Introducción Capítulo
1.5. Valoración de estudios urbanísticos.
ACTI VE OPP . 482 . 000*** . 232
PASSI VE OPP . 252 . 000*** . 063
Independent vari abl e: Acti ve Online Medi a Use f or Political Pur poses
De pendent vari abl es: Acti ve Offline Political Parti ci pati on and Passi ve Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on OPP = Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on
B = St andar di zed coeffi ci ent
* = p < . 05, ** = p < . 01, *** = p < . 001
Bot h regressi on anal yses are run, and t he i mport ant results are su mmari sed in t abl e 4. 7. Furt her out put can be found i n t he appendi x E. What can be i dentifi ed is t hat bot h model I Va and I Vb are st atisti call y si gnifi cant. Thi s can be concl uded vi a de ANOVA t est s that wer e conduct ed duri ng t he regressi on anal yses. The ai m i n t his anal ysis is t o accept or rej ect t he null hypot hesi s t hat assu mes t hat Onli ne Me di a Use f or Politi cal Pur pose has t he sa me effect on bot h Acti ve
and Passi ve Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on. To fi nd evi dence for t his cl ai m, it is i mport ant t o consi der and co mpar e t he r2 for model I Va and IVb. What can be found there is t hat t he r2 of
model I Va is different fro m t he r2 of model I Va. Thi s i mpli es t hat t he eff ect of Onli ne Medi a
Us e f or Politi cal Purpose does not have t he sa me associ ati on wit h bot h Acti ve and Passi ve Of fli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on. Theref ore, it can be concl uded t hat t here is no evi dence t hat support s t he cl ai m of t he null hypot hesi s, so t he null hypot hesi s is rej ected. The alt er nati ve hypot hesi s ( H1) is now put central i n t his anal ysis. To fi nd support for t he cl ai m of t he
alt er nati ve hypot hesi s, it is agai n l ooked at t he r2. Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose
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expl ai ns 23, 2 % of t he vari ati on i n Acti ve Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on. For model I Vb, t hi s val ue is much l ower. Namel y, Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose explai ns onl y 6, 3 % of t he vari ati on i n Passi ve Of fli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on. Wi t h t hese results, it is consequentl y necessar y t o rej ect t he alter nati ve hypot hesi s and to concl ude t hat Onli ne Medi a Use for Politi cal Purpose does not expl ai n Passi ve Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on bett er t han Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose expl ai ns Acti ve Offli ne Politi cal Partici pati on. But t hat i ndeed, t here is evi dence t hat t his effect is t he other way ar ound. Na mel y t hat Onli ne Medi a Use for Politi cal Purpose
expl ai ns Acti ve Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on bett er t han Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose
44 5. Concl usi on and Di scussi on
The ai m of t his research was t o for mul at e an answer t o t he questi on: To what ext ent is t he use of Onli ne Medi a f or Political Purpose aff ecti ng t he Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on among Dut ch citizens and t o which ext ent is t his i nfl uenced by ot her f act ors?? In or der t o for mul at e an ans wer t o t hi s questi on, t hree sub- questi ons were creat ed t o be abl e t o provi de an additi onal ans wer for t he central questi on of t his t hesi s. In t his secti on, it is ai med t o pr ovi de an ans wer for bot h t he central questi on and t he sub- questi ons of t his t hesi s.
To what ext ent is t he use of Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose affecti ng t he Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on among Dut ch citizens and t o whi ch ext ent is t his infl uenced by ot her f act ors?
Cent ral for t his questi on was t he first hypot hesi s of t his t hesi s whi ch assu med t he mor e Onli ne Me di a Use f or Politi cal Pur poses, t he hi gher t he Offli ne Politi cal Parti cipati on. The result s from t he regressi on anal ysis pr ovi ded enough evi dence t o accept t his clai m. The results concl uded st atisti call y signifi cant t hat 14, 7 % of t he vari ati on i n Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on
can be expl ai ned by Online Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose. The correl ation bet ween t he t wo vari abl e is positi ve and t heref ore it can be concluded t hat t he mor e Online Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose, t he hi gher t he Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on a mong respondent s. The concl usi on i n t hi s paper thus confir ms t he concl usions of Bouli anne (2015) t hat t he dat a of t he met a-anal ysi s suggest s t hat t here is a positi ve rel ati onshi p. So, t o ans wer t he questi on, Onli ne Me di a Use f or Politi cal Pur pose is positi vel y affecti ng Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on a mong Dut ch citi zens.
Does Politi cal Int erest i n l ocal and nati onal politics i nfl uence t he rel ati onshi p bet ween Onli ne Me di a Use f or Politi cal Pur pose and Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on?
What can be found i n t he results is correspondi ng wi t h t he fi ndi ngs of Kr ui ke mei er et al. (2014) who cl ai m t hat t he associati on bet ween I nt ernet Use f or Politi cal Purpose and Parti ci pati on is ver y much dependi ng on one’s Politi cal Int erest. Indeed, t his is also what can be concl uded from t he regressi on results i n t his t hesi s. What can be concl uded is t hat for respondent s t hat scored 0, 1 and 2 i n Political Int erest a much weaker associ ati on bet ween Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose and Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on was present. Thi s i ndi cat es t hat for t hose who are l ess i nt erest ed i n politi cs, t heir engage ment i n Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Pur pose does not necessary expl ai n part of t heir engage ment i n Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on.
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Politi cal Purpose and Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pation i ncreased si gnifi cantly. Theref ore, it can be concl uded t hat t he vari abl e Politi cal Int erest does have an i nt eracti ve effect on t he associ ati on. To for mul ate an ans wer t o t he sub-questi on, it can be concluded t hat Politi cal Int erest i n l ocal and/ or nati onal politi cs i nfl uences t he rel ati ons hi p bet ween Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose and Offli ne Politi cal Partici pati on positi vel y. Thi s i mpli es t hat if an i ndi vi dual is hi ghl y politicall y i nt erest ed, its engage ment i n Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Pur pose is much great er i n expl ai ni ng t heir engage ment i n Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on i n contrar y t o an i ndi vi dual t hat is less politi call y i nterest ed. Thi s result is hi ghl y correspondi ng wi t h t he vi e ws of Bi mber (1999), one of t he frequent quot ed sci entists by other schol ars i n t he fi el d of t his research. Howe ver, what must be noted is t hat t his i nt eracti on effect of Politi cal Int erest onl y co mes i n play when t he i nt erest is reall y hi gh. If an i ndi vi dual scores zer o, t he i nt eracti on effect is hi gher t han if an i ndi vi dual scores val ue one. Why t hi s is t he case and ho w t his can be expl ai ned is by far not kno wn. What mi ght possi bl y be t he case is t hat a politi call y i nt erest ed i ndi vi dual fi nds it mor e or l ess a dut y t o be politi call y acti ve and theref ore hi s i nt erest enhances t he associ ati on bet ween Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose and Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on. Thi s feeli ng of dut y mi ght be l ess present at i ndi vi dual s t hat are not ver y much i nt erest ed i n politics, and t heref ore t heir choi ce to engage i n Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Pur pose and Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on is rat her i nci dent al and sporadi c. Also, Bouli anne (2009, p. 202) expl ai ns that t he rol e of Politi cal Int erest i n i nfl uenci ng t he effect of Int er net use on engage ment may be changi ng acr oss ti me. Taki ng t hi s i nt o account, t he effect of
Politi cal Int erest i n on the associ ati on mi ght i n thi s case be hi ghl y i nfl uence by t he f ocus on t he muni ci pal el ecti ons and its ti me fra me.
Do diff erent t ypes of Onl i ne Medi a use f or Politi cal Purpose have diff erent eff ect s on Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on?
Thi s sub- questi on was linked wit h a correspondi ng hypot hesi s t hat cl ai med t hat Acti ve Onli ne Me di a Use f or Politi cal Purpose expl ai ns Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on bett er t han Passi ve Onli ne Me di a Use f or Political Purpose expl ai ns Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on. The different t ypes of
Onli ne Medi a Use f or Political Purpose wer e set as Acti ve and Passi ve forms. What coul d be i dentifi ed fro m t he results is t hat t here is a sli ght statisti call y si gnifi cant difference bet ween t he effect s of t he t ypes of Onli ne Medi a Use f or Political Purpose. Acti ve Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose (10, 9 %) expl ai ns Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on a little bit bett er t han Passi ve Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose (9, 3 %). Al t hough t here is a difference present i n t he effect s, t he evi dence is t oo weak t o unconditi onally support t he cl ai m of Dhanavan V. Shah et
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al. (2001, p. 491) t hat i nter net for exchange of i nfor mati on, so i nt eracti ve, is associ at ed wit h hi gher l evel s of parti ci pati on. Concl udi ng, different t ypes of Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Pur pose, Acti ve or Passive, have mi nor different effect s on Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on.
Ther ef ore, it barel y mat ters whet her i ndi vi dual s engage i n one- way- communi cati on (non- i nt eracti ve, passi ve) and t wo- way- co mmuni cati on (i nt eracti ve, acti ve) in expl ai ni ng t heir engage ment i n Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on.
Do t he eff ect s of Onli ne Me di a Use f or Politi cal Pur pose diff er per t ype of Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on?
Thi s sub- questi on was li nked t o t he fi nal hypot hesis i n t his t hesi s t hat tri ed to fi nd evi dence f or t he cl ai m t hat Onli ne Medi a Use for Political Purpose expl ai ns Passi ve Offli ne Political Parti ci pati on
bett er t han Onli ne Medi aUs e f or Political Purpose expl ai ns Acti ve Offli ne Pol itical Parti ci pati on
.
Ho wever, what coul d be concl uded fro m t he results is t hat Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Parti ci pati on expl ai ns Acti ve Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on much bett er than Passi ve Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on. Thi s support s t he cl ai m of Bakker and de Vr eese (2011, p. 460) t hat i ndeed t here are differences i n effect s present for different t ypes of political parti ci pati on. Ho wever, it contradi ct s the hypot hesi s 4 t hat was for mul at ed i n t he t heor y secti on. The t esti ng i n t wo di mensi ons, acti ve and passi ve, led t o new i nsi ght about t he associ ati on bet ween t he vari abl es and whi ch associ ati on is stronger. Ho wever, much is still uncl ear i n t hi s area. In t hi s secti on t he ans wer t o t he questi on whet her t here are different effect s is pr ovi ded, but whyOnli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose predi ct s Acti ve Offli ne Politi cal Parti ci pati on bett er t han for exa mpl e voti ng i n el ecti on (Passi ve Of fli ne Politi cal Parti cipati on) is still an i nt eresti ng t opi c t o expl oit furt her.
Al t hough evi dence has been found t o support t he hypot heses and pr ovi de for ans wer s i n t hi s t hesi s, t here are vari ous li mit ati ons and poi nt s of impr ove ment t hat can be i dentifi ed. First of all, t he dat a coll ecti on set pl ace i n a ti me of ca mpai gns and el ecti ons. Theref ore, it is har d t o generalise t he obser ved associ ati on for ti mes i n whi ch no el ecti ons or campai gns t ake pl ace. Al so consi deri ng t hat it concer ned muni ci pal el ecti ons mi ght be a fact or i n expl ai ni ng t hese specifi c out co mes of t he t hesi s. It woul d be recomme nded when assessi ng t he full ext ent of i nfl uence of Onli ne Medi a Use f or Politi cal Purpose t o also i ncl ude data fro m ot her ti me fra mes and ot her el ecti ons. Thi s coul d also overcome anot her li mit ati on of t he research whi ch