TRATAMIENTO DE LA ANEMIA:

Since the NBAPs and related strategies released, their implementation have more or less successfully reached to planned objectives, particularly towards integrating biodiversity conservation and development into the sectoral strategies, plans and programs of natural resources and environment, agriculture, fishery, industry and commerce, etc.

2.4.1. Biodiversity Conservation and Development

• The development of reforestation helped suspend the decline of forest area and increase forest coverage. By 2006, the total forest area increased quickly, covering 38.2% of the country’s territory, which is 11% more than that in 1990. Mangrove forests are being reforested in several places such as Can Gio Biosphere Reserve (BRA) where 75,740 hectares of magrove being existed, most of which is newly-planted (VEM, 2005)

• Extension and development of protected area system: a system of protected areas was established throughout the country with 128 SUFs covering 2.5 millions hectares, making up 7.6% of total area. A system of 45 interior water protected areas of high biodiversity was approved in 2008 by Prime Minister. A proposal to establish 15 marine protected areas also submitted to the Government for approval.

• Besides the national PAs system, two new biosphere reserves acknowledged by UNESSCO in 2007 are Kien Giang and Western Nghe An, rising the number of biosphere reserves in Vietnam by 6; two other biosphere reserves, Ca Mau and Hoi An – Cu Lao Cham, are being proposed (National MAB, 2008). Three nominated areas as Natural Heritage that are Ba Be, Cat Tien and Phong Nha – Ke Bang national parks. Four nominated as Ramsar sites that are Tram Chim, Ba Be, U Minh Thuong and Ca Mau.

• Conservation activities outside PAs are also taken into consideration. PA’s buffer zones are seen as management tools. Alternative livelihoods for buffer zone’s people are introduced by Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) in order to reduce their dependence on the forests.

• Ex-situ conservation initially developed in positive forms such as botanic gardens, wildlife rescue centres, centre for species conservation and genetic materials.

• The implementation of programs and project targetting to protect precious, rare and endangered wildlife species has generated certain effectiveness, providing a considerable products for domestic consumption and exportation:

- Suspend the decrease in elephant populations and conserve isolated elephant populations;

- Establish and protect several reproduction sites for sea turtle in Con Dao and Nui Chua (Ninh Thuan);

- Some native livestock and poultry species are retrieved such as Dong Cao chicken, Ho chicken, Son La Thuoc chicken, Y pig, H’mong pig, and Phan Thiet sheep. - 14 freshwater and marine fish species; 4 mollusc species: snout otter clam, sweet

snail, Ben Tre fish-shell; 3 crustacean species: green crab, black tiger shrimp and pink shrimp that have been successfully studied for man-made reproduction for commercial purposes;

- Many plants threatened to enxtintion in the wild such as Chukrasia tabularis,

Aquilaria crassna, Panax vietnamensis (Ngoc Linh ginseng) have been regenerated

through reforestation programs.

2.4.2. Sustainable use of biodiversity resources

• Promote the development of models of community-based sustainable use of biological resources in PAs. Implemented projects to support local people in Cuc Phuong National Park to reproduce orchids, and to train local people in ecotourism services in other protected areas.

• Agricultural and fishery development strategies have gained certain successes, then helped to reduce pressures on natural resource exploitation. Researches on aquacultural development helped increase aquacultural productivity based on man-made reproduction and intensive farming, contributed 42% to the total aquacultural products of Vietnam.

• Promulgated the list of precious and rare livestock species forbidden from export, and actively suspended exploitation and trade of precious, rare and endangered wildlife species to reduce their consumption.

• Every year, the Fishery sector occasionally returns breeding fish and shrimps back to the sea or reservoirs. To sustainably develop fishery, the sector has establish the areas that are forbidden to fish or allow seasonal fishing in some reproduction sites in coastal marine.

• Conducted some researches to investigate, assess and propose solutions to manage and prevent invasive alien species. A number of pilot experiment procedures for imported alien plant and animal species have been announced.

• Ecosystem-based landscape planning for biodiversity conservation have been introduced in many regions in Vietnam in order to promote the establishment of conservation corridors linking PAs.

• Recently, several investigations and studies on anthropological botany have been conducted to review and develop indigenous knowledge of mountainous minoriy ethnics about their experience of using resources for lives.

2.4.3. Implementational Budget

The finance invested for biodiversity conservation in Vietnam is mainly from 2 sources: national budget and ODA, and some others from communities or income from PAs.

The national budget allocated to biodiversity conservation appears in two forms: central budget and provincial budget. In recent years, this funding is increasing through the governmental programs and projects in this sector such as the 5 Million Hectares Reforestation Programme, Vietnam Environmental Fund, Vietnam Conservation Fund, Aquatic Resource Reproduce Fund of MARD.

ODA source takes an important part in the total investment. Normally, the ODA spent for biodiversity conservation makes up 20-30% of that spent for environment protection.

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Since 2006, Vietnam’s Government committed to allocate 1% of the national budget for environment protection. However, average spending for biodiversity makes up only 0.4% of the total budget.