adjacent to the walls of the Enclosed Chamber site as discard areas,
rather than as areas where tools were manufactured or used. These
areas contain very few cores compared to the number of tools and unused
flakes. The ratio of tools to flakes was relatively low (Tables 25 and 26).
This single example suggests that in specialised discard areas within
cave or rocksheiter sites the number of cores will be relatively low in
comparison to flaking products such as tools and flakes, particularly if
cores were transported to other sites for further reduction (D. Witter,
84 pers.com m ., 1989). H ow ever it h as been suggested th a t d iscard a re a s
should c o n ta in a la rg e p ro p o rtio n of cores, as th ese la rg e r item s are m ore likely to be cleared from a flaking a re a in a living site, th a n sm all flaking debitage (C ah en an d Keeley, 1980:169).
T he m ajo r difference b etw een m a n u fa c tu rin g sites an d
m a n u fa c tu rin g a n d u se sites is th a t a h ig h e r ratio of tools to cores occurs in sites w h ere tools w ere bo th m a n u fa c tu re d an d used. A t tool u se sites w here little or no tool m a n u fa c tu rin g occurred few, or no, cores will be p re s e n t an d th e tool to flake ratio will be m uch low er th a n a t
m a n u fa c tu rin g or m a n u fa c tu rin g a n d use sites. A t d iscard sites tool to u n u se d flake ra tio s w ill also be low an d th e ratio of flakes to cores very high. I t is possible t h a t th e ratio of flakes to cores m ay be low er th a n th is in som e d isc a rd a re a s .
A rtefact ra tio s a t GB1 an d GB4
In m o st ex cav ated zones a t th e G ra m a n sites th e ratio s of cores to flakes a n d tools to flakes in each level m ost closely resem ble those of sites w here b o th m a n u fa c tu re an d tool u se occurred. The ratio s su g g est th a t tool m a n u fa c tu rin g a n d tool use occurred in all a re a s of th e sites an d th a t in m o st cases stone w as d isc ard e d a t th e location of m an u fa ctu re an d use. The ab so lu te n u m b ers of stone a rte fac ts in d ifferen t a re a s of th e sites su g g est t h a t o u ter a re a s of th e sites w ere p refe rred locations for th ese activ ities d u rin g m o st of th e occupation period a t GB1 an d GB4. T h ere are some v a ria tio n s how ever, w hich su g g est th a t th e location of stone
m a n u fa c tu re an d u se a ctiv ity a re a s m ay h av e changed th ro u g h tim e. A t GB1, stone tool m a n u fa c tu rin g an d use activity a p p ea rs to have been c o n ce n tra te d in th e r e a r a re a s of th e sites d u rin g e arly p h ases of occupation, re p re se n te d by L evels I an d II in T ren ch 1 (see p.81). At th ese levels m o st cores, tools an d flakes w ere located in zones (a) an d (b) of th e site (T able 27). D u rin g la te r periods of occupation, a n d p a rtic u la rly d u rin g th e p e a k in m a n u fa c tu rin g an d use activ ity a t a ro u n d 2000 to 2700 BP, m o st a ctiv ities involving use of stone occurred in zones ad jacen t to or o utside th e sh e lte r overhang. F o r exam ple in Level II. 1 of T ren ch 2, d a te d to a ro u n d 2700 BP, m o st cores, flak es and tools w ere located in zones (d) an d (e) o u tsid e th e sh e lte r overhangs (Table 27).
85 D u rin g th e m o st rec en t occupation period a t GB1, re p re se n te d by
th e surface levels, th e location of activ ity a re a s ag ain changed, w ith m o st cores, flakes a n d tools located in th e in n e r a re a s of th e site a t zones (a) of b o th tren c h es.
A t GB4 th e p rim a ry focus of stone tool m a n u fa c tu rin g an d use activ ities w as in a re a s w hich lie ad jacen t to or outside th e sh e lte r
overhang. U n lik e site GB1 th is activ ity a re a p a tte r n rem ain ed e sse n tia lly th e sam e th ro u g h o u t th e e n tire period of occupation. Table 28 shows t h a t in each level, except Level II, m ost cores, flakes an d tools occurred in zones (e) or (f), b o th of w hich lie p red o m in an tly outside th e sh e lte r
overhang. In Level II th e p rim a ry location of stone use activ ities ap p ea rs to hav e been in zone (c). T his zone lies u n d e rn e a th th e overhang an d is esse n tia lly th e sam e a re a of th e site as zones (e) an d (f).
It h a s b een possible to d ifferen tiate grossly defined activity a re a s w ith in th e sites by ex am in in g th e d istrib u tio n a n d ratio s of cores, flakes an d flake tools. I t h a s b een d e m o n stra te d t h a t m o st stone in th e sites w as d iscard ed a t th e location of m an u fa ctu re an d use. I t m ay be possible to define a re a s of tool use m ore closely, an d id en tify m ore su b tle changes in activ ity p a tte rn s in th e sites by co n cen tratin g on th e d istrib u tio n of heavily u tilise d flaked sto n e tools, w hich provide th e m o st accu rate location
controls for stone tool u se a re a s in th e sites. N ot only can th e location of th ese a rte fac ts be u se d to trace in tra -site changes in activity locations, b u t th ey m ay also be u sed to stu d y th e ways in w hich changes a t one site a re re la te d to those in th e other.
V a ria tio n s in site use a t G ra m a n
E x am in a tio n of th e relatio n sh ip s b etw een th e two sites does p re s e n t some difficulties, p rin cip ally because of inco n sisten cies b etw een th e rad io carb o n d a te s from T ren ch 1 an d T ren ch 2 in site GB1. In th e follow ing section d e alin g w ith site GB1 some changes in th e d istrib u tio n of h eav ily fra c tu re d a rte fa c ts betw een levels an d sq u a re s are outlined.
Im p licatio n s of such ch an g es have been ex am in ed according to two
possible sequences of d a te s an d two possible v a ria tio n s of th e stra tig ra p h ic record a t GB1. T h ere a re few problem s w ith th e d a tin g of GB4, b u t some discu ssio n of th e chronology is req u ire d p a rtic u la rly in re la tio n to the in te r-site fu n ctio n al v a ria tio n s t h a t have occurred over tim e.
86 A rte fa c t d istrib u tio n
G B l (T ables 29, 31 and Figs. 8a and b.)
T he h ig h e s t percen tag e of heavily frac tu re d flaked stone a rte fa c ts in an y a re a of GB1 occurred w ith in zone (b) of T rench 1 a t Level I. 39% of th e u tilis e d flak ed stone from th is a re a h a s been heavily fractu red .
H ow ever, th is a re a only contained tw elve artefacts. The h ig h est p e rc en ta g e of heavily fra c tu re d flaked stone in any level in th e site
occurred in Level I of T ren ch 1 w here 31% of the 101 frac tu re d flaked stone a rte fa c ts h a v e su s ta in e d h eav y fractu rin g .
T h ese figures im ply th a t ab o u t one th ird of a rte fac ts d iscard ed in Level 1 of T ren ch 1 h a d been u tilised , an d th a t th e la rg e st n u m b er h a d b een d isc ard e d in zone (b), a n a re a th a t lies im m ediately below th e ro c k s h e ite r overhang. In Level I of T rench 2 th e h ig h e st p ercen tag es of h eav ily fra c tu re d flaked a rte fa c ts occurred in zone (d) (26%) an d zone (e) (26%). T h ese two zones lie p red o m in an tly or com pletely outside th e s h e lte r o v erhang. B oth zones contained relativ ely larg e n u m b ers of edge fra c tu re d a rte fa c ts , p a rtic u la rly zone (d). In Level II very few flak ed stone a rte fa c ts occurred in zones (a) a n d (b) of b o th tren ch es. None of th ese zones c o n ta in e d m ore th a n one heavily frac tu re d flaked stone a rte fa c t. In Level II, sp it 1 th e h ig h est percen tag e of heavily fra c tu re d flaked stone occurred in zone (d) of T ren ch 2 (22%), how ever all th re e zones in th is T ren c h c o n tain ed sim ila r p ercen tag es of heavily fra c tu re d stone a rte fa c ts . Zone (c) in T ren ch 1 contained very few artefacts, a n d only one h eavily fra c tu re d exam ple. At th e low est level excavated in th e site (Level II, S p it 2), th e h ig h e s t p ercen tag e of h eavily fra c tu re d a rte fac ts occurred in zone (d), a lth o u g h th e sam e n u m b er of such a rte fac ts (3) occurred bo th in zones (d) a n d (e). V ery few frac tu re d a rte fac ts occurred in th is level in T ren ch 2 a n d none occurred in zone (c) of T rench 1.
T u rn in g to specific sto n e a rte fa c t form s, th e h ig h est p ercen tag e of heavily fra c tu re d backed b lad es in an y zone of the site occurred in zone (b) of T ren ch 1 a t Level I w here 33% of backed blades have su sta in e d h eav y fra c tu rin g . T he h ig h est p ercen tag e of heavily fra c tu re d backed b lad es from an y level is 31% (26) from Level I of T rench 1, how ever th e h ig h est n u m b e r of th e s e im p lem en ts occurred in Level II sp it 1 of T ren ch 2 w here 39 of th e 193 backed blades w ere heavily fractured. B acked blades
occurred in th e low est levels of b o th tren ch es, how ever heavily fra c tu re d ex am p les w ere recovered from zone (c) a t Level II.2 of T rench 2. In
T ren ch 1 th e low est level a t which heavily fractu red backed blades occurred w as L evel II. 1.
H eavily fra c tu re d u tilised flakes occurred in th e g re a te s t p ercen tag e a t zone (b) of T rench 1 in Level I w here all th re e have been h eav ily frac tu re d . The g re a te s t n u m b er (5, i.e. 63%) of heavily fractu red flakes occurred in zone (e) of T rench 2 a t Level I . T he Level w ith the h ig h e st p ercen tag e of heavily frac tu re d u tilised flakes w as Level I of T ren ch 1 w here 83% of th e u tilised flakes su sta in e d dam age. How ever, la rg e r n u m b ers of h eav ily frac tu re d flakes also occurred in Level 1 of T ren ch 2. In T re n c h 1 heavily frac tu re d u tilised flakes w ere found no d eep er th a n Level I b u t in T rench 2 th ey w ere recovered from th e bottom of th e excavated deposit.
The h ig h e s t p ercen tag e of h eavily fra c tu re d scrap ers in any zone a t an y level occurred in zone (d) of T rench 2 a t Level II, sp it 1. 36% of th e 11 sc rap e rs from th is zone are heavily frac tu re d . T his a re a also contained th e h ig h est n u m b e r of such scrap ers in an y zone a t any level (4). Level II sp it 1 of T ren ch 2 also contained th e h ig h est percen tag e of such a rtefacts in an y level of th e site. T his level is also th e low est in T rench 2 in which h eav ily fra c tu re d sc ra p e rs occurred, a lth o u g h lig h tly fra c tu re d an d u n fra c tu re d sc ra p e rs w ere found in Level II .2. No heavily fra c tu re d sc rap e rs occurred in T ren ch 1, b u t a few scrap ers from Level II sp it 1 re p re s e n t th e low est occurrence of lig h tly fra c tu re d sc rap e rs in th is tre n c h .
T he la rg e s t c o n cen tratio n s of heavily fra c tu re d a rte fa c ts in T rench 1 occurred in zones p re d o m in an tly w ith in th e sh e lte r o v erh an g an d these co n cen tratio n s w ere g re a te s t in Level I. In c o n tra st th e g re a te s t
c o n cen tratio n s of heavily fra c tu re d a rte fa c ts in T ren ch 2 occurred p red o m in an tly o utside th e sh e lte r o verhang an d in Levels I a n d II. 1.