of intensity and extensity (volume) of any motor activity that can be described with the same parameter system and measured with the identical group of measuring instruments; onset of
analoguous physiological, biochemical, morphological and biomechanical mechanisms is typical for each of them.
McCloy (1886-1959) defines motor, i.e. physical
potential of athletes as the maximum limit of physical work ability which an individual reaches, or realizes his/her potential with sports training.
• According to Meinel (1977, in Milanović, 1997), it is a
complex structure of quantitative
(STRENGTH/POWER, SPEED, ENDURANCE and FLEXIBILITY) and
qualitative (COORDINATION, AGILITY, BALANCE and
ACCURACY) motor abilities.
The quantitative motor abilities enable a high level of work intensity and extensity, whereas the qualitative motor abilities enable an athlete to perform work of high structural and biomechanical complexity of any sports activity.
Bompa (2006) defines the structure of motor abilities as consisting of BASIC BIOMOTOR CAPACITIES, like
strength/power, speed, endurance, coordination and flexibility.
The derived motor abilities are also important to sport performance. They are a result of the correlation of the basic motor abilities.
Therefore, there are POWER/EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH (interaction of strength and speed), SPEED ENDURANCE (interaction of speed and endurance), and SPEED COORDINATION (interaction of speed and coordination).
Interdependence among biomotor abilities
(modified according to Bompa, 2006)
Strength/Power Endurance Speed Coordination Flexibility
Repetitive
strength Speed
endurance Agility Dexterity
Power
Maximal
strength Anaerobic
endurance Aerobic
endurance Speed
strength Speed
coordination Dynamic mobility
Results of soccer players of different standards in tests of motor abilities
Tests Standard levels of soccer players
A B C D E
30m dash from the standing start (s)
3.85 3.85-3.98 3.99-4.12 4.13-4.26 4.26 >
30 m dash from the flying start (s)
3.15 3.15-3.27 3.28-3.40 3.42-3.53 3.53 >
SAR vertical jump (cm)
43.0 40.0-43.0 36.0-39.0 32.0-35.0 35 <
COOPER test (km) 3.35 3.26-3.35 3.16-3.25 3.06-3.15 3.06 <
10m dash from the standing start (s)
1.66-1.70 1.69-1.73 1.71-1.77 1.75-1.78 1.78 >
Cognitive abilities of athletes
– Enable reception, processing, retention and
utilization of motor information resulting in quick and correct decision making during training and competition activities.
– Their influence is higher in the more complex sports activities.
Conative characteristics/ personality traits
– Crucial for the efficient adaptation to strenuous work conditions of sports and sport training.
– Personality traits are responsible for athletes’
behaviour and their engagement level/ commitment and drive during training and competition.
II. Specific abilities, characteristics, skills and knowledge Specific and
situational physical condition/fitness
Specific abilities,