5. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
5.3. Trabajo Futuro
Impairment
The carrying values of plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable.
For an asset that does not generate largely independent cash inflows, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.
If any indication of impairment exists and where the carrying values exceed the estimated recoverable amount, the assets or cash-generating units are written down to their recoverable amount. Any impairment loss is recognised in the income statement.
Derecognition and disposal
An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no further future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on the derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in profit and loss in the year the asset is derecognised.
(g) Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs are expensed as incurred. Borrowing costs directly associated with qualifying assets are capitalised.
(h) Impairment of non-financial assets
At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether there is any indication that a non-financial asset may be impaired. Where an indicator of impairment exists, the Group makes a formal estimate of recoverable amount. Where the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
Recoverable amount is the greater of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. It is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset value in use cannot be estimated to be close to its fair value less costs to sell and it does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets, in which case, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.
In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.
An assessment is also made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognised impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the recoverable amount is estimated. A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. If that is the case the carrying amount of the asset is increased to its recoverable amount. That increased amount cannot exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in profit or loss. After such a reversal the depreciation charge is adjusted in future periods to allocate the asset’s revised carrying amount, less any residual value, on a systematic basis over its remaining useful life.
(i) Investments and other financial assets
Financial Instruments
Initial recognition and measurement
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provision to the instrument. For financial assets, this is equivalent to the date that the company commits itself to either the purchase or sale of the asset (ie trade date accounting is adopted).
Financial instruments are initially measured at fair value plus transaction costs, except where the instrument is classified ‘at fair value through profit or loss’, in which case transaction costs are expenses to profit or loss immediately.
Classification and subsequent measurement
Finance instruments are subsequently measured at either of fair value, amortised costs using the effective interest rate method, or costs. Fair value represents the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties. Where available, quoted prices in an active market are used to determine fair value. In other circumstances, valuation techniques are adopted.
Amortised cost is calculated as:
a. the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition; b. less principal repayments;
c. plus or minus the cumulative amortisation of the difference, if any, between the amount initially recognised and the maturity amount calculated using the effective interest method; and
d. less any reduction for impairment.
The effective interest method is used to allocate interest income or interest expense over the relevant period and is equivalent to the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts (including fees, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life (or when this cannot be reliably predicted, the contractual term) of the financial instrument to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability. Revisions to the expected future net cash flows will necessitate an adjustment to the carrying value with a consequential recognition of an income or expense in profit or loss.
(i) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets are classified at ‘fair value through profit or loss’ when they are either held for trading for the purpose of short-term profit taking, derivatives not held for hedging purposes, or when they are designated as such to avoid an accounting mismatch or enable performance evaluation where a Group of financial assets is managed by key management personnel on a fair value basis in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy. Such assets are subsequently measured at fair value with changes in carrying value being included in profit or loss.
(ii) Loans and receivables
Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market and are subsequently measured at amortised cost.
Loans and receivables are included in current assets, except for those which are not expected to mature within 12 months after the end of the reporting period. (All other loans and receivables are classified as
non-current assets.)
(iii) Held-to-maturity investments
Held-to-maturity investments are non-derivative financial assets that have fixed maturities and fixed or determinable payments, and it is the Group’s intention to hold these investments to maturity. They are subsequently measured at amortised cost.
Held-to-maturity investments are included in non-current assets, except for those which are expected to mature within 12 months after the end of the reporting period. (All other investments are classified as current assets).
If during this period the Group sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of the held-to- maturity investments before maturity, the entire held-to-maturity investments category would be tainted and reclassified as available-for-sale.
(iv) Available-for-sale financial assets
Available-for-sale financial assets are non-derivative financial assets that are either not suitable to be classified into other categories of financial assets due to their nature, or they are designated as such by management. They comprise of investments in the equity of other entities where there is neither a fixed maturity nor fixed or determinable payments.
NOTES TO AND FORMING PART OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for the year ended 30 June 2011 (continued)
Available-for-sale financial assets are included in non-current assets, except for those which are expected to mature within 12 months after the end of the reporting period. (All other financial assets are classified as current assets.)
(v) Financial liabilities
Non-derivative financial liabilities (excluding financial guarantees) are subsequently measured at amortised cost.
Fair value
Fair value is determined based on current bid prices for all quoted investments. Valuation techniques are applied to determine the fair value for all unlisted securities, including recent arm’s length transactions, reference to similar instruments and option pricing models.
Impairment
At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether there is objective evidence that a financial instrument has been impaired. In the case of available-for-sale financial instruments, a prolonged decline in the value of the instrument is considered to determine whether an impairment has arise. Impairment losses are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.
(j) Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost incurred in bringing each product to its present location and conditions are accounted for as follows:
Stores
Inventories of consumable supplies and spare parts are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is assigned on a weighted average basis.
(k) Trade and other receivables
Trade receivables are recognised and carried at original invoice amount less an allowance for any uncollectable amounts.
An estimate for doubtful debts is made when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. Bad debts are written off when identified.
(l) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and short-term deposits in the balance sheet comprise cash at bank and in hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less.
For the purpose of the Cash Flow Statement, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and cash equivalents as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts.
(m) Provisions
Provisions are recognised when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as a finance cost.
(n) Share-based payment transactions
The Group provides benefits to employees (including directors) of the Group in the form of share-based payment transactions, whereby employees render services in exchange for shares or rights over shares (“equity-settled transactions”).
There is currently one plan in place to provide these benefits being the Employee Share Option Plan (ESOP), which provides benefits to directors and senior executives.
The cost of these equity-settled transactions with employees is measured by reference to the fair value at the date at which they are granted. The fair value is determined by an external valuer using a binomial model. In valuing equity-settled transactions no account is taken of any performance conditions, other than conditions linked to the price of the shares of Fox Resources Limited.
The cost of equity-settled transactions is recognised, together with a corresponding increase in equity, over the period in which the performance conditions are fulfilled, ending on the date on which the relevant employees become fully entitled to the award (“vesting date”).
The cumulative expense recognised for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until vesting date reflects
(i) the extent to which the vesting period has expired; and
(ii) the number of awards that, in the opinion of the directors of the Group, will ultimately vest.
This opinion is formed based on the best available information at balance date. No adjustment is made for the likelihood of market performance conditions being met as the effect of these conditions is included in the determination of fair value at grant date. The income statement charge or credit for a period recognises the movement in cumulative expense recognised as at the beginning and end of the period.
No expense is recognised for awards that do not ultimately vest, except when vesting is conditional only on market performance conditions.
If the terms of an equity settled contract are modified, as a minimum an expense is recognised as if the terms had not been modified. In addition, an expense is recognised for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share based payment arrangement, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee, as measured at the date of modification.
If an equity settled award is cancelled, it is treated as if it had vested on the date on cancellation, and any expense not yet recognised for the award is recognised immediately. However, if a new award is substituted for the cancelled award and designated as a replacement award on the date that it is granted, the cancelled and new award are treated as if they were a modification of the original award, as described in the previous paragraph.
The dilutive effect, if any, of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of earnings per share.
(o) Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement is or contains a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement and requires an assessment of whether the fulfilment of the arrangement is dependant on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset.
Finance leases, which transfer to the Group substantially all the risks and benefits incidental to ownership of the leased item, are capitalised at the inception of the lease at the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments.
Lease payments are apportioned between the finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are charged directly against income.
Capitalised leased assets are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term.
Leases where the lessor retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the asset are classified as operating leases.
NOTES TO AND FORMING PART OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for the year ended 30 June 2011 (continued)
(p) Revenue
Revenue is recognised to the extent that is it probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the revenue can be reliably measured. The following specific recognition criteria must also be met before revenue is recognised:
Interest Revenue
Revenue is recognised as the interest accrues (using the effective interest method, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument) to the net carrying amount of the financial asset.
Rental Revenue
Revenue is recognised from the leasing of rooms of the accommodation camp in arrears and when it can be measured reliably.
(q) Income tax
Current tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
Deferred income tax is provided on all temporary differences at the balance sheet date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes.
Deferred income tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences:
1. except when the deferred income tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss; and
2. in respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred income tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, carry-forward of unused tax assets and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry-forward of unused tax assets and unused tax losses can be utilised:
1. except where the deferred income tax asset relating to the deductible temporary differences arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss; and
2. in respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are only recognised to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.
The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilised.
Unrecognised deferred income tax assets are reassessed at each balance sheet date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.
Income taxes relating to items recognised directly in equity are recognised in equity and not in the income statement.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset only if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
(r) Other taxes
Revenues, expenses and assets are recognised net of the amount of GST except:
• where the GST incurred on a purchase of goods and services is not recoverable from the taxation
authority, in which case the GST is recognised as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item as applicable; and
• receivables and payables are stated with the amount of GST included.
The net amount of GST recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables