Variables relacionadas al individuo

The data presented here represents aruuysis of 207 environmental samples comprisi ⁿ g of I SO han ^d washings, 26 toy ,vashings, 9 soil sarnplcs,9 clnssroon1

s,veepings. 9-roofiop ,vater an ^d 4 lead based cosmetic samples

4.l Lend, And Other Physical Chcn1ic11I Chnractcrislia or Unndn'llshings

4.1.1 S,nmoles from ^{LO\V Density} Area

Forty handwasbings ,vere obtained and nnalyzcd fron1 Commnnd Cl1ildren

nnd Nursery/Primnry School, Victoria Island, 21(52 5%) of them ,vere boys ,vhile � "

19(47.S%) ,vero girls as sho,vn in Table 10. Majority of the children fell into the age ra ⁿ ge of J. I - 4.0 ycan ns sho,vn in Table 13 Tho boys' hands ,vere more

d irty thnn the hnnds of the girls hence the high vnl ^u c ofTDS, turbidity, as sho,vn in Fig . 15. The mean lead levels of the boys ,vere 0. ^232± 0106mg/hand ,vbile that of the girls ,vas 0.126 ± 0.089mg/hand A positive statisticnlly linear correlation ,vas observed bet,vccn lead in handwashin g nnd conductivity value (r= 0 40, p

0.01) lead and lotol dissolved solids (r- 0. ⁴⁷ , p• 0.002S) as sho,vn in Table 14 The high lead levels in the han ^d s of the boys in this area coul ^{d be} attributed to the fact that tl,cy piny n1ore in the out door (school playgro ^und )

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The general high lead levels in the hands or the children rrom the lo,v density area could also be due to the fact that it is the oldest School among the three selected schools, ,vith Daking paints, pervasive dusts. both inside nnd outside the classrooms and is close to a very busy traffic road in the heart of Logos . There ,vas a negative correlation bct,vccn lead and p ^H value ,vhilc a marginal correlation ,vas found between lead and turbidity value. (r=0.2, p = 0.4) as sho,vn in Table 14 4. 1.2 Snmolcs from Medium ,Density Area

A tota.1 or 53 hand,vasbiogs ,vcrc collected and analyzed fron1 Marirold

Nursery nnd Primary School, t.1ilc U. T,venty nine (54 7%) ,vcre boys ,vbilc 24 I �

{45.3%) ,vcrc girls ^ns shown In Table 11 n1ajori1y of the children ,vcrc in the oge group of2.0 - 3.0 ns sho,vn in Table 13 This is due to the fact that it ,vas the only school ,vherc kindergarten section ,vas run and hence a large number or children ,vbose pnrents ,vere ,vorking drop their children there

All the samples analyzed ,vere slightly acidic ,vith a mean p ^H of 6.545 ± 0.218 for boys and 6.566 ± 0.238 for girls as sho,vn ⁱⁿ 1'nble 11 The lead levels in the hand ,vashings of boys ,vere slightly higher thnn that of the girls ^;is sbo,vn in Fig 14, o.044 ^:I: 0.037mg/hand os against 0.036 ± 0.027mg/hand The �on for this, could be snid ¹⁰ be that, the scllool is situated in the residential area., ^fur from high traffic no,v, battery chargers shop, refuse dumps 1111d lack of Daking p:unts

t

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The general high lead levels in the hands of the children from the lo,v density area could also be due to the fact that it is the oldest School among the three selected schools, ,vith flaking paints, pervasive dusts, both inside ond outside the classrooms and is close to a very b _usy traffic road in lhe heart of Lagos. There ,vas a negative correlation bchvccn lead and pH value ,vhile a marginal correlation ,vas found bet,veen lead and turbidity vnlue. {r= ⁰ .2, p = ⁰ .4) os shown in Tobie 14 4 . I . 2 Samo.les from Medium Density t\re;i

A total of 53 hand,va.shings ,vcre collected and onalyzcd from Merifold Nursery end Prunary School, Mlle U. T,venty nine (54 7%) ,vcrc boys ,vhilc 24 (45.3%) ,vcrc girls as shown in Table 11 rnnjority of the children ,vere in the age group of2.0 - 3. ⁰ ns sho,vn in Tobie 13 Tius is due to the fnct that it ,vas the only school ,vhero kindergarten section ,vas run and hence a large nun1ber of children ,vhosc parents ,vere ,vorking drop their children 1hcre

All the samples analyzed were slighlly acidic ,vith o mc:on pH of 6 545 ± .

0 .218 for boys and 6.566 ± ⁰ .238 for girls as sho,vn in Table 11. The lead levels in the hand ,voshings of boys ,vere slightly higher than that of the girls as sho,vn in Fig. 14, o. ⁰ 44 ± o. ⁰ 37mg/hond as ogninst 0. ⁰³ 6 ± ^{0 0} 27mg/hand The rc.uon for this, could be said ¹⁰ be thol, the school is si1uated in the residential ^Brea, far from I · h m o b ticry chargers shop refuse dun1ps and lacl of lloking p :unts ug lro 1c o,v, a · ,

l ,

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The children are also from affiucnl families hence the school had caregivers (nannies) ,vho insisted the children ,va.sbcd their hands Other ph)sical pllt'OITleters ,vere also significantly higher in boys l11an girls. The highest lead level was recorded among the mean age group 2.0 • 3.1, ,vhich is 0.046 ± 0.033mgVhand as sho,vn in Table lJ. This could be due to the pica habits in this age group, the children rub their hands on lhe ,valls, desk, colour illus1mtions on books, chc,v pencils, crayons etc. There ,vas also a significant positive correlation bcl\vecn lead

and total suspended solids (r sho,vn in Table 15 ⁼ 0.43 p • 00012). Others ,vere not significant as I �

4.1 3 Samples from I l igh Density Arca

A total of 57 hru1d "-ashings ,vas obtained and anruyzcd from Nigeria Army Officers Wives Nursery/Primary School, Ojo. ^T ,venty seven (47.7%) of the children ,vcre boys ,vhilc 30 (52.6%) ,vcro girls, as shown in Tobie 12 Majority of

the children fell into the age range of) I - 4,0 years as sho"m in Table 13

All the samples ,vcre slightly acidic in both boys and girls as sho,vn in Table 10. The lead levels of the boys and girls ,vcre O 093 ± 0.076mg/hnnd and

0.070 ± 0.070mg/hand, respectively

" ,,

I

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Tbis value could be due to the fact that the school is situated a1vny from a busy traffic road. There was a positive significant correlation bet ween lend and

turbidity (r=-0.6, p:0.0) lead and TSS (r

O 59, p •0.0) lead and conductivity (r = 0.51 p= 0.0), and lead and TOS (r • 0.54, p'-0.0) . as sho1vn in Table 16

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TABLE IO

Physical And Chemical Characteristics of Hand \Vnshings

Among Boys And Girls in the Low Dcnsily Arca

Parameter Boys

pl-I 6488 ^{± 0.260}

Turbidity (ITU) _{53.95 ± 33.33}