6.2 Análisis de las soluciones en ambas traducciones en relación con los posibles
6.2.6 Traducción mediante elemento que no es locución verbal
A . 2 C o s t s c o n s i d e r i n g m u l t i c a s t b e a r e r m a n a g e m e n t i n
D V B n e t w o r k
Unlike in UMTS, DVB standai'ds do not (yet) specify any network architecture or procedures to establish IP multicast bearers. Furthermore the current concepts of IP service provision over DVB-H/T assume bearer establishment to be network initiated, e.g. for mobile TV services to cater for DVB only receivers. Users receive a service announcement of upcoming multicast sessions via an EPG and can tune their receiver to a interested session by locally enabling the reception of a multicast group. No inter action with the network is therefore required. Network initiated bearer establishment, however has the disadvantage that a multicast bearer would have to be established in
all cells of the network, regardless if interested receivers are present or not. In order j to selectively establish multicast bearers in cells with only interested receivers within j a DVB network, knowledge of interested receivers for a IP multicast group is required. | As a consequence an alternative access network interface as return channel, e.g. UMTS, 1
is needed at the receiver. i
Dynamic establishment of multicast bearers in the DVB network can be achieved by ; mechanisms such as UDLR [27]. In the presence of an alternative return link, UDLR
allows normal IP operations over a unidirectional link by a layer 2 tunneling mechanism. That way standard IETF mechanisms such as IGMP can be utilised to perform the necessary IP group management operation. Assuming the employment of UDLR, IGMP join and leave requests can then be tunneled directly to the respective DVB/IP gateway
via an alternative access network.
On the other IGMP signalling from every user could be avoided by using the network management functionality of the group manager. The NMF could trigger the DVB/IP gateways for the location, where users are present, to establish the required multicast bearers. This would however bypass existing IETF mechanisms.
For the signalling load evaluation, the employment of UDLR over a UMTS return link and normal IGMP operation are assumed. Each user establishes a multicast bearer on the DVB network, by sending an IGMP join message via the UMTS network path to the IP/DVB gateway located at the DTS of the user cell. It is assumed that the
message is tunneled between the two loN gateways to the DVB distribution network ' via the inteiworking link.
With rrijoin being the size of the IGMP message, the resulting signalling costs for a |
A.2. Costs considering multicast bearer management in DVB network 162
^ a c t — m j o i n ^ Cg tg g 4- Cg 4- t g r 4~ Cj. 4~ t r n 4” C n 4" t n u 4~
tid 4- Crf 4- tdt 4- Cf 4- ttu) (A. 19)
Analogously, the signalling costs for the release of a multicast bearer for a single user can be written as:
~ I'^^leave X {U g 4“ Cg 4~ tgg 4" Cg 4" tgr 4“ C,. 4“ trn 4- Cn 4- tnu +
tid 4- C(( 4- tdt 4- Ct + tiu). (A.20)
Considering the costs for multicast bearer establishment and release for every receiver, the total costs for the signalling delivery over the MSCH using a multicast bearer in the DVB network can be summarised as:
Publications
This thesis is based in part of work included in the following publications: Conferences:
A. Gluhak, K. Moessner and R. Tafazolli, Controlled Multicast User Service Delivery in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, lEICE General Conference, Osaka, Japan, March 2005
A. Gluhak, K. A, Chew, K. Moessner and R. Tafazolli, Multicast Bearer Selection in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2005, Seoul, Korea, 16-20 May, 2005
A. Gluhak, K. Moessner, R. Tafazolli and M. Inoue, Out-of-band Signalling Channel for Efficient Multicast Service Delivery in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, Internation Wireless Summit, WPMC 2005, Aalborg, Denmark, 18-22 September, 2005
A. Gluhak, L. Huang, K. Moessner, R. Tafazolli, Group Management Support for Mul ticast Delivery Coordination in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, World Wireless Re search Forum, WWRF15, Paris, France, 08-09 December 2005
P. Panagalos, A. Gluhak, L. Huang, H. Cruickshank, H. Aghvami and R. Tafazolli, Broadcast goes Mobile, World Wireless Research Forum, WWRF15, Paris, Fiance, 08- 09 December 2005
Journals:
A. Gluhak, M. Inoue, K. Moessner and R. Tafazolli, Signalling Channel for Coordinated Multicast Service Delivery in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, lEICB Transactions on Communications (Accepted)
A. Gluhak, K. Moessner and R. Tafazolli, MBMS Protocol Enhancements for Efficient Delivery of Location Based Multicast Services in UMTS Networks, lEE Proceedings on Communications (under review)
A. Gluhak, K. Moessner, H. Cruickshank and R. Tafazolli, IGMP+: Internet Group Management Protocol Extensions for Multihomed Hosts, ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking (under review)
Bibliography
[1] Telia Sonera Finland Media Lab, Mobile Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS), White Paper, Telia Sonera, Aug. 2004.
[2] J. Wang, R. Sinnarajali, T. Chen, Y. Wei, and E. Tiedemann, “Broadcast and Multicast Services in CDMA 2000,” IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 76-82, Feb. 2004.
[3] Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF), Book of Visions 2001, WWRF, Dec.
2001.
[4] G. Wu, M. Mizuno, and P. Havinga, “MIRAI Architecture for Heterogenoeus Networks.,” IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 126-134, Feb. 2002.
[5] W. Tuttlebee, D. Babb, J. Irvine, G. Martinez, and K. Worrall, “Broadcasting and Mobile Telecommunications: Interworking - not Convergence,” in European Broadcasting Union Technical Review, Jan. 2003.
[6] S. E. Deering, RFC 1112: Host extensions for IP multicasting, Internet Engineer ing Task Force IETF, Aug. 1989.
[7] “3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), www.3gpp.org, last access on the 17.05.2006,” .
[8] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects, 3GPP TS 22.146 V6.6.0: Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS); Stage 1 (Release 6), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, Sept. 2004.
[9] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects, 3GPP TS 23.246 V6.4-0: Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS); Architectural and Functional Description (Release 6), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, Sept. 2004.
Bibliography 165
[10] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects, 3GPP TS 23,234 V6.2.0: 3GPP system to Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Interworkig; Sys tem description (Release 6), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, Sept. 2004.
[11] ETSI EN 302 304 V I.1.1 (2004-11), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Transmis sion System for Handheld Terminals (DVB-H), ETSI, Nov. 2004.
[12] ETSI EN 301 192 V1.3 (2003), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB Specifi cation for data broadcasting, ETSI, Jan. 2003.
[13] ETSI TS 102 428 V I.1.1 (2005-6), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); DMB Video Service; User Application Specification, ETSI, June 2005.
[14] “QUALCOMM Media FLO System, www.qualcomm.com/mediaflo/index.shtml, last access on the 17.05.2006,” .
[15] “Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), www.openmobilealliance.org, last visit on the 17.05.2006,” .
[16] L.Huang, K.Chew, and R.Tafazolli, “Resource management over interworking of 3g and digital broadcasting networks.,” in 9th IFIP/IEEE International Sympusium om Integrated Network Management (IM 2005), Nice Prance, May 15-19 2005. [17] A. Gluhak, K. Chew, K. Moessner, and R. Tafazolli, “Multicast Bearer Selection
in Hetergenoues Wireless Networks.,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communication, ICC 2005 , Seoul, Korea. May 16-20 2005, IEEE. [18] J. Postel, RFC 768: User Datagram Protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force
IETF, Aug. 1980.
[19] Cisco Tech Notes, CISCO - Multicast in a Campus Network: CGMP and IGMP Snooping, Document ID: 10559, CISCO Systems, Inc., July 2005.
[20] M. Christensen, K. Kimball, and F. Solensky, draft-ietf-magma-snoop-12.txt: Con siderations for IGMP and MLD Snooping Switches, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Feb. 2005.
[21] B. Fenner, RFC 2236: Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Nov. 1997.
[22] S. Deering, W. Fenner, and B. Haber, RFC 2710: Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) vor IPv6, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Oct. 1999.
Bibliography 166
[23] W. Kellerer and P. Sties and J. Eberspaecher, “IP based Enhanced Data Casting Services over Radio Broadcasting Networks,” in Proceedings of EGUMN 2000, IEEE European Conference on Universal Multiservice Networks, Colmar, F)'ance. Oct. 2-4 2000, IEEE.
[24] ETSI EN 302 304 V I.1.1 (2004-11), IP Datacast over DVB-H: Architecture, DVB Document A098, DVB.org, Nov. 2005.
[25] “IP over DVB (ipdvb) Working Group, www.ietf.org/htral.charters/ipdvb- charter.html, last access on the 10.05.2006,” .
[26] “DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting Project, www.dvb.org, last access on the 12.03.2006,” .
[27] E. Duros, W. Dabbous, H. Izimaiyama, N. Pujji, and Y. Zhang, RFC 3077: A Link-Layer Tunneling Mechanism for Unidirectional Links, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Mar. 2001.
[28] D. Farinacci, T. Li, S. Hanks, D. Meyer, and P. Tiaina, RFC 2784: Genenc Routing Encapsulation (GRE)„ Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Mar. 2000. [29] Brian Neil Levine, Jon Crowcroft, Christophe Diot, J. J. Gaida-Luna-Aceves, and
James F. Kurose, “Consideration of Receiver Interest for IP Multicast Delivery,” in Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Computer and Communications Societies Con ference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM-00). Mar. 26-30 2000, pp. 470-479, IEEE.
[30] M. Oliveira, J. Crowcroft, and C. Diot, “Router Level Filtering for Receiver Interest Delivery,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Networked
Group Communication (NGC-00). Nov. 8-10 2000, pp. 131-140, ACM Press. [31] R. Shah, R. Jain, and F. Anjum, “Efficient Dissemination of Personalised Infor
mation Using Content Based Multicast,” in Proceedings of the IEEE INFO COM 2002. June 23-27 2002, IEEE.
[32] B.Cain, S.Deering, I.Kouvelas, B. Fenner, and A. Thyagarajan, RFC 3376: In ternet Group Management Protocol, Version 3, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Oct. 2002.
[33] R.Vida and L.Costa, Multicast Listener Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, June 2004.
[34] C. Diot, B. N. Levine, B. Lyles, H. Kassem, and D. Balensiefen, “Deployment Issues for the IP Multicast Service and Architecture,” IEEE Network, vol. 14, pp. 78-88, Jan. / Feb. 2000.
Bibliography 167
[35] W. Liao and D. Yang, “Receiver-Initiated Group Membership Protocol (RGMP): A New Group Management Protocol for IP Multicast,” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 279-288, Sept. 2004.
[36] K. Sarac A. S. Mazumder, K. Almeroth, “Facilitating Robust Multicast Group Management,” in Proceedings of NOSSDAV 2005, Stevenson, Washington, USA. June 13-14 2005, pp. 183-188, ACM Press.
[37] S. Kaur, B. Madan, and S. Ganesan, “Multicast support for mobile IP using a modified IGMP,” in Proceedings of the Wireless Communications and Networking
Conference 1999, WCNC. Sept. 21-24 1999, IEEE.
[38] G. Xylomenos, “Group Mangement for Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Ser vices,” in Proceeding of the Ifth 1ST Mobile and Wii^eless Communications Summit
2005, Dresden, Germany, June 19-23 2005.
[39] R. Lehtonen and J. Hai’ju, “Controlled Multicast Framework,” in Proceedings of the Local Computer Network Conference (LCN 2002), Tampa, Florida, USA, Nov. 6-9 2002.
[40] R. Lehtonen, J. Soini, J. Majalainen, and H. Vatiainen, draft-lehtonen-magma- mcop-02.txt:Multicast Control Protocol (MCOP), Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Feb. 2003.
[41] T. Lohmar, P. Casagranda, C. Gine-Sado, C. Janneteau, P. Seite, and Y. Tian, “Architectural Issues for Multicast Group Partitioning in Mobile Hybrid Net works,” in 1ST Mobile Summit 2003, Aveiro, Portugal, 16-18 June 2003. June 16-18 2003, pp. 42-51, 1ST.
[42] “1ST FP5 Spectrum Efficient Uni- and Multicast Services Over Dynamic Multi- Radio Networks in Vehicular Environments (OverDRIVE) project website: www.ist-overdrive.org,” .
[43] M. Berg, S.Butterfield, J. Cosmas, P. Casagranda, D. Garrec, M. Guiraudou, G. Martinez, E. Launey, B. Mazieres, and D. Milenaso, “CISMUNDUS: Conver gence of Digital Broadcasting and Mobile Telecommunications,” in International Broadcasting Conference IBC 2003. 2003, IBC.
[44] “1ST FP5 Convergence of IP-based Services for Mobile Users and Networksin DVB- T and UMTS Systems (CISMUNDUS) project website: www.ist,” .
[45] M.A. Snoeren, A Session-Based Architecure for Internet Mobility, Ph.D. thesis, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, Dec. 2002.
Bibliography 168
[46] J. Rosenberg et ab, RFC 3261: SIP Session Initiation Protocol, Internet Engi neering Task Force IETF, June 2002.
[47] A. Swan and L. A. Rowe, The Case of a Multicast Session Layer, University of California, Berkeley, CA, US, June 2004.
[48] “OPNET Technologies Inc., www.opnet.com, last access on the 17.05.2006,” . [49] Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, 3GPP TS 25.413 V6.7.0:
UTRAN lu interface RANAP signalling (Release 6), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, Jan. 2005.
[50] Technical Specification Group Core Network, 3GPP TS 29.060 V6.7.0: GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) accross the Gn and Gp interface (Release 6), 3rd Gen eration Partnership Project 3GPP, Dec. 2004.
[51] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects, 3GPP TS 24-008 V6.7.0: Mobile radio interface Layer 3 specification; Core network protocols; Stage 3 (Release 6), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, Jan. 2005.
[52] P. Pangalos, H. Cruickshank A. Gluhak, D. Morris, L. Huang, N. Sattari, and A. Tomlinson, D-1.2: Network Architecture Final Definition, Mobile VCE Core 3 Research Program, Dec. 2005.
[53] P. Pangalos, A.Gluhak, L. Huang, H. Cruickshank, H. Aghvami, and R. Tafazolli, “Broadcast Meets Mobile,” in World Wireless Research Forum (WWRF) Aleeting 15 ,Paris, Fiunce. Dec. 8-9 2005, WWRF.
[54] L. Huang, K. Chew, and R. Tafazolli, “Distributed Resource Management for Interworking of Cellular and Broadcasting Networks.,” in 13th 1ST Mobile and
Wireless Communications Summit 2004, Lyon, Prance. June 27-30 2004,1ST. [55] Information Processing Systems, ISO 7498: Open Systems Interconnections - Ba
sic Reference Model, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), 1984. [56] M. Handley, C. Perkins, and E. Whelan, RFC 2327: SAP Session Annoucement
Protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Oct. 2000.
[57] A. Gluhak, ICR-IoN-5.2.2: Group Management Support for Multicast User Ser vices in Heterogeneous Wiivless Netwoks., Technical Report, Mobile VCE Core 3 Research Program, Mar. 2004.
[58] L. Huang, D-2.2: Multicast Resource Management for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, Mobile VCE Core 3 Research Program, Dec. 2005.
Bibliography 169
[59] A. Gluhak, ICR-IoN-5.2.4: Specification and Evaluation of a Multicast Signalling Channel for the Session Control Interface of the loN Group Management Support, Mobile VCE Gore 3 Research Progiam, Apr. 2005.
[60] R. Bovie and et al., draft-ooms-basic-spec-OO.txt: Explicit Multicast (XCast) Basic Specification, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Dec. 2000.
[61] R. Moskowitz, P. Nikander, P. Jokela, and T. Hendersson, draft-moskowitz-hip- 08.txt: Host Identity Protocol (HIP), Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Oct. 2003.
[62] “Extensible Markup Language, www.w3.org/xml, last access on the 17.05.2006,” . [63] M. Minakuchi, “A proposal for context data markup language,” in The Sixth
International Conference on Ubiquituous Computing, UbiComp 2004, Nottingham, England, Sept. 7-10 2004.
[64] D. Salber, A. Dey, and G. Abowd, “The Context Toolkit: Aiding the Development of Context-Enabled Applications,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Sympo sium on Wearable Computers (ISW C ’99), San Pmncisco, CA, USA, Oct.20-21 1999.
[65] World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Composite Capability/Preference Profile (CC/PP): Structure and Vocabularies 1.0, W3C Recommondations, Jan. 2004. [66] Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), User Agent Profile Specification V2.0: OMA-
UAProf-v2-20030520-C, Open Mobile Allicance, May 2003.
[67] E. Rukzio, G. Prezerakos, G. Cortese, E. Koutsoloukas, and S. Kapellaki, “Context for Simplicity: A Basis for Context-aware Systems Based on 3GPP Generic User Profile,” in Inteimation Journal of Computational Intelligence. 2004, vol. 1, pp. 108-111, Enformatika.
[68] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects, 3GPP TR 23.240 V6.7.0: 3GPP Generic User Profile (GUP) Architecture (Stage 2); (Release 6), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, Mar. 2005.
[69] D. Makofske and K.Almeroth, Multicast Sockets., Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2003, ISBN: 155860846X.
[70] D. Thaler, B. Fenner, and B. Quinn, RFC 3678: Socket Interface Extensions for Multicast Source Filters, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Jan. 2004. [71] S. Bradner, RFC 2026: The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3, Internet
Bihliography 170
[72] “QT C ++ crossplatform application development framwork www.trolltecli.org, last access on the 15.04.2006,” .
[73] “Session Directory Tool, wv'w-mice.cs.ucl.ac.uk/multimedia/software/sdr/, last access in the 17.05.2006,” .
[74] A. B. Roach, RFC 3265: Session Initiation Protocol (SlP)-Specific Event Notifi cation, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, June 2005.
[75] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects, 3GPP TR 22.250 V6.0.0: 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) group management; (Release 6), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, Dec. 2002.
[76] L. Huang, D-2.1: Distributed Resource Management for Interworking of Mobile and Broadcasting Networks, Mobile VCE Core 3 Research Program, May 2004. [77] J. Salz, H. Balakrishnan, and A. Snoeren, “TESLA: A transparent extensibe
session-layer architecture for end-to-end network services.,” in 4th USENIX Sym posium on Internet Technologies and Systems, Seattle, Washington, USA, Mar. 26- 28 2003.
[78] T. Curry, “Profiling and tracing dynamic library usage via interposition.,” in USENIX Summer 1994 Technical Conference, Boston, MA, USA, June 1994, pp. 267-278.
[79] “VLC media player, VideoLAN project, www.videolan.org, last access on the 17.05.2006,” .
[80] J.-M. de Goyenech, Multicast over TCP/IP HOWTO, The Linux Documentation Project, Mar. 1998.
[81] T. F. Herbert, The Linux TCP/IP Networking Stack: Networking for Embedded Systèmes., Charles River Media, 2005, ISBN: 1584502843.
[82] M. Pelati, Multicast Routing Code in the Linux Kernel, The Linux Journal, Nov.
2002.
[83] K. He, Kernel Korner - Why and How to Use Netlink Sockets, The Linux Journal, Jan. 2005.
[84] “PIMd - A PIM-2 sparse mode multicast router for Linux, homepage: netweb.usc.edu/pim, source download: ffeshmeat.net/projects/pimd, last access on the 17.05.2006,” .
[85] D. Estrin et al., RFC 2117: Protocol Independent Multiast-Sparse Mode (PIM- SM): Protocol Specification, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, June 1997.
Bibliography 171
[86] J. Case, R. Mundy, D. Partain, and B. Steward, RFC 3410: Introduction and Applicability Statements for Internet Standard Management Fiumework, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Dec. 2002.
[87] M. MacFaden, D. Partain, J. Saperia, and W. Tackabury, RFC 3512: Configur ing Networks and Devices with Simple Network Alanagement Protocol (SNMP), Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Apr. 2003.
[88] D. C. Plummer, RFC 826: An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, Nov. 1982.
[89] R. Ruemmler, Y. W. Chung, and A. H. Aghvami, “Modeling and Analysis of an Efficient Multicast Mechanism for UMTS,” IEEE Tmnsactions on Vehicular
Technology, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 350-365, Jan. 2005.
[90] Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects, 3GPP TS 23.060 V6.6.0: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service Description; Stage 2 (Re lease 6), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, Sept. 2004.
[91] N. Tanton, G. Whithing, R. Marsden, and J. Jackson, “The Design and Im- plemetation of a System for the UK-wide Distribution of BBC Digital Television Services,” in International Broadcasting Conference IBC 1998. 1998, IBC.
[92] A. Lewis, S. Ely, N. Fry, and D. King, “Digitising Auntie,” in International Broadcasting Conference IBC 1998. 1998, IBC.
[93] Pierre Clement, Broadband IP networks as Broadcast Contribution Networks, www.broadcastpapers.com, 2001.
[94] A. Pang and Y. Chen, “A multicast mechanism for mobile multimedia messaging service,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1891- 1902, Nov. 2004.
[95] A. Fei, G. Pei, R. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Meassurements on delay and hop count on the internet.,” in Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM’98. 1998, IEEE.
[96] H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS - Radio Access for Third Genera tion Mobile Communications. 3rd Edition, Wiley, 2004, ISBN: 0470870966.
[97] “The Wireless Network Testbed, www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/ccsr/mobile/projects/testbed, last access on the 04.05.2006,” .
[98] “Ethereal Network Protocol Analyzer www.ethereal.com, last access on the 17.05.2006,” .