Tipos de violencia y sus causas según Johan Galtung

20

2.1 PPP definition and concept

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in private sector participation (PSP) in the delivery of urban water supply and sanitation in developing countries (Johnstone, Wood & Hearne, 1999), the interest is growing in PPPs, in particular due to the growth in the demand for infrastructure services, limited public funds to meet current and future needs and acceptance of private sector in the provision of infrastructure.(Herpen, 2002).

The Public Private Partnership have considered as a one of the main approaches for delivering

infrastructure projects if properly formulated and managed (Kwak, Chih & Ibbs, 2009). This is largely attributable to a perception that governments have been unable to manage the sector efficiently and do not have the funds required to undertake much needed investments.(Johnstone et All, 1999).

Even with the wide adoption of PPP which are found in many different types and sizes, and the boundaries

between public and private are sometimes blurred, which makes public-private partnerships (PPPs) difficult to classify and to clearly define. (Johnstone et All, 1999 ;Ouyahia, 2006).

Several definitions of PPPs have been used by different scholars, governments, and international organizations as summarized in Table (2.1 )

Regan (2005) defines the PPP as, Public private partnerships (PPPs) refer to arrangements for the procurement of goods and services utilizing franchising and similar arrangement with the Private sector; the private sector is contracted to provide public goods and services on behalf of government.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia defines the PPP as a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies.

Despite the lack of one international common definition describing what PPP projects are, there are some

key elements which normally characterize them, such as: (Ibid, P.3)

➢ A long-term relationship, involving a cooperation between a public partner and a private Partner working cooperatively towards shared or compatible objectives in return for payments either directly from the users of the infrastructure or from a governmental body .

➢ The method of funding the projects, mostly by private partners. However public funds might be added to the private funds.

21

Table (2.1): Various Definitions of PPP

Source: (Kwak et all, 2009)

➢ The public entity concentrates mostly on defining the objectives to be achieved in the term of public interest, it is responsible for the quality of the provided services and pricing policy, additionally it takes responsibility for monitoring the project.

➢ The private partner is usually responsible for the stages in the project like design, completion, implementation and funding.

➢ Risk allocation between both parties – public and private. Usually risks are being transferred from the public entity to the private partner. Nevertheless, it does not mean that the private partner always bears all risk, depending on who can better reduce them andincreased value is achieved through the exploitation of private sector skills and competencies.

The governmental entities are the public partners in PPP including ministries, municipalities or State-

Source Definition

HM Treasury An arrangement between two or more entities that enables them to work cooperatively towards shared or compatible objectives and in which there is some degree of shared authority and responsibility, joint investment of resources, shared risk taking, and mutualbenefit.

The World Bank The term “public-private partnerships” has taken on a very broad meaning. The key elements, however, are the existence of a “partnership” style approach to the provision of infrastructures opposed to an arm’s-length “supplier” relationship…Either each party takes responsibilities for an element of the total enterprise and they work together, or both parties take joint responsibility for each element…A PPP involves a sharing of risk, responsibility, and reward, and it is undertaken in those circumstances when there is a value-for-money benefit to the taxpayers.

European Commission

A partnership is an arrangement between two or more parties who have agreed to work cooperatively toward shared and/or compatible objectives and in which there is shared authority and responsibility; joint investment of resources; shared liability or risk-taking; and

ideally mutual benefits Canadian Council

for Public Private Partnerships

PPP is a cooperative venture between the public and private sectors, built on the expertise of each partner that best meets clearly defined public needs through the appropriate allocation of resources, risks, and rewards.

22

owned enterprises and the private partners can be local and international businesses or Investors, PPP may also include nongovernment organizations (NGO) and community-based Organizations (CBOs).

PPPs are often confused with privatization. There is a clear difference between the two forms of private sector participation concepts . Privatization involves the permanent transfer of a previously publicly owned asset by total or partial sale to the private sector, this form of private sector participation is most common and more widely accepted in sectors that are not traditionally considered public services, such as manufacturing, construction, etc. (Farquharson,de Mästle, Yescombe & Encinas, 2011; ADB, 2008). Savas (2005) provided in his paper general definition that captures the broad essence of the practice and leads to various implementation techniques, “ Privatization is the act of reducing the role of government or increasing the role of the private institutions of society in satisfying people’s needs; it means relying more on the private sector and less on government.”

2.2 Why can PPP be an interesting option?

many developing countries are searching positive impacts on the efficiency, equity and quality provision of the public services through increasing competition and active participation of the private sector, considering public-private partnerships (PPPs).(Pessoa, 2006).

According to the World Bank (1997), a government’s prime objectives in inviting the private sector to

participate in water sector supply and wastewater are primarily to:

➢ Bring technical and managerial expertise and new technology into the water sector.

➢ Improve economic efficiency in the sector in both operating performance and the use of capital investment and the use of capital investment.

➢ Inject large-scale investment capital into the sector or gain access to private capital markets.

➢ Reduce public subsidies to the sector or redirect them from the sections of the populaces currently served to the poor and those without access to services.

➢ Insulate the sector from short-term political intervention in utility operations and limit opportunities for interventions by powerful interest groups.

➢ Make the sector more responsive to the customer needs and preferences.

(MOF Slovak Republic) demonstrates that “the most important features of PPP is that it combines an important investment with a long-term provision of services. The private partner ensures financing and construction of a capital-intensive infrastructure and at the same time he receives as counter-value the

23

right to operate and provide services through this infrastructure.