5. Interpretación crítica de la práctica reconstruida.
5.4. Participación social
5.4.2. Toma de decisiones
Better quality and management of water resources in the Citarum catchment can be best
achieved by providing higher priority to the improvement of the indicators and sub‐indicators
that are Poor in Performance. Based on WJWSI applications in 2006 to 2008, the indicators and
sub‐indicators that are Poor in Performance are Water Availability, Water Quality, Education, Water Loss and Poverty. The following sub‐sections provide recommendations to improve poor
performance indicators and sub‐indicators to achieve at least a sub‐index value of 25, and to
move up to Poor‐Medium performance. If these Poor indicators and sub‐indicators are
improved to at least 25 of their sub‐indices, the final index value will be improved from 20.04
to 37.19 (Poor to Poor‐Medium). It is recommended that water authorities in the Citarum
catchment take appropriate actions to improve the sub‐index values of these Poor indicators
and sub‐indicators. Some actions are presented below, which were as previously mentioned
based on the data from 2008.
Water Availability
According to the WJWSI results, the actual availability of water in West Java in 2008 was 587
m3/year. To increase the performance to at least Poor‐Medium (or a sub‐index value of 25),
the actual availability needs to be increased to at least 812 m3/person/year.
As mentioned earlier, the main factor causing low availability of water resources in the Citarum
catchment is the density of population. Thus, the most effective way to increase the
availability of water resources is by managing the population. One way to manage the
population in the area is through the re‐introduction of the ‘transmigration’ program, initiated
in the early 1960s (Gondowarsito, 1986). Through this program, people were encouraged to be
relocated to less‐dense areas, outside the Java Island. They were given a piece of land,
housing, and an establishment allowance to start a new life in a less dense area. However, this
program was discontinued because people who had agreed to be relocated were unable to
manage the land and housing given by the government, due to lack of skills (Gondowarsito,
1990). Therefore, if this program is to be re‐initiated in the future, government needs to
provide the necessary skills for people to manage the land in the proposed areas.
Another way of managing the population is to create centres of activities in less dense
population areas within the West Java Province. At this stage, these centres (such as reliable
shopping centres, leisure places and business areas) are concentrated in Bandung City in the
Citarum catchment. Creating these centres in other areas will significantly reduce the
motivation of people to migrate to Bandung City and other highly populated areas in the
Citarum catchment. This can be done through the involvement and coordination of related
stakeholders, particularly the Regional Planning Council as the responsible authority in
planning and development, along with other business sectors, local governments and the
community.
Water Quality
According to WJWSI results, in order to move from Poor to Poor‐Medium performance, the
actual value of Water Quality needs to be increased from ‐96.1 to ‐8.06.
Poor water quality in the catchment, as previously mentioned, has mainly been caused by lack
of awareness of stakeholders. To address this issue, the government, West Java EPA and
community groups need to develop programs to improve community awareness on water
resources. To be successful, program targets should be clearly stated and progress regularly
monitored.
Along with these community awareness programs, relevant authorities also need to enforce
laws and regulations on river quality. To do this, close monitoring of the operation of waste
water treatment plants is required to ensure that industrial waste water discharge meets the
designated standard.
Education
The WJWSI results indicate that for the Education indicator, in order to move from Poor to
Poor‐Medium performance, the actual value needs to be increased from 14.19% to 25%.
In the last few years, the Ministry of Education in Indonesia has launched programs to improve
the quality of primary education, namely Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (School Operational
of education fees for all primary students in Indonesia, providing necessary books to most
elementary schools, and improving the quality of school infrastructure. However, these
programs have not yet been fully implemented. There are still cases where schools collect
money from students by giving various excuses (Auditan, 2006; Widjajanti, 2006).
Consequently, students from low income families are prevented from enrolling in these
schools. Therefore, to effectively improve the quality of primary education, these obstacles
need to be eliminated.
Water loss
Based on the WJWSI results, in order to move from Poor to Poor‐Medium performance, the
average actual value of Water Loss in the Citarum catchment needs to be reduced from
40.10% to 18.50%. The actual value of 18.50% will give the sub‐index value of 25, as the
minimum value for Poor‐Medium performance.
According to Sukmayeni (2007), the water losses of water service providers (WSPs) in
Indonesia, including the Citarum catchment, were caused by both physical and non‐physical
factors. The physical causes that lead to water losses are leakages in water treatment plants,
transmission systems and distribution systems. As for the non‐physical causes, the losses
mainly come from unbilled consumption, inaccuracies of customer metering and illegal
connections (Djamal et al., 2009). Yuwono (2009) suggests that higher priorities should be
given to reducing the non‐physical losses, as programs for reducing non‐physical losses are
more cost‐efficient. The reduction of the non‐physical losses will be an important starting
point for the overall reduction of water losses by water service providers, even though the
physical leakages are not yet addressed. It is believed that even though the non‐physical losses
are not real losses, they contribute to approximately 50% of the total unaccounted water of
WSPs in West Java (Yuwono, 2009).
Poverty
For Poverty, WJWSI results indicate that a decrease of 0.43% of its actual value is needed to
move from Poor to Poor‐Medium performance. In the last few years, local, provincial and
reduced poverty in most provinces in Indonesia. However, such programs benefited the poor
for a short period of time and some of these programs have been terminated. Once the
programs were terminated, poverty levels increased. Also, due to lack of monitoring, it was
found that some of these subsidy programs did not reach needy people. Thus, in the future,
closer monitoring of implementation and continuation of these programs is crucial to ensure
that benefits are received by those who most need them.
4.5 CILIWUNG CATCHMENT
4.5.1 Description of the Catchment
The main river in the Ciliwung catchment is the Ciliwung River. This river flows across two main
provinces, West Java and Jakarta. The river originates from Talaga Warna spring, located in the
Bogor region, and flows to Depok and Jakarta (Pusair, 2008), as illustrated in Figure 4.6. The
catchment occupies an area of approximately 440 km2, along the 119 km length of the
Ciliwung River. According to the flow gauge in Satuduit Station, river flows vary during rainy
and dry seasons. In 2007, a maximum flow of 125m3/s and a minimum flow of 49.4m3/s were
recorded at this gauge (Pusair, 2008).
Currently, the Ciliwung River serves different users including domestic, industries and farmers.
People along the river have built small water intakes to collect water for various domestic
needs including drinking water. In many cases, people simply boil the water for drinking. As
reported by Pusair (2008), approximately 3.5 million people live along the Ciliwung River
banks, with the majority using river water for their daily activities. The river is also used by
water companies in the catchment as the source of raw water for their water treatment
plants. Bogor City, Bogor Regency and Depok City built water intakes in the upper, middle and
lower parts of the river, with capacities of 20, 200 and 400 l/s respectively (Pusair, 2008).
The river is also used in the production of various kinds of chemicals, textiles, paints, batteries,
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and beverages, pulp and paper, and metals. Approximately,
120 l/s water from the Ciliwung River is used to meet industrial needs (Pusair, 2008).These
industries also use groundwater for production activities. The other major use of the Ciliwung
River is irrigation, for which small dams were built to supply water needs for various
plantations, particularly rice paddy fields. Some of the dams are Katulampa and Cibanon,
which serve irrigation areas of 1,494 ha and 652 ha respectively. Others dams used for
irrigation purposes along the Ciliwung River are shown in
Table 4.13 (Pusair, 2008).
Table 4.13 Dams for irrigation along Ciliwung River
Dams Coverage Area (ha)
Cibalok 187 Bantarjati 200 Karedanan 210 Citarim 142 Cikao 376 Ciseuseupan 79 Cikemasan 10
Various activities by 5.17 million people living in the Ciliwung catchment are the potential
source of river polluters. Pusair (2008) reported that approximately 40% of the total
population discharge their waste water, both directly and indirectly, into the river. The river
also suffers from industrial and agricultural waste. At least 101 industries in the Ciliwung
Other potential pollutants come from agricultural and poultry activities. Agricultural waste
includes the use of fertilisers and pesticides. Pusair (2008) reported that as much as 0.25
tonnes/day of nitrogen, 0.12 tonnes/day of phosphate and 0.013 tonnes/day of potassium
were disposed in the river as fertilisers and pesticides. As for poultry, 583.5 kg of BOD/day and
1,540 kg/day of suspended particles and 90.5 kg/day of nitrogen were discharged (Pusair,
2008).