CAPÍTULO IV Del proceso educativo
Sección 1.- De los tipos y modalidades de educación
Zealand‐produced textbooks, School Text Books Published in New Zealand to 1960, offers something of this nature.
7 For a more detailed discussion of the text books used in Victorian schools, see Desmond
Gibbs’ unpublished Ph.D thesis: Victorian School Books; A Study of The Changing Social Content and Use of School Books in Victoria, 1848‐1948, with Particular Reference to School Readers.
8 See Musgrave, P. W.: “Readers in Victoria, 1896‐1968, I: The School Paper and Children’s
World”, Paradigm, no. 15, 1994; “Readers in Victoria, 1896‐1968, II: The Victorian Readers”, Paradigm, no. 16, 1995; “The Historical Sociology of Textbooks: A Victorian Case Study”, Working Papers from the Texbook Colloquium, No. 1, 1999.
9 There are numerous education histories for all the state education departments examined
here but usually, these histories include only passing reference (if any reference at all) to the production of reading material such as school papers and school Readers.
10 As Hugh Price’s bibliography of New Zealand textbooks reveals, Nelson was particularly
prolific in producing series of Readers for the lucrative antipodean market, publishing the Royal School Series for some three decades, variously titled The Royal Readers, The New Royal Readers, Royal Star Readers, Royal Crown Readers and The Royal King Infant Readers (152).
11 I think this essay is more significant in terms of the comment it inadvertently makes in
support of Benedict Anderson’s argument about the figuring of the newspaper in the national imaginary. Foreshadowing Anderson’s perception of the newspaper’s centrality to the imagined but geographically diverse community, the unnamed author of the piece writes: “It seems as if we were in fairyland, and had the power of flying in a moment to any part of the earth by merely wishing to be there” (Royal Crown Reader 1898, 16).
12 The number of reading series submitted suggests the lucrative nature of the school
publishing market.
13 The South Australian Government was the first to start such a paper, The Children’s Hour,
in 1889 (Musgrave, “Readers in Victoria I” 1).
14 I have included the catalogue information for this series here to demonstrate the lack of
information available about the Readers of The New Australian School Series. The Deakin Library textbook collection cites the publication dates as follows: First Reader [1903], Second Reader [between 1900 and 1919], Third Reader [191?], Fourth Reader [191?], Fifth Reader [191?] and Fifth Reader revised edition [1916?]. The National Library of Australia suggests a publication date of [191?] for all its holdings from this series. As Spaulding writes: “It is likely that the readers were reprinted at various times early in the twentieth century” (130).
15 I have not had the opportunity to examine a 1916 West Australian Reader earlier mentioned
by McKenzie. I suspect, however, that this 1916 edition was an “Australianised” version of
an existing Reader series (sometimes, with the publisher’s permission, education
departments reprinted school books from other states, or from Britain, with revised titles and sometimes, slightly revised content). The publication dates of other locally‐written and produced Readers suggests that the school texts McKenzie here attributes to West Australian inspectors and teachers belong to the Western Australian Reader series of the early 1930s.
While it might be a misprint, the change in title from the West to the Western Australian Reader is also significant.
16 Colin McGeorge, educational historian and authority on New Zealand school Readers,
1
“A Little Child Shall Lead Them”: The Literary Production of
Children and Childhood
This chapter is framed by the same quotation that appears on the first edition title pages of the First and Second Books of The Victorian Readers, published in 1928 and 1930 respectively. To my reading of a school Reader metanarrative, the child as a primary site of cultural imagining serves as a beginning, not only to this chapter, and indeed to my thesis, but also as the entry point to those ideological preoccupations informing national growth; whereby the child is represented (in texts) and positioned (through texts) as the embodiment of a nation’s hope and future. The child of Australian school Readers is the central element around which ideals of an Australian nation and nationhood are constructed. The literary production of this child, I argue, is imbued with the nation’s innermost cultural anxieties and desires. Moreover, childhood in the Readers encodes both the mythological innocence of the nation as well as its youth, vitality, and by implication, its future. The figure of the child negotiating the threshold into adulthood, metaphorically the most important aspect of national growth, is therefore a primary concern of texts as metanarrative signs reproduced in school Readers. Of the narratives specifically concerned with Australian children, I will
examine the dominant and often inter‐related discourses of children and childhood: the lost child, the brave boy, and the brave girl, all produced out of a unique communion with the Australian bush. In narratives of children lost in the bush, childhood (innocence) is portrayed as a fragile state, suggesting the nation’s preoccupation with its own precarious sense of innocence. In representations of brave boys and girls, where there are clear gendered and racialised identities at work, the child as “leader” and his or her proximity to adulthood provides the reference point around which a nation can define itself. In school Readers from around Australia, these same codings are prevalent. Indeed, even texts about children of other nationalities and from non‐Australian cultural backgrounds are co‐ opted into/by the Readers’ production of a particular kind of idealised, white child and childhood.
This is not to suggest that children and childhood can or should be read as definitive and static throughout the very different texts of school Readers. Rather, the dominant discourses of children and childhood interwoven throughout produce in the readership an apperception of the ideal child, or more pertinently, the shape of an ideal future member of the Australian community. While the selection committees and publishers of various Australian school Readers are not as explicit as those of the Pacific Readers, the preface to the Pacific Readers could equally serve for its Victorian, Tasmanian, Queenslander, West Australian or South Australian counterparts. It reads: “The Pacific Readers […] will at the same time assist in fostering the growth of national and patriotic sentiments, which cannot be inculcated at too early an age.” The symbolic association of the child and the nation is a familiar trope in Australian children’s literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Invested in the innocence of the young and the child’s naïve adventurous spirit is the potential of a new nation. Naturally then, school Readers are not the only texts for children concerned with inspiring future generations with national and patriotic sentiment. In her opening to one of Australia’s best‐known children’s novels Seven Little Australians, Ethel Turner locates a wellspring of hope in the nation’s children and in its very youthfulness. “It may be that the land and
the people are young‐hearted together, and the children’s spirits not crushed and saddened by the shadow of long years’ sorrowful history. There is a lurking sparkle of joyousness and rebellion and mischief in nature here, and therefore in children” (7). In an evolving literary discourse of children and childhood that is institutionalised in the Readers, children are “the spirited, single‐hearted, loyal ones who alone can ‘advance Australia’“ (Seven Little Australians 8).