8. DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO
8.10 Validación de los instrumentos de recolección de datos, (encuestas,
As discussed previously, sustainability has become a global drive for development initiatives related to climate strategies. Thus, providing sustainable building approaches that address climate change challenges have been undertaken seriously. Table 3.2 reflects the different strategies adopted in each of the three sustainable development pillars. While, in Tables Table 3.2, Table 3. 3 and Table 3. 4 the strategies and methods required to achieve the three pillars are presented to become sustainable through use of the principles of sustainability. In Table 3. 3, strategies and methods for conserving non-renewable resources used in construction industry.
Natural Factors (Solar Activity, Volcanoes,..) & Human Factors (Burning
Fossil Fuel, Deforestation,Agriculture,
Changing Landuse)
Increase the GHG
concentration Rising the temperature (Global Warming)
- Ocean Thermal Expansion - Glacial melt from Greenland and
Antarcatica
-Change in Terrestrial Carbon Storage - Plate Tectonics
- Post Glacial Rebound -Land Subsidence
-Siltation
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Table 3.2 Different strategies adopted in the 3 sustainable development pillars (Lami, 2014; Zakaria, 2015)
Pillar Theme Principal Issues
Economic
1.0 Maintenance of high and stable levels of local economic growth and employment
1.1 Improved project delivery 1.2 Increased profitability and
productivity
Improved productivity; consistent profit growth; employee satisfaction; client satisfaction; minimizing defects; shorter and more predictable completion time; lower cost projects with increased cost predictability; delivering services that provide best value to clients and focus on developing client business
Environmental
2.0 Effective protection of the environment
2.1 Avoiding pollution 2.2 Protecting and enhancing biodiversity
2.3 Transport planning
Minimizing polluting emissions; preventing nuisance from noise and dust by good site and depot management; waste minimization and elimination; preventing pollution incidents; habitat creation and environmental improvement; green transport plan for site and business activities
3.0 Careful use of natural resources 3.1 Improving energy efficiency 3.2 Efficient use of resource
Energy efficient at depot and sites, reducing energy
consumption in business activities, design for whole life cost, use local supplies and material; use recycle and sustainable sources products, water and waste minimization and management
Social 4.0 Social progress that recognizes the
needs of everyone 4.1 Respect for staff
4.2 Working with local communities and road users
4.3 Partnership working
Provision of effective training and appraisals; equitable terms and conditions; provision of equal opportunities; health, safety and conducive working environment; participation in decision making, delivering services that can enhance the working environment
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Table 3. 3 Strategies and Methods for Resource Conservation (Lami, 2014; Zakaria, 2015)
Resource Conservation
Strategies
Energy Conservation Material Conservation Water Conservation Land Conservation Methods
-Choose of Material and construction methods
-Insulating building envelope -Design for energy efficiency -Deconstruction and Recycle -Design for low energy intensive transportation -Develop energy efficient technological process -Use of passive energy design
- Design for waste -Specify durable material -Specify natural and local material
- Design for pollution preservation
- Specify nontoxic material
- Using water efficient plumbing fixtures -Design for dual plumbing
-Collecting rain water - Employing re- circulating systems -Designing low demand landscaping -Pressure reduction - Adaptive reuse of existing building - Locate construction project close to existing infrastructure
- Development of non- arable lands for construction
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Table 3. 4 illustrates the strategies that should be considered by architects and engineers to ensure that their designs include environmental quality and human comfort within and outside the buildings.
Table 3. 4 Strategies for environmental quality and human comfort (Akadiri et al., 2012; Lami, 2014; Zakaria, 2015)
Design for Human Adaptation Strategies
Protecting Human Health and Comfort Protecting Physical Resources
Methods -Thermal Comfort -Acoustic Comfort -Daylighting -Natural Ventilation -Functionality -Aesthetics
- Design for Fire Protection - Resist Natural Hazards -Design for crime prevention
From the table above, (Akadiri et al., 2012) suggests a general framework to improve the engineering practices through the proposed strategies and methods to balance between economic, social and environmental performance. Though it is not a conclusive framework, it highlights the challenges for every engineering professional. Having a framework or guideline will offer the engineers and architects who are involved in the building industry the opportunity to use sustainable principles for building designs (Lami, 2014). The guideline should promote;
“buildings that use less energy, and have less damaging environmental impacts over their whole life than equivalent buildings designed without regard to these factors. Buildings can be designed so as to respond intelligently to the existing topography and climate [….] This may cost
more initially but the long term running costs should be lower, leading to overall cost savings. A climatically responsive approach to building design will eventually help to generate a genuine local or regional architecture rather than a style of building imported from another place or time”
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A sustainable design guide will help the architects and engineers to meet the needs of nowadays without adversely affect the future generation. Many studies and research work explored the potential of having a guideline that could be a foundation for designs. These studies agreed that any proposed sustainable design guideline should originate the Human Settlement section of Agenda 21 which outlines the following;
1. “Regulation of energy efficient design principles;
2. Incentives to promote the continuation of traditional techniques, with regional resources;
3. Recognizing the natural disasters in developing countries, due to the unregulated construction, and use of inadequate materials;
4. Regulation of energy efficient design principles;
5. Standards to discourage construction in ecological areas; 6. Cost and economies of scale;
7. Exchange international information among architects and engineers on construction and building aspects related to the environment;
8. Reconstructing of credit institutions to allow the poor to buy building materials;
9. Exploring methods to encourage and facilitate the recycling and reuse of building materials;
10. Financial penalties to discourage the use of materials that damage the environment;
11. Support the use of clean technologies;
12. Decentralization of the construction industry” (Bunz Kimberly R., Henze Gregor P., & Tiller Dale K., 2006; Lami, 2014)
(Lami, 2014), in his research study made a comparison between 4 sustainable design frameworks in the UK which are designed by ; London Borough of Barnet, Castle Point Borough, Highland Council and West Lothian Councils. The aim of the comparison to explore the sustainable design parameters. Below is the list of parameters he explored, which will be also followed in this thesis.
Accessibility Building material
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External space layout Local climate
Energy Efficiency Water Efficiency
Air quality and pollution
In the study, (Lami, 2014) highlights that effective framework shall be a product of interactive professional collaboration. Thus, in the referred study the use of ‘Contextual Interactive Theory’ (CIT) was recommended in the development of framework. The CIT was also suggested in other studies as it allow policy formulation.