II. MÉTODO
2.2 Variables, operacionalización
Problems of the City of Yasrib:
• Yasrib is a city located 300 miles to the north of Makkah, on the route to Syria, in the north-west corner of Hijaz.
• Fleeing from the persecution of the Babylonian, Greek and Roman empires, the Jews settled at Yasrib, Khyber, Fadak and other places in northern Arabia.
• There were three tribes of Jews settled in Madina, Banu Nazir, Banu Qunayqa and Banu Qurayza.
• In the 4th Century AD, two Arab Himyarite tribes of Aus and Khajraz, migrating from Yemen, settled in Madina.
• Jews threatened the idol-worshipping Aus and Khazraj that soon they would have a Jewish prophet and then, they would vanquish their enemies.
• Aus and Khizraj soon dominated the Jews and took away some of their property.
However, the two tribes started fighting each other.
• Banu Nazir, Banu Qurayza and Aus formed one alliance while Banu Qaynuqa and Khazraj formed another alliance. There was constant bloodshed.
• In 616 AD, the more numerous Khazraj lost the Battle of Bu’ath and lost their date orchards and there was horrendous destruction of life and property.
• Just like Makkah, Madina lacked a real ruler. Wars between the Aus and Khazraj were getting too frequent, and were destroying precious resources and property.
First conversion of Yasribites:
• In the 11th year of prophethood, hearing of a prophet in Makkah, six people from the Yasribite tribe of Khazraj came to Muhammad (PBUH) during the pilgrimage season.
• They saw that Muhammad (PBUH) was indeed the prophet that the Jews thought would come from among them. They seized the opportunity and accepted Islam.
• Muhammad (PBUH) sent Hazrat Mus’ab bin Umair with them to assist the preaching of Islam.
First Pledge of Aqabah:
• In the 12th year of prophethood, twelve people came from Yasrib and accepted Islam.
• These Muslims helped spread Islam in the city of Yasrib.
Second Pledge of Aqabah:
• In the 13th year of prophethood, seventy five people came from Yasrib to take the usual pledge.
• Islam began to spread very rapidly after this.
Hijrah (622 AD):
• Allah gave Muhammad (PBUH) the command to migrate to Madina.
• Family after family left, until only Muhammad (PBUH), Hazrat Abu Bakr, Hazrat Ali and their families were left behind.
• Upon finding this out, Quraish held a meeting in Dar-un-Nadwa on whether the Holy Prophet (PBUH) should be exiled, imprisoned for life or killed. On Abu Lahab’s recommendation, they decided that a young man from every tribe should murder Muhammad (PBUH) in the coming morning.
• During the night, Muhammad (PBUH) was informed by Allah of the Quraish’s deadly plans:
“They plot but Allah plans; and the best of planners is Allah.” – (8:30)
• After putting Hazrat Ali in his own bed, Muhammad (PBUH) left Makkah with Hazrat Abu Bakr and looked his last on the city of his birth for many years to come.
• The baffled and enraged Quraish found Hazrat Ali on the bed instead of Muhammad (PBUH) in the morning.
• A massive search was undertaken, with the orders to the effect that Muhammad (PBUH) was to be captured dead or alive. The Quraish set a huge reward of 100 camels on the capture of Muhammad (PBUH).
• Muhammad (PBUH) and his companion hid in a cave in Mount Saur for three days and nights.
• Muhammad (PBUH) arrived at Quba, a village 3 miles from Yasrib, on 8th of Rabi-ul-Awwal. Later, Hazrat Ali also joined them.
• Here, Muhammad (PBUH) constructed the first mosque ever built on the face of the earth. He took part in the construction himself.
• The Holy Prophet (PBUH) stayed in Quba for 14 days.
• Muhammad (PBUH) left for Yasrib on a Friday. On the way, he said his prayers in the house of Bani Salim. He also delivered his first Friday sermon there.
• The Prophet (PBUH) was greeted with joy and reverence in Yasrib.
• At the spot where his camel stopped, the Masjid-e-Nabwi was later built. This plot belonged to two orphan boys, and they were paid the due price of the land.
• During the construction of the mosque, Muhammad (PBUH) stayed in the house of Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari.
• The city was renamed Madinat-un-Nabi, later shortened to Madina.
Importance of Hijrat:
I. Starting point of Muslim calendar.
II. Hijrat saved Islam from becoming just another small sect in Makkah.
III. Starting point of Islamic consolidation and expansion.
IV. Madina became a center around which all the tribes of Arabia were united into a nation.
V. Hijrat gave Muslims a chance to learn and develop their religion.
VI. Hijrat revealed the moral and physical strength of the Muslims.
VII. Put an end to the vicious rivalry between Aus and Khazraj.
VIII. Hijrat provided the Holy Prophet (PBUH) with an opportunity to practically establish an Islamic state based on the principles of equality, fraterninty, brotherhood, justice, fair-play and welfare of all citizens.
IX. Having gathered together in one land, the Muslims were now able to defend Islam effectively and proclaim its teachings to everyone around.
X. As the Muslims now actually had a country based on solid foundations, it enabled them to take necessary steps to keep that country strong and stable.
XI. The Muslims were able to invite people to the fold of Islam not only in Macca or Madina but also in other parts of the inhabited world.
XII. As Muslims were strong in Madina unlike Macca, a group of hypocrates emerged under Abdullah bin Ubai which tried to weaken Muslims from within.
XIII. The presence of Muslims at Madina posed a direct threat to the trade caravans which used to ply from Makkah to the northern regions of Arabia.