Tratamiento de los Costos Indirectos de Fabricación

Long- Distant Horizontal Opposition

See LONG-DI STANT OPPOSITI O N .

Long- Distant Opposition

An opposition along a fi le, ran k, or diagonal in wh ich the ki ngs are separated by five squares . LONG-DISTANT VERTICAL OPPOSITION i s along a fi le, LON G - D I STANT HORIZONTAL OPPOSITION i s

C H E S S T H I N K I N G ^• 1 49

along a ran k , and LONG-D I STANT DIAGONAL O PPOS ITI ON is along a d iagonal . See OPPOSITI O N .

Long- Distant Vertical

Opposition A long-di stant opposi­

tion along a fi le.

W: Kg2 Ps c4 d5 (3) B: Kf8 Pd6 (2)

QUESTION : How does White play and wi n ?

I t may seem that White should simply charge u p the board and advance the c-pawn , effecting an exchange that prod uces a passed d­

pawn . But that doesn't wo rk because the black king can eventual ly get a mean ingfu l oppositio n .

ANSWER: White wi n s b y taking t h e long-d istant vertical opposition with 1 . Kf2 ! . After 1 . . .^. Ke7 2 . Kg3 Kf7 3 . Kf3 White has the d i stant tio n . And after 3 . . . . Ke7 4. Kg4 Kf6 5. Kf4 Wh ite has the d i rect opposi-tion , wh ich i s transferred fu rther u p the board after 5 . . . . Ke7 6. Kg5 Kf7 7. Kf5 . Black m u st then give way and allow Wh ite to outflank h i m : 7 . . . . Ke7 8 . Kg6 Ke8 9. Kf6 Kd7 1 0 . Kf7, forci ng the gai n of the d-pawn .

Long- Range Piece Any l i ne-piece ; ^a q ueen , ^a rook, or ^a b i s h o p .

1 50 ^• B R U C E PA N D 0 L F I N I

Long Side

The side of the board with the greate r n u m ber of fi les from a pawn to the edge of the board . See ^{SHORT s 1 DE .}

The concept is particularly i m portant i n rook endgames i n wh ich the rook m u st be far enough from the opposing king to give a success­

fu l flank attack . Th u s the suggestion "move you r rook to the long al ready moved and can no longer castle. The right to castle is also lost on either side by movi ng the rook on that side.

Lucena's Position

In endi ngs, a tech n ique to create shelter from rook checks . Wrongly attri buted to Luis Rami rez Lucena (1 5th-1 6th centu ry), it was fi rst p u b l is hed by Alessand ro Salvio (1 575-1 640) .

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 51

W: Kf2 Rb8 (2) B: Kc1 Re6 Pc2 (3)

QUESTION : How does B lack fi nd shelter for his king?

The tech n ique is also known as " b u i l d i ng a bridge , " which is how N i mzovich referred to it. It i nvolves l ifti ng the attacking rook to the fou rth rank, where it can be used to i nterpose against enemy rook checks. See B R I DG E and B U I LD I NG A B R I DGE.

ANSWER: Black wi n s after 1 . Res Rb7 2. Kd2 Rd7 + 3. Kc3 Kc8 + 4. Kd3 Rd8 + 5. Kc4 Rc8 + 6. Rc4-end of story.

Luft

A German term mean i ng "ai r" or, figu ratively, breath ing space . An escape square for the king. When you move a pawn to create an escape sq uare in front of you r castled king you " make luft . " A way to avoid back-rank mates.

Lust to Expand

A colorfu l expression with which N i mzovich characterized the val ue of a passed pawn : its need to advance to­

ward promotion .

M

Main Line

The pri mary variation , especially i n an open ing.

Major,ty

Over any consecutive set of fi les, a group of pawns that outn u m ber thei r enemy cou nterparts . See PAWN MAJ ORITY.

Major Piece

A queen or rook . Also cal led a H EAVY PIECE.

Make Luft

In a castled position , to create an escape hatch for the king by movi ng a pawn . See ^LUFT.

Man

Any of the 32 chess u n its that constitute a chess set. A short­

ened version of the sexist term "chessman . "

1 52

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 53

Maneuver

The reposition ing of a piece, usually over the cou rse of several moves. Al so, to transfer a piece mai n ly with Q U I ET MOVES to a superior square.

W: Kh1 Ra1 Ne7 Ps a4 b3 c2 d3 e2 f4 f6 g2 (1 1 ) B: Kh8 Ps a5 b4 c3 d4 e3 f7 g4 g3 (9)

QUESTION : How can Wh ite mate i n eight moves ?

Of cou rse Wh ite can win the above position by bringing the kn ight back to wi n a few pawns , but checkmate is so much more fi nal .

ANSWER: It's s i mple. Maneuver the wh ite king to a2 (that takes seven moves) and then use an eighth move to mate with the rook at h1 .

Maroczy B ind

A type of pawn position i n which white pawns at c4 and e4 (no d-pawn) restrain Black's pawns at d6 and e7. The term also appl i es to a com parable setup with colors reversed . Named after the H u ngarian grandmaster Geza Mar6czy (1 870-1 951 ) .

Master

An u nofficial title fo r a strong player, not necessarily with

ELO RATING of 2200 o r more . See NATIONAL MASTE R.

1 54 • B R U C E PA N D 0 L F I N I

Match

A set of games between the same two players or teams, as opposed to tou rnaments, i n which each com petito r plays d iffe rent players .

Mate

The end of the game. Short for CH ECKMATE.

Material

Pieces and pawns col lectively or individual ly.

Material Advantage

Havi ng more material and a greate r poi nt cou nt using the relative exchange val ues. See MATERIAL SUPERIORITY.

Material Superiority

The same as MATE RIAL ADVANTAG E . Usual ly a decisive factor.

Mating Attack

A general assau lt against the king that leads to mate or significant gai n of materia l .

Mating Material

Enough material t o force checkmate . A typical m i n i m u m mating force is a rook, though an extra pawn may be suffi­

cient becau se it can be promoted .

C H E S S T H I N K I N G ^• 1 55

Mating Net

A position i n which mate is forced .

W: Kg1 Ra7 Bb1 Ne5 Pg2 (5) B: Kf8 Rb2 Ba8 Ne8 Ph7 (5)

QUESTION: Should Wh ite's rook take the bishop?

A distinction is made between mati ng attacks and mati ng nets . In a mating attack mate isn't forced because the defender can abandon material to postpone defeat. But no defense can stave off a mati ng net.

ANSWER: Why take the bishop when you can force mate ? Wh ite does so by 1 . Rf7 + Kg8 2 . Bxh7 + Kh8 3. Ng6# .

Meaningful Opposition

In certain endgames, the opposition that enables either the attacker to achieve a wi n n i n g entry or the de­

fender to bar the door to the i nvasion. Not every OPPOSITION is des i r­

able or mean i ngfu l .

Men

The 32 pieces and pawns considered col lectively.

Methodical

I n chess, executi ng a plan in a carefu l , deliberate manner; systematic.

1 56 • B R U C E PA N D 0 L F I N I

Middlegame

The second phase of a chess game, after the open­

ing and before the endgame, characterized by plan ning and maneu­

veri ng, and by tryi ng to achieve a smooth tran sition to the endgame.

Miniature

A short chess game that featu res nice tactical poi nts . Also, a composed problem with no more than seven u n its on the board (including the ki ngs) . See BRI LLIANCY and ^BREVITY.

W: Ka8 Qe6 Ne8 Ps a7 b7 (5)

B: Kf8 Pe7 (2)

QUESTION : How can Wh ite mate in two moves?

It was once thought that composed problems have l ittle practical value because the positions tend to be materially one-sided . Fu rther­

more , the astonishing solutions never seem to occu r over the board . Teachers are now reconsideri ng the issue, reasoning that the atypical situations posed by problems and especially stud ies can sti mulate the student's creativity.

ANSWER: White wi n s with the u nderpromotion 1 . b8/N ! ^. After 1 . . . . Kxe8 the p roblem concl udes with 2. Qg8# .

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 57

Mining Operation

A pawn advance to engage enemy pawns , lead i ng t o a trade a n d t h e opening o f a fi le. A term used b y N i mzovich .

Minor Exchange

A term signifyi ng the slight material edge a bishop has over a knight. You win the m i nor exchange if you gai n a bishop fo r a knight.

Minority Attack

An assault by several pawns agai nst a larger group of pawns , attempti ng to i nfl ict weaknesses that can then be attacked by pieces .

Minor Pieces

Bishops and knights .

Mobi le Center

The same as MOBILE PAWN CENTE R .

Mobile Pawn Center

A center with two con nected pawns, usu­

ally al igned on the i r fou rth ran k , opposed by a si ngle enemy pawn , usually on its third ran k, when the u n i ted pawns have the poss i b i l ity of advancing.

Mobil ity

Freedom of movement. The n u mber of squares and/or options avai lable to a piece . An aspect of SPACE.

1 58 • B R U C E PA N D 0 L F I N I

Model Mate

A problem composition term : a pure mate i n which there are no extraneous or superfl uous u n its or functions and i n wh ich all of the attacker's u n its (in some cases excepting the king and pawns) are req u i red . See CLEAN MATE, PURE MATE, and I D EAL MATE.

W: Ka1 Qh1 Rg1 Bb4 (4)

B: Kc2 Bd1 (2)

QUESTION: How does Wh ite mate in two moves ?

This is a version of a prbblem published by P. H . Wi l l iams i n 1 897.

Its art seems removed from actual game positions, since Black prob­

ably wou l d have resigned a long time ago .

ANSWER: The key is 1 . Rg4. If 1 . . . . bishop moves, then 2 . Qb1 # ; if 1 . . . . Kc1 , then 2 . Rc4#; if 1 . . . . Kb3 , then 2. Qxd1 # ; and if 1 . . . . Kd3, then 2 . Qe4#.

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 59

Monster Chess

A teaching technique, developed by Bruce Al­

berston , i n wh ich students practice maki ng captu res in seq uence, lead i ng to the removal of the enemy king. Monster pawn i l l u strates the use of the pawn ; Monster bishop shows how to captu re with a bishop; Monster rook with a rook, etc.

W: Pb2 (1 )

B: Kh2 Qg1 Re3 Rf2 BgS Bf4 Ps g7 h6 Nd8 f8 Ps a3 b4 a5 b6 (1 6) c7 e7

QUESTION : What is the right sequence for capturing everything?

Don't apply the ru les of standard chess i n attempti ng to solve this problem . I n Monster chess pawns may captu re backward and may move to the back ran k and then retu rn the other way, and the king is allowed to stay i n check . Moreover, Wh ite's king can be absent.

ANSWER: Starting from b2 the pawn goes to a3 to b4 to aS to b6 to c7 to d8 to e7 to f8 to g7 to h6 to gs to f4 to e3 to f2 to g1 to h2 .

Move

A tu rn for either side, or a turn for both sides. A tu rn for one side is more precisely cal led a HALF MOVE and a tu rn for both sides a FULL MOVE . Also, to make a move . See ^PLY.

1 60 • B R U C E PA N D O L F I N I

Move on Move

A form of speed chess i n which each player responds to the opponent's move i nstantly. The games can be qu ite exciti ng.

Moves and Rules

The laws of the game; how to play the game, but not how to play it wel l .

Mysterious Rook Move

A rook move to a closed fi le o r ran k, which seems to make no sense because the rook's line of attack is blocked . But the player has foreseen a possibil ity for attack or deter­

rence and wants to be prepared . A term coi ned by N i mzovich .

W: Kg1 Rf1 Bg2 Ps a2 b3 c4 e2 f2 g3 h2 (10) B: Kg8 Rb4 Ba6 Ps a4 a7 c7 e6 g7 h7 (9)

QUESTION: How can White defend h i s q ueenside pawns ?

The above position comes from the game Vaganyan-Noguei ras, Montpelier 1 985 . If Wh ite plays 1 . Rb1 Black can cou nter 1 . . . . Bxc4 becau se White's b-pawn i s pi n ned ; and 1 . bxa4 leaves all the q ueen­

side pawns vul nerable.

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 61

ANSWER: White holds with the mysterious rook move, 1 . Ra1 ! , when 1 . . . . axb3 2 . axb3 suddenly opens the a-fi le fo r rook cou nterplay.

Vaganyan eventually won after 2 . . . . Bb7 3 . Bxb7 Rxb7 4. Kf1 as S . Ke1 Kf7 6. Kd2 axb3 7. axb3 Rxb3 8. Rxa5 Rb2 + 9. Kd3 Ke7 10. h4 Rb3 + 1 1 . Kc2 Bb7 1 2 . f3 Kd6 1 3 . hS h6 14. Ra8 c6 1 S . Kc3 Rf7 1 6 . Kd4 eS + 1 7 . Ke4 Re7 18. Ras Re7 1 9 . RxeS (1 -0).

N

N

Abbreviation for K N I G HT.

National Master

Usually the h ighest title awarded by a national chess organ izatio n . See I NTERNATI ONAL MASTER.

N N

An abb reviation that i ndicates a player whose name is not known , someti mes u sed in the score of an exh ibition game agai nst an amate u r.

1 62

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 63

Noah 's

Ark Trap

I n the Ruy Lopez (1 . e4 es 2. Nf3 Nc6 3 . BbS) a famous trap of the Wh ite ki ng-bishop by Black's queenside pawns .

W: Kg1 Qd4 Ra1 Rf1 Bb3 Bc1 N b1 P s a2 b 2 c 2 e4 f2 g2 h2 (14) B: Ke8 Qd8 Ra8 Rh8 Bc8 Be7 Nf6 Ps a6 bS c7 d6 f7 g7 h7 (14)

QUESTION: How can Black play and wi n a piece ?

Starting from the Ruy Lopez the diagram is reached after 3 . . . . a6 4.

Ba4 Nf6 S . 0-0 d6 6 . d4 bS 7. Bb3 exd4 8. Nxd4 Nxd4 9. Qxd4. Actual ly, simi lar traps can occ u r in other openi ngs, but the most fam i liar devel­

ops in thi s open i ng.

ANSWER: Black wi n s a piece with 9 . . . . cs , and when Wh ite retreats the queen, then 10 . . . . c4, snari ng the bishop.

Notation Any method for record ing the moves of a chess game . N P The descriptive abbreviation for knight-pawn , which has particu­

lar uti l ity i n the classification of certai n endi ngs.

Objective

Basing moves, eval uations, and decisions on the actual facts and ci rcu mstances and not on personal considerations or for arbitrary reasons. See S U BJ ECTIVE.

Oblique Opposition

Another name for RECTANGULAR oPPos1T10N.

Obstruct

To force an enemy u n it to a particular square so that no other enemy u n it can u se the sq uare or pass across it.

Obstruction

A piece or pawn that blocks the movement of an­

other piece. Also, the name of the tactic.

Occupation

Di rect placement of a piece or pawn on a specific square. Also, abso l u te control of a fi le.

1 64

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 65

Odds

See HAN D I CAP.

Offhand Games

Games played without tou rnament conditions.

Friendly, casual games played for fu n . See ^SKIITLES.

One-Mover

A p roblem that can be solved in one move . Also, a di rect th reat with an obvious poi nt, as i n a "one-move th reat . "

W: Kg1 Qf8 Ra4 (3)

B: Kg3 (1 )

QUESTION: How can White mate i n one move ?

Some one-movers are so u nexpected that they escape our notice.

But they ' re there, waiting to be m issed .

ANSWER: It's all over after 1 . Qa3#.

Open Board

A board with few o r no obstructi ng pawns, allowi ng pieces to traverse it easi ly.

Open Center A center u n blocked by pawns .

Open centers are conducive t o sudden attacks , s o development and

1 66 • B R U C E PA N D O L F I N I pawns have been exchanged , so that movement through the center is possible. Open games natural ly develop from the begi n n i n g moves 1 . e4 e5 . Also called OPEN POS ITION.

Opening

The begi n n i n g phase of a chess game, usually lasting 1 0 or 1 5 moves, someti mes longer. Development, control o f t h e center, king safety, and the fight for the i n i tiative are its paramount concerns.

Opening Line

A variation i n any opening.

C H E S S T H I N K I N G ^• 1 67

Open Position

The type of position l i kely to arise from an ^OPEN

GAM E .

Open Tournament

A tou rnament open to players of any strength who are members of the governing chess federatio n .

Opposite-Color Bishops

Also cal led Opposite-Colored Bi­

shops. See B I S H OPS OF OPPOS ITE COLORS.

Opposition

In endgames, a zuGZWANG relationship between op­

posing kings that confers an advantage on the playe r not on the move . If the ki ngs " stan d i n opposition , " whichever moves is at a disadvan­

tage because it m u st give ground . The kings u se the opposition in the i r fight to control a passed pawn's CRITICAL SQUARES. The attacking king "takes the opposition , " tryi ng to occupy a critical sq uare, and the defending king tries to " keep the opposition" to prevent the enemy king from occu pyi ng that critical square or others. In standard opposi­

tions (vertical, horizontal , or diagonal ; and di rect, distant, and long­

di stant), the ki ngs occu py squares of the same color separated by one, th ree, or five squares along the same fi le, ran k, or diagonal . See DI RECT OPPOSITI O N , DI STANT OPPOSITI O N , DIAGONAL OPPOS ITI O N , and RECTANG ULAR OPPOSITI O N .

Oppositional Field

The i nterrelation of every possible opposi­

tion, taken i n series, extending across the enti re board . Thus, a player with the long-di stant opposition can convert it to a distant opposition as the opponent's king approaches, and then to a di rect opposition if the king steps even closer. See OPPOSITI O N .

1 68 • B R U C E PA N D 0 L F I N I

Original Position

The i n itial placement of the board and ar­

rangement of forces at the begi n n i n g of a game. See ^ARRAY.

Outflanking

In endgames with fixed pawns, a flan k i nvasion by one king against the other, usually to gai n material .

W: l<eS PgS (2) B: l<f7 Pg6 (2)

QUESTION: How can White force a wi n ?

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 69

A king can wi n a lone fixed pawn by occu pyi ng any of the th ree

CRITICAL SQUARES to the right or left of the target pawn on the same ran k. In the d iagram, Wh ite's king can force the wi n of Black's g-pawn by occu pyi ng f6, e6, or d6.

ANSWER: White outflanks, wi ns the g-pawn , and then promotes . A pos­

sible variation : 1 . Kd6 (occupyi ng a critical sq uare) Kf8 2. Ke6 Kg7 3. Ke7 Kg8 4. Kf6 Kh7 5 . Kf7 Kh8 6. Kxg6 Kg8 7. Kh6 Kh8 8. g6 Kg8 9. g7 Kf7 10. Kh7 and the pawn soon queens.

Outpost A weak square, usually on the opponent's th i rd or fou rth rank, that the opponent can't guard with a pawn . Such a square, sup­

ported by at least one friendly pawn , can be occu pied by a piece to good effect. From the defender's point of view, such a square is a HOLE.

Outside Critical Square In any set of th ree critical squares, the one farthest from the enemy king. See U N DERPASS and CROSSOVER .

Overextension The advance of pawns or pieces so far that they can't be properly suppo rted . An overextended position is vulnerable to cou nterattack.

1 70 • B R U C E PA N D 0 L F I N I

Overload

A tactic exploiting an overbu rdened piece's i nabi l ity to fu lfi l l all its defensive com m itments .

W: Ke1 Qd1 Bb3 Pe3 (4) B: Ke8 Qd8 Bc6 Ps e7 f7 (5)

QUESTION: Should White trade queens and then wi n the f-pawn ? When you have a possible two-move seq uence, consider what would happen if you made the second move fi rst.

ANSWER: Play the second move fi rst here, 1 . Bxf7 + ! , and Wh ite wi ns the black q ueen by deflecting the king.

Overpass

A king maneuver across the path of a passed pawn to reach the OUTS I D E CRITICAL SQUARE. See CROSSOVE R.

Overprotection

Guarding a key square with more pieces than necessary so that, if an exchange takes place there, a piece can take back i n stead of a pawn . Thus the square can sti l l be used . Also, add i ng protection to relieve other defending u n its or to be ready fo r any conti ngency. The concept was deeply analyzed by N i mzovich.

C H E S S T H I N K I N G • 1 71

Over the Board

Actual competition, as opposed to study o r the­

ory. An idea may work beautifu l ly in home analysis, but agai nst a real opponent anyth i n g can happe n .

Overworked Piece

An OVE RLOADE D piece that can't fu lfi l l all its protective com m itments .

p

P

The abbreviation for pawn , though i n recording algebraic chess moves the symbol is not u sed .

Pai ring

The process of assign ing opponents and colors i n tou rna­

ments. Also, any particular match u p .

Pai ring Charts

See PAI R I N G TABLES.

Pai ri ng Tables

Charts for ROUND-RO B I N TO URNAME NTS indicati ng the round, the opponents, and thei r colors .

1 72

C H E S S T H I N K I N G ^• 1 73

Paral lel Architecture

The abil ity of some computer programs to approach the solution of problems i n two d ifferent ways simultane­

ously: by brute force calcu l ation and by relyi ng on complex algorithms for sophisticated general izations.

Parry a Check

To end a check by i nterposing a friendly u n it.

Passed Pawn A

pawn capable of advancing to promotion because no enemy pawns can block it or guard squares in its path . It has

" passed " the opposition's pawns .

Passed Pawns Must Be Pushed A

maxim exhorti ng the

In document Estudio de la determinación de costos en el sector de pastelerías, caso de estudio FabiPastel (página 68-88)