La tradición y la teoría impersonal de la poesía en T.S Eliot

The fundamental regulations of the lower and upper secondary school are the following:

● Consolidation Act of 16 April 1994 included all main rules in force concerning public education; however, laws and decrees later approved have introduced several relevant changes, and therefore a revision of the document is expected;

● Law no. 59 of 15 March 1997 and following Decree no. 275 of 8 March 1999 which, starting from school year 2000/2001 have provided schools with didactic, organizational and research autonomy (2.6.4.);

● Law no. 425 of 10 December 1997 reformed the upper secondary school leaving State examination with changes introduced through article 22 of Law no. 448 of 28 December 2001 on the composition of the examination committees;

● Law no. 144 of 17 May 1999 provides for prolongation of compulsory formative activities up to 18 years of age;

● Law no. 62 of 10 March 2000 concerning equality between public and private education (3.14. 4.16. 5.19.);

● Constitutional Law no. 3 of 18 October 2001 which modified the subdivision of the responsibilities, also as far as education is concerned, between State and Regions;

● Law of 28 March no. 53 for the reform of the education and training system (2.2.). According to the law and for its implementation, the following six Decrees have been issued:

o D.Lgs. 19 February 2004, no. 59: definition of the general rules on pre-primary education and the first cycle of education.

o D.Lgs. 19 November 2004, no. 286: institution of the national service of evaluation (9.3.) of the education and training system, as well as reorganisation of the homonymous institute.

o D.lgs. 15 April 2005, no. 76: definition of the general rules on the diritto/dovere to education and training;

o D.lgs. 15 Aril 2005, no. 77: definition of the general rules on school-work alternance;

o D.Lgs. 17 October 2005, no. 226: general rules and essential performance levels of the second cycle of education and training (2.2.);

o D.lgs. 17 October 2005, no. 227: definition of the general rules on teacher training aimed at access to teaching (2.2.).

o extension of compulsory education to ten years, starting from school year 2007-2008, to be fulfilled by pupils either at school or through three-year vocational courses falling under the responsibility of the Regions (according to the Agreement of 19 June 2003), and extension to 16 years of age for access to the labour market; dispositions for its implementation have been issued through Ministerial Decree no. 139 of 22 August 2007 (see below);

o reduction of the number of weekly timetable in the vocational institutes;

o re-organisation of the Higher level technical education and training (Istruzione e Formazione Tecnica

Superiore, IFTS), see chapter 5.;

● Law no. 1 of 1st January 2007 introducing a new procedure for the state exams organised at the end of upper secondary school level, reintroducing external members in the examination boards. Their number is equal to half the number of the board members, apart the chairman of the examination board. The state exams at the end of school year 2006-2007 have been carried out according to this new rules.

● Decree no. 7 of 31 January 2007 which reintroduces the technical institutes and the vocational institutes and, at the same time, abolishes the economic liceo and the technological liceo, foreseen by the D.Lgs 226/2005; the above mentioned D.Lgs. has been subsequently transformed into law 2 April 2007, no. 40; ● Decree of 31 July 2007 which introduces the Indicazioni per il curricolo (Guidelines for the curriculum) for pre-primary education and for the first cycle of education on an experimental basis (3.2. 4.2. 5.4.1.);

● Decree no. 139 of 22 August 2007 which contains dispositions on the prolongation up to 10 years of compulsory education, as foreseen by the financial law 296/2006 (see above);

● Decree no. 147 of 7 September 2007, converted into law no. 176 of 2007, introducing the previously existing judgement from the class council on the admission of the student to the final exam. The Decree also introduces an additional written test to the final examination. This test is held at national level and it is aimed at assessing students' general and specific attainment targets;

● DPR no. 235 of 21 November 2007 which amends the 'Charter of students in secondary schools' (see 2.7.2.). Following several cases of bullying at school, the Charter includes more severe measures in case of offences against the respect of the human being or that can be dangerous for the safety of the others. The Charter also provides that parents and students shall sign, at the same moment of the enrolment, a joint responsibility Pact, aimed at defining the rights and duties of the school, students and their families;

● Law no. 133 of 6 August 2008 converting into law the Decree no. 122 of 25 July 2008. It contains measures to reduce public costs also in the field of education. It provides for a range of interventions which will be implemented from school year 2009/2010, aimed at revising the organisation and the didactic of the school system. These intervention will be implemented through specific Regulations issued in the form of Decrees. As for the Decrees already published (DPR 81/2009 and DPR 89/2009), for Regulations under discussion and for the other interventions foreseen by the law, please see below and 2.2.;

● Law no. 169 of 20 October 2008, converting into law the Decree no. 137 of 1st September 2008, which introduces, from school year 2008/2009, new criteria for the assessment and progression of students at primary and secondary levels (4.12. 4.13. 5.15.1. 5.15.2. 5.15.3. 5.16.1. 5.16.2. 5.16.3.). It will be followed by a specific Decree aimed at coordinating all the dispositions issued in the field of student assessment (see, below, DPR 122/2009). The law provides also, among other dispositions, for the reorganization of school time at primary level, the teaching, on experimental basis, of 'citizenship and Constitution' and new criteria for the choice of text books. For a more detailed description, please see 2.2.;

● DPR no. 81 of 20 March 2009 on the reorganisation of the school system and the use of human resources, according to law 133/2008 (2.2.);

● DPR no. 89 of 20 March 2009 providing for the revision of the organization and the didactic at pre- primary, primary and lower secondary levels, starting from school year 2009/2010, according to law 133/2008 (2.2.);

● On 28 May 2009, the Government approved the specific Regulations providing for the reform of both technical and vocational institutes, according to law 133/2008. At present, the respective Decrees have not yet been issued. They will come into force the day of their publication in the Official Gazette. For further details, please see 2.2.;

● On 12 June 2009, the Government approved the Regulation on the reform of licei, according to law 133/2008. At present, the respective Decree has not yet been issued. It will come into force the day of its publication in the Official Gazette. For further details, please see 2.2.;

● DPR no. 122 of the 22nd June 2009 for the coordination of all the dispositions concerning student assessment at primary and secondary levels. The Decree, issued according to law 169/2008, will be implemented from school year 2009/2010, although some of the dispositions were already applied in school year 2007/2009.

Constitutional law 18 October 2001, no. 3 D.Lgs. 15 April 2005, no. 76 D.Lgs. 15 April 2005, no. 77 D.Lgs. 16 April 1994, no. 297 D.Lgs. 17 October 2005, no. 226 D.Lgs. 17 October 2005, no. 227 D.Lgs. 19 February 2004, no. 59 D.Lgs. 19 November 2004, no. 286 D.M. 22 August 2007, no. 139 DPR 20 March 2009, no. 81 DPR 20 March 2009, no. 89 DPR 22 June 2009, no. 122 DPR 8 March 1999, no. 275 Law 10 December 1997, no. 425 Law 10 March 2000, no. 62 Law 11 January 2007, no. 1 Law 15 March 1997, no. 59 Law 17 May 1999, no. 144 Law 2 April 2007, no. 40 Law 25 October 2007, no. 176 Law 27 December 2006, no. 296 Law 28 March 2003, no. 53 Law 30 October 2008, no. 169 Law 6 August 2008, no. 133