Las TIC como estrategias didácticas en el contexto del aula

Several studies have looked at the effects of smoking status, race, and education level on policy support. Prior studies have consistently found that smokers have lower support for tobacco control policies than do non-smokers. 37-39,96 _{However, studies have also found that} smokers do have some support for certain regulations including advertising and promotion, 37,97 smoke-free restrictions, 96,98 _{and minor’s access restrictions.} 37,99 _{For example, a Canadian study} found that support for smoke-free fast food restaurants was 71% among nonsmokers and 47% among smokers. It also found support for a tobacco advertising ban from 68% for nonsmokers to 47% for smokers.37 _{In four US states, between 73 to 85% of current smokers and over 86%} of former or never smokers indicated that they would support stronger laws to prevent tobacco sales to minors.99

Studies also find that policy support may increase with the implementation of regulations.98,100-102 _{For instance, a longitudinal study of bar and restaurant employees in} Norway (which implemented a clean indoor air law in 2004) found that from pre-indoor smoking ban to 4 months and 11 months post-ban there was a significant linear trend toward workers agreeing that they felt positively toward the ban, that a ban was an acceptable way to reduce passive smoking, and that their work conditions had improved.103 _{Bar and restaurant workers in} Scotland also significantly increased support for a smoking ban in public places implemented in 2006 from 69% pre-ban to 79% three months post-ban. Their concern that a ban would

negatively affect business fell from 42% to 18%.104 _{This result has also been found in the}

general public where support for a total smoking ban in pubs/bars in Ireland increased from 13% to 46% pre- to post-implementation.98 _{Related to POS, a study on several college campuses} found over 55% of students supported retail display bans on tobacco products in campus stores; with the highest level of support found for students on campuses with an existing ban.101 A longitudinal study of POS advertising and display bans as they were implemented across Canadian provinces found that support for the bans was higher at final follow-up among

smokers who had been exposed to the bans at baseline versus those who were exposed during or after the data collection period.105

Fewer studies to date have examined support for POS tobacco regulations by subgroup, a strength of the current study. Studies have found relatively higher support for tobacco

regulations among African Americans compared with Whites.38,40,106 _{For instance, in the}

Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT), researchers found differences in support for minors access restrictions (specifically vending machine bans) among African American smokers and nonsmokers relative to whites (80.9% of African American nonsmokers vs. 68.3% of White nonsmokers, 65.2% of African American smokers vs. 56.1% of White smokers). 38 _{Additionally, in looking at support for a variety of tobacco control measures using} the Smoking Policy Inventory, Doucet et al found that African Americans had more support for

public education measures such as publicizing the dangers of secondhand smoke compared with Whites.40 _{Studies also find that those with higher education are more supportive of tobacco} taxes and smokefree regulations than those with less education.40,41

Related to specific POS provisions in this study, prior studies have found:

Minor’s Access. Support is high in the general public for policies that restrict minor’s access to tobacco. Among smokers and former smokers, 64% endorsed policies that penalized merchants or youth for violations of youth access laws.97 _{Additionally, enforcement of minor’s} access provisions along with public education about the dangers of smoking have the highest levels of support among both blacks and whites compared with smokefree air policies, tobacco taxation, and advertising and promotion restrictions.40

Promotion. Studies have found that a third to a half of smokers may use price

promotions when purchasing cigarettes.107,108 _{In a survey of New Yorkers, smokers (41%) were} less likely than non-smokers (57%) to support banning price promotions such as coupons and two-for-one deals on cigarette packs.109 _{Support for bans on free gifts with purchase and on the} distribution of branded non-tobacco items (e.g., hats, t-shirts) as now implemented under the Tobacco Control Act (along with other promotional restrictions) have been assessed in various studies utilizing the Smoking Policy Inventory.40,110,111 _{In a six country study, support for such} restrictions was highest in Australia which had comprehensive bans on such provisions and lowest in the US which only had partial or no restrictions on various forms of tobacco advertising and promotions.110 _{Support for such restrictions has also demonstrated a trend toward higher} average support with increasing levels of education.40

Product. Prior findings indicate that support is higher for a ban on flavored cigarettes (other than menthol) than for a ban on menthol cigarettes. A national telephone survey found that 70% of adults (including 75% of blacks) supported a ban on flavored cigarettes.106 _Overall support for a menthol ban was 56%, however, findings indicate that smokers (28.4%) have less support for a menthol ban than do never smokers (67.3%).106 _{Compared with menthol smokers,}

non-menthol smokers were 2.73 times (OR 95% CI 1.43, 5.21) more likely to support a ban on menthol cigarettes.106 _{Another study found support for a menthol ban in a national web survey to} be 20%.112

Advertising and labeling. Smokers exhibit high levels of exposure to tobacco advertising with 90% of a US sample indicating that they noticed tobacco advertising at POS.113 _Among Massachusetts adults in 2000, 55% supported restricting tobacco advertising to black and white text; and this level of support remained fairly constant from 1995.114 _{In a national sample of US} smokers, only 24% agreed that cigarettes should be sold in plain packaging.115 _{Graphic warning} labels and advertisements similar to those proposed in the Tobacco Control Act have been implemented in Canada. They have been found to have positive impacts on cessation with 19% of smokers reporting smoking less in response to the warnings.116 _{Thirty percent of a sample of} German smokers supported educational efforts including requiring graphic warning labels on 50% of a cigarette pack.97 _{A survey of California voters, found that 82% would support requiring} graphic warnings to be posted in retail stores.117

No studies to date examine public support among smokers and non-smokers with a comprehensive array of POS tobacco control regulations, few examine differences in support for these POS provisions by subgroup, and few use national data to examine the potential for geographic differences in public support for these provisions. This study can help to fill these gaps.