0. Introducción
2.2 Una mirada hacia el contexto laboral juvenil
An understanding of the basic terms used in this manual will help the reader to understand the concepts used by BackupEDGE.
As BackupEDGE runs equally well on UNIX or Linux systems, and both are similar, the term
UNIX when used throughout this manual may be taken to mean either UNIX or Linux, unless a
specific reference must be made.
Absolute Pathname: A filename beginning with a slash (/). A file saved with an absolute pathname (such as /etc/termcap) may only be restored to the /etc Directory.
Access Control List: An additional security permission level above the User/Group/Other
permissions normally associated with UNIX files.
Advanced Schedule: A Scheduled Job created by the user to perform archiving tasks which differ
in capability from the default Basic Schedule.
Archive: a collection of files of a particular Domain at a particular time, such as “Master Backup of the domain system at midnight on October 1st, 2014”.
Archive Device: The floppy disk drive, tape drive, DVD, CD-R, CD-RW drive, etc., used to backup
and restore files. You may also backup and restore to a regular file. Archive Devices are described to BackupEDGE with a Resource.
Archive ID: an identifier that uniquely identifies an Archive. All Instances of the same Archive
have the same Archive ID. It is stored in the Label for every Segment of every Instance.
Autochanger: A Device containing one or more tape drives and one or more tape cartridge
storage slots (also called magazine elements). Tapes may be moved automatically between storage slots and tape drives by BackupEDGE. Also known as a Library or Autoloader.
Autoloader: See Autochanger.
Background Task: Background and Foreground have special meaning to the UNIX Operating
System. Foreground tasks are generally run in interactive mode, meaning that information from the program is displayed on the screen and input is typed on the keyboard. Background tasks run as “unattached” programs requiring no display output or keyboard input. They can be started automatically by the UNIX cron or at scheduling programs, or by a Foreground program. Backup Domain: See Domain.
Basic Schedule: The default system backup Scheduled Job created during initial installation or
the first time the Basic Schedule command is accessed from EDGEMENU. This is the most frequently run full system backup task. Generally, a Basic Schedule is used to perform daily
Master Backups. More complicated arrangements usually use Advanced Schedules.
Binary File: A file containing characters other than those in the ASCII decimal range of 32 to 127
(hex 20 to 7f). A compiled C program is an example of a Binary File. BackupEDGE can backup and restore these files without special consideration.
Bit-Level Verify: See Level 2 Verify.
Block: Unit of measure. There are typically 512 characters, or bytes, in a Block. Block Size, Edge: See Edge Block Size.
Block Size, Hardware: See Hardware Block Size. Block Size, Tape: See Hardware Block Size.
Blu-ray Disc:. A Device which can record on all CD and DVD media, plus 25GB and 50GB BDR
(write-once) and BD-RE (re-writable) media. BackupEDGE can be used with BD-RE, DVD and CD media on these devices.
Bootable Tape: Media created in a Bootable Tape Drive (see below).
Bootable Tape Drive: Tape drives that have a BIOS allowing them to be booted from as if they
were a CD-ROM. Used for creating archives that can boot directly into disaster recovery mode. The Hewlett Packard (OBDR) standard is supported.
Button: A prompt for an action using the character interface. “Press the [Next] Button” means “use the arrows or [Tab] key until the [Next] prompt is highlighted, then press [Enter]”. CD-Recordable: A Device which can record on write-once CD media. The term CD-R/RW is used
in this manual to refer to both CD-Recordable (CD-R) and CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) Devices and media unless a specific reference must be made.
CD-ReWritable: A Device which can record on re-writable CD media. The term CD-R/RW is
used in this manual to refer to both CD-Recordable (CD-R) and CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)
Devices and media unless a specific reference must be made.
CD-R/RW: A reference to either CD-R or CD-RW Devices and media.
CIFS Backups. Backups using the Common Internet FileSystem network transport protocol. Also
known as SMB or SAMBA backups.
cpio: A backup utility program included with the UNIX Operating System.
Cron: A UNIX Operating System program that always runs when the operating system is in
multi-user mode. It constantly looks in a set of files called crontab files for programs to run and
times to run them.
Device: A Device is a piece of hardware, such as a disk drive or a printer, that is attached to a
computer. Almost every Device is assigned a Device Node to access it through software.
Device Node: The name which the operating system uses to access a physical Device. For
example, /dev/hd0 is one possible name for a primary hard disk, while /dev/lp0 is a typical
name used to access a line printer. Devices are found in the /dev Directory.
Differential Backup1: A backup of any files or Directories in a Sequence that have been created or
modified since the last Master Backup of that Sequence.
Directory: A unit of organization in a UNIX filesystem. Files are organized into groups, called a Directories. Directories may contain files, other Directories, or both. Also called a Folder, usually
by users of Microsoft Windows.
Disaster Recovery: The process of restoring all of your operating system and user data in the
event of a hard drive change or failure, or other catastrophic loss of data. Also called Crash
Recovery.
Domain: Also called a Backup Domain. This is the complete definition of a group of files or
objects to be protected by BackupEDGE. It describes a list of files to be protected (included) or not protected (excluded) by backups of this Domain, any preparation scripts to be run before and after the backup, lists of Raw Filesystem Partitions within the Domain, and more.
dump: A backup utility program included with the UNIX Operating System.
DVD-RAM: A next-generation storage Device capable of writing and reading up to 4.3GB
(uncompressed) of data per platter, while also being able to read standard CD-R/RW media.
DVD-R: A write-once storage Device capable of writing and reading up to 4.3GB (uncompressed)
of data per platter, while also being able to read standard CD-R/RW media.
DVD-RW: A storage Device capable of writing and reading up to 4.3GB (uncompressed) of data
per platter, while also being able to read standard CD-R/RW media. The media performance and longevity are different from DVD-RAM.
DVD+RW: A next-generation storage Device capable of writing and reading up to 4.3GB
(uncompressed) of data per platter, while also being able to read standard CD-R/RW media. The media performance and longevity are different from DVD-RAM.
DVD+R: A write-once format supported by second generation DVD+RW Devices.
Edge Block Size: The number of 512 character segments of data that can be read or written at one
time by BackupEDGE.
Element: A tape Autochanger is composed of up to four types of Elements. dt Elements are Data
Transfer units. That’s the tape drive or drives. st Elements are called Storage units. Those are the slots or other places that media or cleaning cartridges are stored. ie Elements are Import/Export units. These are used to get a tape into and out of a larger Library without actually opening the case. Finally, mt Elements are Medium Transport units. These are technically the robotic arms that move things around. Only the largest Libraries have ie Elements that can be addressed. Desktop Autochangers typically only move cartridges between dt and st Elements, although mt
Elements may be referenced.
Encryption: The ability to hide information from unintended recipients by combining the data
with an Encryption Key, such that only with the corresponding decryption key can the original information be recovered.
Encryption, RSA: An asymmetric cipher used by BackupEDGE for exchange of AES encryption
keys.
Encryption, AES: A symmetric cipher used by BackupEDGE for encrypting data on an archive. Expired Archives: See Retention Time.
Fast File Restore: The Microlite-defined term for Quick File Access, which means being able to
position to any particular spot or spots on backup tape and restore files or Directories without having to wait while each individual file on the media is read and examined. Referred to as FFR. For non-tape media, see Instant File Restore.
FastSelect: A user-interface construction used within EDGEMENU whereby selections can be
made using the arrow keys while the cursor is on a [Next] button or other prompt. Filename: The human readable name for a File or Directory.
Filesystem: A filesystem is a hierarchy of files and Directories, typically mounted under the
system Root Directory, and contained on a single hard drive or other direct access storage
Device.
FTP Backups. The creation of backups across the network using any computer, device or
appliance equipped with an FTP and / or FTPS server as a valid storage device.
Folder: See Directory.
Graphical User Interface (GUI): A picture-oriented navigation screen using mouse movement
and clicks for navigation, as opposed to typical data terminals using keyboard input, typed and line draw characters. The typical GUI used by UNIX systems is called the X Window System. Terms such as KDE and Gnome also refer to GUIs built (generally) on top of the X Window
System to provide a specific “look and feel”.
Hardware Block Size: The number of bytes of data that the storage Device writes at one time as a
“block” of data. As Tape Devices are the most likely Devices to have this capability set or changed, this manual usually refers to Hardware Block Size as Tape Block Size.
Icon: A picture or text image, usually displayed on the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the UNIX system. Single clicking or double clicking the Icon usually executes the program described
by the Icon.
Incremental Backup: A backup of any files or Directories in a Sequence that have been created or
modified since the last Differential or Incremental Backup in that Sequence. It is possible to have multiple active Incremental Backups within a Sequence.
Instance: one particular copy of an Archive on a Medium. In general, when one refers to a Backup, one is talking about one Instance.
For example, when the Scheduler runs a Scheduled Job, it creates one instance of a new archive for each Domain that is supposed to be backed up as part of the Scheduled Job. If a
Scheduled Job is supposed to back up the System and mysql Domains, then the Scheduler will
create one Instance for each of two new Archives.
Instance ID: an identifier that uniquely identifies an Instance. All Instances have a unique Instance ID. Each segment of the Instance has this Instance ID stored in it.
Instant File Restore™: The Microlite-defined term for Quick File Access for optical or other
random access media, or files containing archives. It means being able to position to any particular spot or spots on the archive and restore files or Directories without having to wait while the archive is read sequentially. Referred to as IFR.
Iomega REV™. See REV Job: See Scheduled Job.
Job ID: an identifier that uniquely identifies a run of a Scheduled Job.
Every Instance created by a single run of a Scheduled Job shares a Job ID. If a Scheduled Job is supposed to back up the System and mysql Domains, both Instances would share the same Job ID, but no other Instance would.
Label: BackupEDGE includes information about every Segment at the start of that Segment.
This Label tells roughly what the Backup contains, when it was made, what Instance this
Segment belongs to, the order of this Segment relative to the other Segments in this Instance,
etc.
If two Instances of the same Archive exist, it is not the case that one can necessarily interchange the Segments which comprise them. For example, one cannot generally read the first Segment of Instance 1 then the second Segment of Instance 2, and expect to get anything useful from it. While they contain the same data if extracted, that data might be stored differently between the two Instances. The number of Segments might not even be the same.
Lazy Reclamation: A BackupEDGE exclusive! When an archive’s Retention Time has expired it
won’t automatically be deleted if Lazy Reclamation is enabled. Instead, it will only be deleted if additional free space is required on the chosen storage Resource.
Legacy Backup: An archive made by a version of BackupEDGE prior to 03.00.00.
Legacy Mode: An option for performing tasks in EDGEMENU which bypass the normal screen
controls and display the direct output of the backup formatter in a format similar to older versions of BackupEDGE. In Legacy Mode it is possible to interrupt and restart Jobs.
Level 1 Verify: A method of reading back an archive and checking for media readability and file
header integrity.
Level 2 Verify: A method of reading back an archive and comparing each file on a character by
character basis against the actual file on the hard disk. Also known as a Bit-Level Verify.
Link: The technical term for the human readable name for a File or Directory. A single real file
may have more than one Link, or filename. To remove a File and re-allocate its space, you remove all Links.
Locate Threshold: A measurement of the relationship between the read speed of a tape Device
and the locate, or positioning speed. Used to optimize Fast File Restore.
Master Backup: A full backup of a complete Domain.
Medium: something that holds data, such as a tape, Blu-ray Disc cartridge, NAS folder, etc. MySQL Hot Backups: The process of archiving a MySQL database, table-by-table, without
shutting it down.
Network Attached Storage: A server or appliance accessible over the network or Internet. Used
for remote backups.
NFS Backups. Backups using the Network FileSystem network transport protocol.
Notifier: A definition for a method of disseminating backup status information. Information may
be sent via email to a user or group of users. It may be formatted as a full page text or HTML report, as an abbreviated message for alpha-numeric pagers, cell phones and PDAs, or as a coded numeric pager message. It may also be formatted as a printer report.
One Button Disaster Recovery: Also called OBDR. A Hewlett Packard trade name for tape drives
that can be booted for Disaster Recovery purposes as if the were CD-ROM drives. Referred to in this manual simply as Bootable Tape.
Pathname: A description of the full name or a File or Directory, including the names of any Directories, or folders, that the file resides in. For example, the Pathname of the EDGEMENU
program is /usr/lib/edge/bin/edgemenu.
Quota: the maximum amount of data BackupEDGE will attempt to store on a URL, AWS or FSP Resource. Archives past their expiration time will be deleted to stay under the quota.
Raw Filesystem Partition: A disk partition managed by an application program instead of a UNIX filesystem. Applications such as Oracle, Informix and Sybase sometimes store their data in Raw Filesystem Partitions.
BackupEDGE can properly archive and restore Raw Filesystem Partitions, but they MUST be
identified as raw in advance. See “Raw Filesystem Partition Backups” on page 339 for more information and instructions on identifying virtual files.
Regular File: A standard file whose actual size (in bytes) is always reported by the operating
system correctly. Regular files may contain programs or data.
Relative Pathname: A filename beginning with a dot (.). A file saved with a relative pathname (such as./etc/termcap) will be restored relative to the current Working Directory at the time
of the restore.
Resource: A named set of properties describing one Device used by BackupEDGE. For example,
a Resource may represent a tape drive, and include the appropriate Device Node(s) for it, the
Hardware Block Size, default Edge Block Size, special commands needed for use with BackupEDGE, and so on.
Retention Time: Also known as TTL, or Time-to-Live. This is the minimum time an archive must
be saved before being over-written or erased. It is possible to set a retention time such that
BackupEDGE will never erase the archive without manual intervention. Archives past their
Retention Time are known as Expired Archives.
REV. The Iomega trade name for their line of storage devices and media using RRD, or Removable Rigid Disk, technology. REV is now discontinued and unavailable and the REV
Root: The Superuser, or System Administrator, of a UNIX or Linux system. The root user has
complete system privileges. As most BackupEDGE tasks require this, full system backups and
Scheduling require the user to be logged in as root.
S3 Backups. Backups using the Amazon Simple Storage Service network transport protocol. Segment: a unit of storage on a Medium. A NAS, for example, might hold many Segments. An Instance is composed of one or more Segments, possibly contained on more than one Medium.
The different Media can be of different types (tape, NAS, etc.). A Segment belongs to exactly one
Instance. Each Segment is given a number, starting from 1, that records the order that it is to be
used when reading that Instance.
This may sound complicated, but it isn’t. A Backup using more than tape, for example, may be said to have one Segment on each tape. When writing to a NAS, SharpDrive, etc., BackupEDGE typically breaks a single Backup into Segments of 1GB each, which gets around file size limits. When AWS or re-startable NAS backups are performed, the Backup is broken (by default) into small 50MB Segments. In the event of a network failure, this provides for a smaller amount of data that needs to be cached and re-transmitted after a re-start.
Scheduled Job: A Scheduled Job describes all of the actions necessary to archive one or more Domains through a single Sequence (in other words, perform a backup). Once defined, Jobs can
be run via the Scheduler at prescribed times, directly from EDGEMENU, or upon demand by