Variación estacional de la carga de enfriamiento

The proposed use of genetc sequence and event stratgraphcal procedures, supplementary to the tradtonal clmatostratgraphy, brngs about a better understandng of the stratgraphy of the ter- restral Mddle Plestocene sequences. Regonal schemes have been proposed heren for the Northwest and Central European type areas. These schemes have been developed by ntegraton of the multdscplnary stratgraphcal evdence nto local and re- gonal scale unts recognsed and defned on the bass of boundng unconformtes and depostonal envronment. Ths nformal sub- dvson of genetc sequence unts provdes tools for nterregonal correlaton of the wde-spread glacal and perglacal subaeral se- quences. Wth the help of a set of nterregonally sgnfcant ‘bo’- and ‘chrono’-markers from the often localsed ntermedate unts, a prelmnary chronostratgraphcal framework has been compled. Subsequent nterpretaton of dfferent type events, wth reference to spatal and temporal scale as a bass for correlaton, brngs about a better understandng of the clmatc and envronmental hstory of the Mddle Plestocene. Relatng the event-stratgraphcal frame- work for Northwest and Central Europe wth the marne sotope stratgraphy offers possbltes for refnng the relatve chronolo- gy. At least for the late Mddle Plestocene, the terrestral equva- lents of the 4th _{order glacal-nterglacal depostonal cycles can be}

equated farly accurately to the MIS. Wth regard to the chronos- tratgraphcal postons of the classcal Northwest European pal- aeoclmatc stages of the Mddle Plestocene, one of the ntentons of ths thess, t s concluded that:

- The Saalan Stage comprses the Fennoscandan, Brtsh and Al- pne glacatons of cycle C, correspondng to MIS 6, and ev- dence for two more glacal-nterglacal cycles, MIS 10-9 and 8-7 respectvely,

- The Holstenan Stage can be assgned to MIS 11, - The Elsteran Stage can be equated wth MIS12,

- The ‘Cromeran Complex’ Stage comprses the Donan glaca- ton of cycle H n eastern Europe whch corresponds to MIS 16. The postons of the Cromeran warm substages8 _{are dffcult to}

correlate wth the marne sequence because of the fragmentary nature of ts record.

The marne sotope stratgraphy cannot be defned as the yardstck for the terrestral chronostratgraphy, t only forms a reference for the tmng of the terrestral clmatc stages and events. The tme- transgressve boundary levels of the stages le wthn the range of the deglacaton ntervals for whch the termnatons gve ndca- tve ages. The boundary levels at the MIS 12/11 - and MIS 16/15 transtons are proposed as lower stage boundares for the late Mddle Plestocene and a subdvson of the early Mddle Ples- tocene nto a part A and B, respectvely.

The low-resoluton event-stratgraphcal framework s provsonal and s ntended to be an ntatve towards a formal subdvson. The evdence, advocated to underpn and refne the terrestral event-stratgraphcal framework, s not straghtforward and stll faces the problems nherent to ts fragmentary and heterogeneous nature. The crtera for dentfcaton and defnton of genetc se- quence and event-stratgraphcal unts, wth large-scale correla- ton potental, need to be further developed. In many cases ths wll nvolve a renvestgaton and renterpreton of known stes

and sequences. Comparson of eastern and western European ev- dence wll mprove the understandng of the stratgraphcal rela- tonshps. Moreover, a better nsght can be obtaned by ncludng sedmentary faces analyss n geologcal nvestgaton and class- fcaton. An addtonal aspect s the equppng of the event-strat- graphcal schemes wth a revsed and unambguous nomenclature and termnology.

Possbltes for further refnement of the tmng of the nterpreted palaeoclmatc events durng the Mddle Plestocene le n new evdence and technques. They comprse the recognton of bound- ares at clearly defned horzons from both the MIS and the ter- restral stratgraphes. Although t s well known that the terrestral equvalents of the global scale deglacaton ntervals n the MIS are tme-transgressve wthn a range of thousands of years, reduc- ton of the dachronty of the boundary levels may be acheved by research on the varous ‘lag’ tmes of the geologcal and ecolog- cal responses of clmatc change. To acheve ths, local detaled records are essental for the tmng of the perods ntermedate of the large-scale events. New hgh-resoluton nformaton can be embedded/ntegrated as reference records n the terrestral schemes wth regard to local varablty of clmatc change and neotectoncs whch can then be equated wth the global scale of the marne sotope record.

1 _{This, otherwise, had for long been a well understood reality.}

2 _{With the exception of the marine Noordbergum (= Cromerian IV)} intercalation of which the stratigraphical position is unclear. 3 _{Chronometric controls of the Laurentide Wisconsin glacial deposits in}

the USA indicate glacial advances during the time periods represented by the MIS 4 and MIS 2, as recorded by the southernmost extensions of end-morainesat various locations ranging between about 65-79 ka respectively 22-14 ka BP (Richmond & Fullerton 1986).

4 _{Boundaries between thick loess beds and palaeosol complexes based} by a B-horizon.

5 _{And consequently for the absolute ages of many early Palaeolithic} levels.

6 _{Or ‘sub-subseries’.} 7 _{Of Matuyama age.}

The stratgraphcal evdence and nformaton nvolved n ths the- ss covers the publshed lterature for the perod untl September 2005, when the manuscrpt was submtted for publcaton and publc examnaton. New evdence, such as the dscovery of flnt artefacts wthn the Cromer Forest-bed-Formaton at Pakefeld n Norfolk (England), s not ncluded (Parftt et al. 2005)1_{. The fnd-}

ngs of Palaeolthc materal wthn warm-stage deposts contan- ng Mimomys savini s the frst of such knd n northern Europe. It mples that the earlest human occupaton of northern Europe al- ready would have taken place durng the frst substage (e) of MIS 15, or even durng a warm sotope stage pror to MIS 16, centered at around 600 ka.

The flnts artefacts at Pakefeld are found n organc fne-graned channel fll and overbank deposts that are ncsed nto marne, estuarne and fluval sedments. These warm-stage deposts are unconformably overlan by glacofluval deposts (Corton Sands) and the Lowestoft Tll synthem of Anglan (= MIS 12) age. They were orgnally correlated wth smlar deposts of the Cromeran stratotype at West Runton, 60 km to the northeast, on the bass of the occurrence of Mimomys savini, palynology and malacology. The authors assume that both stes are close n age, also confrmed by AAR evdence, and suggest an early Mddle Plestocene age. It s the specal combnaton of Mimomys savini wth the occurrence of large mammals such as Hippopotamus amphibius, Megaloceros dawkinsi and Palaeoloxodon antiquus that dstngushes the Pake- feld sequence from that of West Runton, lackng these large mammals. The authors propose an older age for the Pakefeld se- quence and hence an earler presence of humans, .e. before MIS 16. Ther arguments are the occurrence of Mimomys pusillus, whch ndcates a pre-Donan age, and a new lthostratgraphcal

e

nterpretaton of the overlyng sedmentary sequence suggestng evdence for a glacaton cycle concdng wth MIS 16.

The marne sedments overlyng the warm-stage sedments at West Runton, noted n ths thess, are thought to reflect a marne transgressonal cycle n the Anglo-Dutch North Sea type regon equvalent to MIS 13 or MIS 15 substage a. They do not contan Mimomys savini and post-date the Pakefeld warm-stage sed- ments (Gbbard et al. 1991). The last appearance date of Mimomys savini would then just have overlapped the presence of Hippopot- amus and Palaeoloxodon antiquus n the Pakefeld sequence. The opton that the Pakefeld flnts date from MIS 15 (substage e) can- not be excluded therefore. The precse stratgraphcal poston of both warm-stage sequences, however, remans unclear as yet. Notwthstandng, the fndngs of flnt artefacts at Pakefeld n warm-stage deposts contanng Mimomys savini does not neces- sarly contradct the concluson made n ths thess that there s no sound evdence of early human occupaton before c. 600,000 years ago. At least they confrm the proposed lowerng of the age bound- ary for the ‘short chronology’ theory (sensu Roebroeks & Van Kolfschoten 1995) from 500,000 to 600,000 years ago.

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