Trámites aduaneros para la exportación en los Estados Unidos

Test 1

DIRECTIONS: After each passage you will find a series of questions. Select the best answer choice for each of the questions. Answer the questions based on what is stated or implied in the passage.

PASSAGE-1 (PURE SCIENCE)

If a biographer wanted to write about a spectacular comeback from notoriety to respectability, and the tenuous natures of comebacks, a good subject might be nicotine. After denouncing nicotine for its highly addictive properties, which hook people on tobacco, scientists have begun to rehabilitate it, not only as a means of helping smokers to break their habit, but also as a potential treatment for a variety of other disorders, including stress, ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s etc.

Nicotine replacement products developed to help people quit smoking used to consist only of chewing gum and skin patches, but now a nasal spray is available by prescription, as well as an inhale, which is really a fake cigarette made of plastic that a person sucks to get a dose of menthol-flavored nicotine into the mouth and throat, but not the lungs. Doctors are awaiting the approval of a nicotine tablet that patients are to dissolve under their tongues to help fight their craving. In all these products, the nicotine is extracted from tobacco leaves.

But just as nicotine approaches respectability, a few researchers have begun to raise caution flags. Although

all agree that replacement nicotine is safer than smoking, and worth some risk if it helps a person quit, a few are beginning to worry that some smokers are using nicotine products not just for the short periods the products were designed for, but for years. They fear this use will only increase if nicotine products proliferate and if more become available over the counter, as the patches and gum already are. And if nicotine or drugs chemically related to it do come into use to treat chronic diseases, the researchers say, there may be important side effects to take into consideration.

1. The opening sentence of the passage implies which of the following? A. x is known to cure y; but x is found to cure z also.

B. x is earlier known to have negative effects, but now seems to have positive effects. C. x, a known thing possesses both negative and positive effects.

D. known properties of x, has the same effects as the unknown properties of y. E. x and y, used for positive effects are found to have negative side effects too. 2. The author organizes the passage by

A. introducing a new proposition, discussing the proposition in detail, and concluding with its applications. B. defining a hypothesis,discussing the implications of the hypothesis and suggesting methods to counter

the hypothesis.

C. pointing out the uses of a known material, explaining how it is used in a certain situation and then cautioning about possible negative consequences.

D. describing a problematic situation, enumerating factors contributing to the situation, and puting forth possible solutions to confront the situations.

E. pointing out a controversy, discussing both sides of the argument and summarizing the negative side of the argument.

3. If the assertions in the last paragraph are true, which of the following can be inferred? A. There is no permanent cure for ailments that are inherited.

B. Scientists fail to foresee the problematic consequences of a drug while developing it. C. The side effects of a drug manifests only after a period of use of the drug.

D. A drug that cures an illness and causes other illnesses for which there is no immediate cure. E. A drug used to cure an ailment may have a reverse effect.

4. Following the information in the passage, a rehabilitation counselor would recommend nicotine to break the habit of smoking with

PASSAGE-2 (HUMANITIES)

Simonton emphasized that emotional stress has two principal effects. It suppresses the body’s immune system and, at the same time, leads to hormonal imbalances that result in an increased production of abnormal cells. The production of malignant cells is enhanced precisely at a time when the body is least capable of destroying them. The basic philosophy of the Simonton approach affirms that the development of cancer involves a number of interdependent psychological and biological processes, that these processes can be recognized and understood. To do so, the Simontons help their patients to become aware of the wider context of their illness, identify the major stresses in their lives, and develop a positive attitude about the effectiveness of the treatment and the potency of the body’s defenses.

Once feelings of hope and anticipation are generated, Simonton explains, the organism translates them into biological processes that begin to restore balance and to revitalize the immune system.

As I listened to Carl Simonton, I realized with great excitement that he and Stephanie were developing a therapeutic approach, which could become exemplary for the entire holistic movement. It is a multidimensional approach involving various treatment strategies – conventional medical treatment, visualization, psychological counseling, and others – all of which are designed to initiate and support the organism’s innate psychosomatic process of healing. Their psychotherapy, which usually takes place in-group sessions, concentrates on the patients’ emotional problems but does not separate these from the larger patterns of their lives, and thus generally includes social, cultural, philosophical, and spiritual aspects.

After the Simontons’ lectures it was clear to me that both of them would be ideal guides for my future explorations of health and healing, and I resolved to remain in contact with them as much as possible.

5. The author of the passage is most likely to agree with which of the following? A. Recovery is essentially a biological process.

B. The factors that contribute to the development of cancer cannot be fully construed. C. Emotional training of the patient helps in attaining biological recovery.

D. Awareness of illness in one’s body is detrimental to the mental health of the patient. E. Psychotherapy is not done individually as a social setting contributes to early recovery. 6. Which of the following can be inferred about the author of the passage?

A. A psychotherapist

B. A critic of Simonton approach C. A researcher in holistic healing D. A medical practitioner

E. A biologist interested in mental health.

7. The basic tenets of Simonton approach involve which of the following? I. Development of cancer is triggered by many psychosomatic factors. II. Human immune system is susceptible to stressful life events. III. Hormonal imbalance is caused by abnormal cells.

A. III only B. II only C. I and III D. I and II E. I, II and III

8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding recovery of a patient from cancer? A. It is not a one-dimensional healing process.

B. Visualization is integral to mental health.

C. Once lost, it is not possible for the human body to bring back the immune system. D. The speed of recovery from cancer depends much on the type of medical treatment given. E. Psychotherapists find it difficult to induce hope and anticipation among Patients.

PASSAGE-3 (ART)

Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau were the great comic pair of late 20th century Hollywood. Comic pairs are a tradition going back to Bud Abbott and Lou Costello (in B A and L C meet the mummy) followed by the inimitable duo of Laurel and Hardy (Chumps at Oxford, et al, with the latter inevitably sporting an aggrieved look on his face and telling the former “A fine mess you’ve got us into again!”). Lemmon and Matthau brought in the sophistication of a Hollywood which had gone beyond slapstick. A Hollywood which had grown up into a maturity where humour was no longer pieces of cake being thrown at funny faces but where life itself provided the laughs in the form of day to day situations humorised by a pair of tough oddballs. Witness the movie version of Neil Simon’s The Odd

Couple where Lemmon played the fastidious neatnik to Matthau’s slob. Remember Neil Simon was the only

playwright other than one Wil Shakespeare to have three of his plays running simultaneously on Broadway! The Lemmon and Matthau show was last seen in Grumpy Old Men.

Lemmon also did enough on his own to be enrolled on Hollywood’s walk of fame, winning his first Oscar for best supporting actor in 1955 as the dithering ship’s officer Ensign Puliver who finally stands up for what he believes in, thanks to a mentor played by Henry Fonda in Mister Roberts. The best actor Oscar came 18 years later for Mr. Tiger where Lemmon portrayed a clothing manufacturer desperately trying to save his business. Lemmon is often remembered for his portrayal of one of the two Chicago musicians on the run from the mob in Billy Wilder’s Classic

Some Like It Hot, which also featured Tony Curtis, Marilyn Monroe and Joe E Brown. He became a favourite with

Wilder who once said “Happiness is working with Jack Lemmon”. His portrayal in The Great Race of an eccentric European prince who insists that everyone laughs when he laughs and stops when he stops was hilarious. There were other unforgettable cinematic moments in Days of Wine and Roses, The Front Page and The China Syndrome. However, it is the partnership with Matthau which created a genre of Hollywood humour at its oddball best. Ergo, it was almost inevitable that when Matthau left the stage called world, Lemmon would follow him less than a year later.

9. The author is primarily concerned with presenting

A. an account of the origin and development of slapstick comedies in Hollywood films.

B. a comparative analysis of the old school and the modern school of film making in the Hollywood system.

C. a tribute to two of the best comedians of Hollywood who have left an indelible mark on cinema. D. a critique of the excesses of technique over content in the Hollywood system of film making. E. contradictory epistemologies of defining comedy – the Shakespearian and the Simonian. 10. The passage provides answers to all of the following questions EXCEPT

A. who besides Lemmon and Matthau have elevated comedy to sublime heights?

B. did Lemmon and Matthau follow the comical tradition of their predecessors in their portrayals? C. was William Shakespeare the only play Wright whose plays ran simultaneously on Broadway?

D. who other than Neil Simon is credited with having his plays run simultaneously on Broadway with the exception of Shakespeare?

E. what are some of the similarities between slapstick comedies and situational comedies?

11. Which of the following is one of the contributions of Lemmon and Matthau to Hollywood comedies? A. Lemmon and Matthau freed Hollywood films from the grip of studio system.

B. Lemmon and Matthau gave new dimension to humour, through situational comedies.

C. Lemmon and Matthau used asides and dialogues in comic scenes instead of facial expressions. D. Lemmon and Matthau experimented with costumes to add humour to situations in a plot.

E. Lemmon and Matthau brought in sophistication in the treatment of subject matter and went beyond screen plays.

TEST 2

DIRECTIONS: After each passage you will find a series of questions. Select the best answer choice for each of the questions. Answer the questions based on what is stated or implied in the passage.

PASSAGE-1

A fifth trend that affects research is the globalization of science. Today’s research happens in many locations, with many partners. For example, IBM has built a medical device research facility in Japan so that they can tailor products to the local market. Microsoft has placed its R&D unit in Cambridge, England to have access to the research in computer science at a leading university with a European perspective. This is different from outsourcing, where the goal is to do business more cheaply. The globalization of R&D is a richer concept, where the goal is to enhance the quality and scope of research by being in multiple locations.

A recent paper in the American Scientist stated that scientists in all countries, including developing countries, gain considerable benefit from collaborating with scientists around the world. Creating international partnerships and networks is one of the goals of the Millennium Science Institutes. International collaboration also benefits researchers in the developed world, who need the talented colleagues and new points of view found in other nations. In a broader sense, the developed world urgently needs to encourage faster development of small economics to help narrow the gap between nations. There are large challenges that await us as we enter the new Millennium. We need a higher level of interaction between disciplines, but there are still significant barriers to interdisciplinary research. In the mathematics community, for example, we have a tradition of relative isolation. We are not only isolated internally within our sub fields, but from other fields of science and certainly from nonacademic areas – especially the private sector. It’s important to build more bridges not only within institutions, but also between them. For example, the cultures of academic research and the private sector are very different, so that few mathematics students consider careers in industry. In the United States, some 80 percent of new doctoral mathematicians anticipate academic positions. And yet many promising opportunities are found in fields where industry is very active, such as bioinformatics and communications technology.

Traditional structure of universities works against interdisciplinary collaboration. The existence of physically separated departments of “applied mathematics” and “pure mathematics” has perpetuated a narrow view about which kinds of mathematics can or should be applied. This view has limited the application of all of mathematics to important practical problems.

In conclusion, it is essential for institutions, supporting agencies, and all of us to understand the importance as well as the difficulties of interdisciplinary research, and to recognize that sustained support is needed to develop excellence. This requires good balance in research portfolios, with special attention to long-term programs.

1. An appropriate title for the passage would be A. Linear model to a dynamic model. B. Disciplinary to interdisciplinary research. C. Study of complex systems

D. Globalization and the diffusion of knowledge. E. Knowledge management – a new paradigm.

2. The globalization of research and development sets all of the following goals except

A. quality enhancement B. scope of research

C. local needs D. access to local knowledge

E. cost effectiveness

3. The author cites the instance of relative isolation in mathematics community primarily in order to A. point out factors that hinder interdisciplinary research.

B. show the lack of communication between mathematicians in developing and underdeveloped countries. C. expostulate the difference between the original subject and subsidiaries.

D. discuss the extend to which private sectors outsource information from governmental undertakings. E. propose new methods to bring together the different branches of mathematics.

4. The author is of the opinion that a broader view of mathematics would’ve contributed to which of the following?

A. Lack of differentiation between the sub-fields of mathematics.

B. 80% job placements in private sectors such as bio-informatics and communication technology. C. Finding solutions for practical problems where in mathematical models apply.

D. To unify the diverse cultures of academic research and the private sector. E. Many PhDs in mathematics opting for careers in applied mathematics.

5. Which of the following reflects the author’s view of knowledge creation and dissemination?

A. Secularist B. Particularistic C. Eclectic D. Pragmatic E. Dogmatic PASSAGE-2

About 23 million years ago, a huge ice sheet spread over Antarctica, temporarily reversing a general trend of global warming and decreasing ice volume. Now a team of researchers has discovered that this climatic blip at the boundary between the Oligocene and Miocene epochs corresponded with a rare combination of events in the pattern of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun.

Researchers show the transient glaciations and other climatic variations in the Earth’s orbit known as Milankovitch cycles. Although the concept of such relationships is not new, some of the results were surprising.

The astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch first proposed that cyclical variations in certain elements of Earth-Sun geometry can cause major changes in Earth’s climate. The main variables are eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. Eccentricity refers to the changing shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun, which varies from nearly circular to elliptical over a cycle of about 100,000 years.

Obliquity refers to the angle at which Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit, varying between 22.1 degrees and 24.5 degrees over a 41,000 year cycle. And precession is the gradual change in the direction Earth’s axis is pointing, which completes a cycle every 21,000 years.

Because there are several components of orbital variability, each with lower frequency components of amplitude modulation, there is the potential for unusual interaction between them on long timescales of tens of millions of years.

The result of this rare congruence was a period of about 200,000 years when there was unusually low variability in the planet’s climate, with reduced extremes of seasonal warmth and coldness. Earth’s orbit was nearly circular, so its distance from the Sun stayed about the same throughout the year. In addition, the tilt of Earth’s axis, which gives rise to the seasons, varied less than usual.

6. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. Discuss temperature fluctuations in the Antarctica. B. Question the validity of the cyclical hypothesis. C. Explain how earth-sun geometry affects climate. D. Propose a new method to estimate the age of the earth. E. Summarize research findings in astrophysics.

7. If the assertions in the passage are true, which of the following must also be true? A. The shape of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun doesn’t remain constant.

B. The Earth’s orbit around the sun remained elliptical most of the time in the history of Earth. C. The shape of the Earth’s orbit varies with the changes in the Earth’s axis.

D. Unusual interactions between the components of orbital variability occur in hundreds of millions of years.

8. According to the passage, the factors that contribute to climatic change is/are I. The changing shape of earth’s orbit.

II. The angle at which the earth’s axis is tilted.

III. Lack of change in the directions the Earth’s axis is pointing.

A. II only B. I and III C. II and III D. I and II E. I, II, III

9. It can be inferred from the passage that, an unusual interaction between components of orbital variability results in which of the following?

A. Maximum variation in climate. B. Extreme warmth or coldness.

C. The tilting of Earth’s axis varied more than usual. D. Unusually low change in climatic conditions. E. The Earth’s orbits’ becoming elliptical.

TEST 3

DIRECTIONS: After each passage you will find a series of questions. Select the best answer choice for each of the questions. Answer the questions based on what is stated or implied in the passage.

PASSAGE-1

Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin have used a new form of laser technology called single molecule spectroscopy to make important contributions to understanding the motion of molecules in super-cooled liquids, a problem of interest to scientists for more than half a century.

The article announces both the discovery of a successful method for observing the movement of individual molecules as well as new insights into molecular motion in a material just before it turns into a glass. When liquids