This review focuses on the state of urbanisation, urban expansion and UPA vis-à-vis food security in SSA. The main driving forces of rapid urbanisation in SSA were identified as rural-to- urban migration, rural poverty, and civil unrest prevalent in SSA. UPA plays a key role in providing food for the urban population, particularly for low-income earners. However, the future of UPA is uncertain owing to continuing urban growth. The rate of urban expansion in SSA is a major threat to sustainable development and planning because urbanisation is considered to have negative impacts on agriculture through the loss of prime agricultural lands. Despite this, urban residents have continued to adopt survival strategies such as supplementing food through UPA and informal trade, thus contributing to addressing the omnipresent food insecurity in SSA. However, food security for the urban poor is at risk of deterioration because the new peri-urban areas created by urban expansion are likely to be less productive than the original peri-urban from where the urban poor dwellers were pushed from.
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Chapter 3.
Assessing the diminishing agricultural land in urban and peri-urban areas of major centres in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case studies of Kampala and Mbarara, Uganda
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Abstract
Urbanisation rate in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is currently the fastest globally due to rapid population growth caused by rural-to-urban migration. However, little attention has been focused on understanding the dilemma of urban growth vis-à-vis agricultural land decline, given that agriculture is the major economic activity in this region. Using a conventional matrix derived from the multi-temporal land use and land cover (LULC) classification of Landsat images, we explored the effect of urban growth on the loss of agricultural land and other natural ecosystems focussing on Kampala (a megalopolis) and Mbarara (a regional urban centre) in Uganda. In addition, we separated LULC transformations in the landscape to random and systematic transitions on a basis that a landscape transition is systematic if a LULC category gains from other categories irrespective of the availability of the other losing categories. But if the proportion of gains is with respect to the availability of the losing categories then it is random. We found that urban area had expanded from 7.14% of the landscape in 1989 to 55.10% by 2015 in Kampala. Agricultural land had decreased from 48.02% in 1989 to 16.69% of the landscape in 2015. In Mbarara, urban area increased from 6.37% in 2002 to 30.96% in 2016 and agricultural land decreased from 39.92% to 32.08% of the landscape. In addition, agricultural land in Mbarara had higher swapping change of 34.18% compared to 17.37% for Kampala. Moreover, LULC transformations in both cities had a systematic transition between built-up and agricultural land. Agricultural land had a higher tendency to transition than to persist. These findings could be used as a basis for assessing the current state of urban and peri- urban agriculture which is an essential component of food security in SSA and for further
50
investigation of the diversity and quality of soils lost to urban growth. These would guide the policymakers and urban planners and conservationists to design a suitable framework for sustainable urban planning and development.
3.1 Introduction
Rapid urban growth has been one of the leading causes of the recent drastic decline in agricultural land globally (Foley et al., 2005). Urban growth affects both the arable land size per capita (reducing the size due to increased populations) and the quality of agricultural land. Studies in developed and middle-income countries report several incidences of urban encroachment on prime agricultural land. For example studies in the United States (Vining et al., 1977, Plaut, 1980, Theobald, 2001, Imhoff et al., 2004), China (Brown, 1995, Gar-On Yeh and Li, 1999, Qi et al., 2005, Tan et al., 2005, Xie et al., 2005, Chen, 2007), Puerto Rico (del Mar López et al., 2001), India (Fazal, 2000), and recently in Malaysia (Elhadary et al., 2013) have revealed that most urban expansion in the major world cities is encroaching onto fertile agricultural land. Although the exact quantity and quality of agricultural land lost to urban encroachment in Africa is not well documented, a study by Meyer and Turner (1992) reported that the expanding cities in developing countries were encroaching on productive agricultural land and pushing farmers into less fertile lands that could barely enable them to maintain their livelihoods. Another study in several Governorates of Egypt found that a significant proportion of urban expansion was at the expense of the most fertile land and pushing farmers into non- productive lands (Lenney et al., 1996, Lawrence et al., 2002, Shalaby and Tateishi, 2007).
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Land use and land cover (LULC) transformation is fastest in peri-urban areas of the developing countries(Angel et al., 2011). For the past two decades, peri-urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have experienced a drastic transformation of the landscape from natural ecosystem to urban uses. The driving force behind this transformation is the rapid population growth caused by the influx of the people from rural areas to urban centres (Potts, 2012). The attraction of the existence of the informal economic sector in SSA urban centres that employs 65–80% of the urban population and the push forces existing in rural areas are the leading causes of rural-to- urban migration (Beauchemin and Bocquier, 2004). Although some studies have reported a substantial decline in migration in some SSA cities (Potts, 2009), projections indicate urban growth will continue beyond the next 30 years (UN-Habitat, 2008).
The rise in urban population has accentuated the need for increased food production through intensification and/or extension of agricultural production (Elnagheeb and Bromley, 1994, Erenstein, 2006, Pretty et al., 2011). As such, the opening up of new farmlands both far from and in the vicinity of urban centres has been a common practice to meet higher food demand