Trabajo Aeróbico

10 2 ,1119 ,209

1 , 045

286 ,780

_11S

2 ,289 50

_{185 ,137}

620+ 2

₁

,

₀₇

2 19 2 ,057

31 _Marcll

1980

Environmental Land Use for Tourism

In New Zealand , the high country zone , that i s , 9 5 0 metres

and above , involves 3� percent of the total land area and most of this is s t at e owned , with the majority o f it being

under some explicit form of protection , as national parks

or fore st reserv� s 2 1 5 . The ten national parks of New Zealand cover approximat ely 7 . 7 percent of the tot a l land

area 2 1 6- In a relat ively small country , with ten extensive I,ational parks s ituated in environmentally protected areas ,

a country whose tourist industry is largely depen dent on the attraction of these protect ed areas , the need for combined approach in planning and management between

environment a l planners and tOUI'ism planners must be

considered absolutely necessary and be given priority . As already ment ioned . the mult i-dimensional relationship between tourism and environmental land use is bas ically characterised by conflict and mutual dependance . Thi s sub-sect ion provides a n integrated planning model for the ha�onizat ion o f policies designed for tourism and

en.ironmental land use in New Zealand. Policy measu�s that

have already

�

en t aken in New Zealand will be incorporated

in the model . where appropriate .

2l S

P H C lAlcas, 'Natialal. Backgt10Und for 'lburism

and the

IhvirorDent: ' , DeparbQent of Lands

and

Survey, Infonnati� Series No

6 , We1.1.ingtal,

1978 , p. 12 .

21 &

L W

t'bCasld.ll

_{, 'Natialal. Parlcs in Cent}

ennial

_{Year' , Parl<s}

The

diagram ( figure

0 )

below provid e s an illustrative model

for

an integrated approach to environmental land use related to tourism de�elopment .

6

An Indicative for Environmental Land

Use

and and Tourism

Statement

of

LObjectives

Protection.

Conservation

of bie-physical resources

Land

use

I

system

-

h

Bic-physical ' resources :

I

I Land

use

I

types ,

capa­

bilities. potential .

&

coost:re.ints

Project

studies

and

envircnIEntal

�

assesSlllerIt

In

any management

and

planning exercise . the first step is

to

s�ate the planning objectives as clearly as possibl e . In a two section planning exercise , such

aa

environ.ental

conservation and tourism development , manage�ent and deve10p- ment obj ect ives may appear to be �.t i thetical

The

relationship between tourism and the natural environment , however , need not con f l ic t and in areas where con fl ict could occur , measures can best be t aken to reduce or pre vent such

an occurrence . The viabil ity o f the New Ze alan d tourist industry is almost ent i rely dependent upon the attractions

of

the scenic environment and the recreation resources they contain . In order to harmonise the relationship between tourism and the natural environment , the ob j e ct ive s o f environmental pre ser'vation and prote c t ion must n0t be subj ect to uncontro l l e d tourism deve lopment . The stated obj ectives of the Nat i onal Parks Act , 1 9 5 2 , No 5 4 are t o

"preserve in perpetu i ty " areas of certain "scenery " of s uch

"distinct qua l i ty · or nnatura l feature s - so beau t i fu l o r unique that their "presel-vation" i s in the

"na tiona l

intere s ts " for thp b� r J a n d "enjoyment of the pub l i c " ,

,,;.G as far "as pos sib l e in their natural. s tate ".

Apart from the regu latory provisions contained in the 1 9 5 2 National Parks Act against the degradation o f national parks ' natural environment , there are other meas ures dE �igned for the prote ct ion of the environment in New Zealand . The Environmental Protection and Enhancement Procedures 21 7 , which came into e ffect on 1 March 1 9 7 4

u _

P H C l.JJcas , 'National &ckground

far

Tourism and

the Ihvircnuent ' . op.cit • • 1978 , p.15.

provide tha� environmental impact reports must be prepared

for

al l major projects of government and all othar proj e ct s that requi� government approval o r funds . The Procedures also provide for public submis s ions on all propos a l s .

The

Na tupe

Consepvat ion Counci l

A c t , No 2 4 , 1 9 6 2 2 1 8

establi5�ed the council as a central body for obtaining and co-ordinat ing the views of organ isation s , bodies and

persons interested in nature conserva-ti on .

I t i s an advisory body on scient ific and techn i cal aspe�ts

of na

tur

e

conservat ion and has powers to inquire into the

�ffects

of any proposed public works

wiThin

the meaning of

the

1 9 2 8 Pub L i c Wo r k s A c t ,

_and

in any private or other work s

o n

pla

ces o f scenic or s c ientific intereST or of spe c i f i c

recreat ional value , o r o n any aspect of nature conservation .

The

Queen Elizabeth

I T

NaTional Trust21 • is also anOTher body established by legislat ion to ensure that tiufficient open space is provide d . The Trust also acts a s a

co-ordinating l ink between land protection and recreational responsibi l i t ie s of the various agencies concerned .

Th e numerous protection and �ontrol measures for the

natural environment are designed to safeguard these natural resources against public misuse and at the same t ime

• 1ft

21.

'1'h8 Natuzoe

C01IBBl"Uation Council Act, No 21, 1962.

_{New Zealand StattItes,}

1962 ,

�

Printer,

We1li:ngt-cn. 1963,

P H C Lucas,

'Nzrt:iaIal

Background far Tourism

and the

DtvircnInent ' , op.cit . , 1978, p.15.

preserve them for publ.ic enjoyment . These measures ensure that no natural resource development tak�s place unl.e ss compatible with the conservation val.ues o f the area .

The

effects o f these control measures o n the tourist industry have on occasion been frustrating and on other occasions ensured that tourist companies wishing to develop these resources provide plans tha t are environmentally compatible with the natural charactec of the are a , before permi s s ion is

granted.

The Environmental Impact Report on the �evel.opment

or

Facilities Area , Home Bay , Lake Waika�emoana , Urewera

National

Park 2 • • _{is an example of a plan that provides for}

a

tourist

accommodation style compatible with the natural.

environment . The main objectives for the deve lopment of the Lake Waikaremoana 3rea _were to _{provide limited informal ,}

first

class accommodat ion and other facilities to meet the

requirement s of visitors to the park, to enable Hew Zealanders to travel and enjoy their own "try in accordance with government policy , by pl.acing th�

facilities wit�L� the means of the average New Zealander ,

with

part icular emphas is on family type accommodat ion . In

this environmental impact repor t , the Tourist Hotel Corporation L _{nd the Urewera National.}

ParJc BoarG.

_{the two}

devel.opment agents , endeavoured to provide a plan for

compat ible land use by putting emphasi s on the enjoyment and

2 2 .

The �ai

Ure;oera liirtialal. Parte Boaro and

protection o f the scenic values an d quality of t h e national

park and not allowing the very development they attract to destroy them . In this instance . the proposed plan was

approved .

There

are other instances in which tourist compa�y proposals to develop certain recreational resources within scenic areas face strong opposition froffi government advisory bodies

and

from the publ i c . One case is the proposal made by the Mount Cook and Southern Lakes Tourist Company Limited t o develop the Rastus Burn Basin i n ��e Remarkabl e s Range into an alternati'lfe !>Ki-field to Coronet Peak , Which was

�xperiencing vis itor pressure on i t s capacity . A management

study

team was set up , composed mainly of offi cials of the Department of Lands and Sur vey . The study was to investigate the physical resources , soci�l and current land use so that

the

development proposals put forwar::l: by the company to the

Land-Settlement Board co\.!ld be decided upon . The terms of reference � 2 1 of th .. "" _,,agement study team provided for a

study

of :

the �ho ls area of the Remarkables Range

fo�

the purposeB of asaeBsing the pote ntial of � hiB reBoupce for scenic. conservation. pe cpe� tion and tou�iB t UBes; t o ppovid� for a�equate 49gree

of pro t e ction of land rec�upces in conjL n c t i o n yi t h appropriate l e v e l s o f pub l ic u s e a n d enjo y ­ men t i n t erms o f t h e caraci ty o f t he a r e a . an

d

a ba lance Yith the recre ationa Z opportuni t i e s in the surrounding d i s t ri c t .

Although there were some indiv icual subr.i s s ions s uppo�ting

the

company ' s proposal , several intere s t groups such as the Remarkables Protection Committee .

the

New Zea land Alpine

Club ,

the Southland Tramping C l ub ( Inc . ) , dnd the Otago Tramping and Mount aineering C l ub opposed the

prc)"' os a l s

on

the ;rounds o f environmental and conservation prote c t ion .

The

management s t udy group was equa l l y unsympath,,·;: i c to the �ropo�als

of

the company . Some recommendati � n s

of

the

management

st udy gro

u

p state2 2 2 :

( � J

No recreation or t o u ri s t

de v � < JpmenT

a t � ra�t ing

l arge numbers of peop le s hou ld be p e l', d t te d if

i t yo u ld e i t her reduce the effectiveness of the

desirab l e

Boil

and Yat e r conservat i on objec ­ tives or endanger vu l n e rab l e botan i ca l and geo logica l areas or i n t roduce unsympa the t i c artifici a l componen ts i n t o spec tacu lar and highl!! apprec i a t ed naZ;k:'a l s cenic . • . .

2 2 2

( b ) CUl'l' B1 t l' (!Cl' mtion a l aati v i ty i s 8 /X> l'adi c, w i d e l'an gin g , l.ow i n t en s i ty an d n o t d etl'i m m ta l t o t h e a re th et i c 0 1' s o i l an d w a t er con s el'vat i on va lu es in t h e a l pi n e l' egion.

(c) Any comm e!'cia l. s k i - fi eZd d ev elo pn en t pl'opos a t in t h e a l fin e al' mB wi Z Z l' «{u i l' e fUl'th el' i n v es tigat i on and l' es earch, but

th e t mm aSS QJS £'B that on l.y th " h eadwa t 81' o f th e Po o l an s ( ri g h t bran ah) cl' e ek i s 8uit a b l e fol' t h i s p.lrp08 e.

The management study group argued that the roading propos e d

b y t h e company would b e environmentally des tructive and would des troy the aesthetic appeal of the northel'f: f l ank o f

the Remarkables Range . S uch d e struction could be avoided !>y developing the Doolan Creek s ite . The company . on che other h and , con s idered the Dool ar. Creek as an unacceptable alternative because of roading cost factors . The company argued that the northern f lank o f the Remarkables Range had no special aesthetic appeal and tbat the a l t elnative reading to Doolan Creek would cost tbree times more than that proposed to Rastus Burn Basin 2 2 ' .

The conflict between development and con se L�ation is large ly

due to the narrow interpretat ion of the regulat ions d e s igned

for environmental protect ion and land use for commerc ial

purposes. The National Parks Act , however , allows for a rapport between con servation obj ect ives and the visit or industry's obj e c t i ve s . In the above-me n tioned con f l i c t of

interest , the -_and- Se t t lement Board took a de � i s ion t o a l l ow

the deve lopment of the Rastus Basin into a ski-field by the

co�pany, but this was an instance in which nationa l park pol icy and land use regu l at ions were interpre t e d to aid the development of the tourist industry .

Ski-fie l d resources are mainly located in the New ZeaLr"j national parks . In t h i s regard , the ski inC-lstry is � c.L'ge ly dependent upon its cont inuing access to rhese re sourc e s .

Skiing itsel f is not environmentally Q c s t ruct ive as other activi tie s such as mining , carried O'lt in national parks .

The environme n t al impact concern about ski -field deve lopment

is mai,.ly related to infra-structural impact on the natural �nvironment . This would include the effect s of roading on

the soil drainage system, flora and fauna destruction and distortion of the aesthet i c appearance of the natural landscape . Such impact can , however , be minimised through sen s it ive planning and rigid control on roading method s .

Roading can be restricted to areas where environmental damage is tolerable to a certain degree.

Another factor to consider in favour of allowing the ski

In document Importancia de la actividad física en personas con discapacidad mental: propuesta de intervención para personas con síndrome de down (página 36-45)