Variante del modelo de Palmer

All claims against a household held by others are considered as the liabilities of the household. Thus, all loans and dues payable by the household to others, irrespective of whether they are cash loans or kind loans, are deemed as liabilities of the household. It includes dues of households arising out of ‘trader’s credit’, viz., credit offered by a trader in anticipation that the borrower – cultivator will sell his crops to him. Dues payable on account of unpaid bills of grocers, doctors, lawyers, etc. also constitute liabilities of the household.

9.5.1.1 CASH LOANS

All loans taken in cash are considered as cash loans payable, irrespective of whether those loans are repaid or proposed to be repaid in cash or in kind. Interest-free loans taken from relatives and friends for a short period are also considered as cash loans. Dues payable by the household owning to the purchase of goods under hire- purchase scheme are treated as cash loans. In the Debt and Investment Survey for the 48th and 37th rounds, loans taken in kind, for which the cash value of the commodity is noted as the contracted amount, were also treated as cash loans. However, in these two rounds, for operational convenience, unsecured small cash loans, taken for a short period, were not considered if the amount of such cash loans was less than Rs. 100 (Rs. One hundred only) and they remained unpaid for less than 3 months (for 37th Round) or for less than 1 month (for 48th round).

[Rounds 48, 37 and 26]

9.5.1.2 KIND LOANS

All loans taken in kind irrespective of whether those are already repaid or yet to be repaid in cash or in kind are considered as kind loans. Cases of hire-purchase are, however, excluded. Borrowings in kind are evaluated at the retail prices current in the local market. However, in the Debt and Investment Survey for the 48th and 37th rounds, some loans taken in kind (see above under ‘cash loans’) were not considered as ‘kind loans’. Moreover, for operational convenience, unsecured small kind loans, taken for a short period, were not considered if the quantity was less than 10 kg for grain and other commodity.

[Rounds 48, 37 and 26]

9.5.1.3 OTHER LIABILITIES

Other liabilities comprise all kind loans payable and also all liabilities arising out of purchase of goods and services taken from doctors, lawyers, etc. Similarly, outstanding taxes, rent payable to Government, other public bodies, landlords, etc. are included under ‘other liabilities’ Trade debt arising out of the commercial transactions of the household is also included under ‘other liabilities’. The household may be taking goods from grocers, milkmen, etc. on credit and making payment at frequent intervals. All dues payable by the household are considered as ‘other liabilities’, if it is not repaid within the due dates.

[Rounds 48] In the Debt and Investment Surveys for the 26th and 37th rounds, such liabilities were considered under ‘cash loans’.

Normally, in the NSS Surveys on Indebtedness, the amount of debt incurred during the period of one year, the debt outstanding at the beginning of the reference year, all the loan transactions carried out during the reference year and also the amount of loan outstanding on the date of enquiry, are collected.

9.5.2.1 HOUSEHOLD INDEBTEDNESS

A household is considered to be indebted if it has some debt outstanding against any loan incurred by it as on the date of reference. Loans include borrowings in cash and / or kind as well as credit purchase evaluated at retail prices current in the local market.

[Rounds 44, 43, 38, 37, 32, 29, 26 & 8] However, only cash loans were taken to measure indebtedness of households in NSS 48th _round.

9.5.3 NATURE / TYPE OF LOAN

There are four categories of ‘Nature of loan’, namely, (i) hereditary loan, (ii) loan contracted in cash, (iii) loan contracted in kind, and (iv) loan contracted partly in cash and partly in kind.

[Rounds 43, 38 and 32] In the 26th_{, 37}th _{and 48}th _{rounds for the Debt and Investment Surveys, the term}

‘type of loan’ was used to indicate the stipulated period of repayment under the heads ‘short term’, ‘medium term’ and ‘long term’, with respective stipulated period of recovery as less than 12 months, 1 year to 3 years and exceeding 3 years. Short-term loans are sometimes given by marketing co-operative society against the pledge of commodities lodged with them. Accordingly, short-term loans were bifurcated into two categories, namely, short-term pledged and short-term non-pledged, in these three rounds.

[Rounds 48, 37 and 26]

9.5.4 SOURCE OF LOAN / CREDIT AGENCY

The agency from which the loan has been contracted. Eight types of sources have been specified, namely, (i) government, (ii) co-operative society, (iii) bank, (iv) employer, (v) money lender, (vi) relatives and friends, (vii) shopkeeper, and (viii) others. Life Insurance Corporation is considered as a ‘government source’.

[Rounds 43, 38 and 32] In the Debt & Investment Survey of 37th and 26th rounds, types of sources were split up into eleven groups, namely, (i) government, (ii) co-operative society and bank, (iii) commercial bank, (iv) insurance, (v) provident fund, (vi) landlord, (vii) agricultural money lender, (viii) professional money lender, (ix) traders, (x) relatives and friends, and (xi) others. In the Debt & Investment Survey of 48th _{round, two additional credit}

agencies, namely, ‘other institutional agencies’ and ‘doctors, lawyers and other professionals’ were included, besides the category of ‘non-institutional agencies’.

9.5.5 SCHEME OF LENDING

Sometimes, institutional credit agencies advance loans under various programmes or schemes for development of particular community, area, industry, etc. The schemes considered for the survey are – (i) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), (ii) Differential rates of interest (DRI), (iii) Self-employment scheme for educated unemployed youth, (iv) Self-employment programme for urban youth, (v) Financial assistance to ex-servicemen for self-employment, (vi) Advances to minority communities, (vii) Employment guarantee scheme (EGS), and (viii) other schemes.

The loans advanced by non-institutional credit agencies are considered as ‘not covered under any scheme’.

[Round 48]

9.5.6 PURPOSE OF LOAN

Purpose of taking a loan by a household is defined as the occasion in connection with which it becomes necessary for a household to contract a loan. Even if the loan amount is utilized for a purpose other than that for which it has been taken, the original purpose of borrowing is considered. If a particular loan is taken to meet more than one purpose, the purpose for which the largest part of the loan is originally intended to be spent is considered. The categories of purpose of loan have been different for different enquiries and also for different rounds.

[Round 48, 44, 43, 38, 37, 32 & 26]

9.5.7 TYPE OF SECURITY

Loans outstanding may have been secured in some way. These could be: (i) personal security, (ii) surety security or guarantee by third party, (iii) crop, (iv) first charge on immovable property, (v) mortgage of immovable property, (vi) bullion, ornaments, (vii) share of companies, govt. securities and insurance policies, (viii) agricultural commodities, (ix) movable property other than bullion, share, securities and agricultural commodities, (x) other type of security.

First charge on immovable property was defined as the charge on the immovable property created by the first mortgage when where are more than one mortgages for the same immovable property. In such cases, the liability of any mortgages cannot be cleared unless the liabilities of all the previous mortgages are cleared.

In the 37th _{and 26}th _{rounds for the Debt and Investment Survey, another}

category, viz., ‘no security’ was made mainly to cover hand loans taken from relatives and friends, as distinct from loans against ‘personal security’.

9.5.8 TYPE OF MORTGAGE

Some loans are secured by mortgage of immovable property. The various types of mortgage could be (i) simple mortgage, (ii) usufructuary mortgage, (iii) mortgage by conditional sale and (iv) other type of mortgages. The first three types are explained below:

(i) Simple Mortgage: Where the mortgagor (i.e., the person who mortgaged the property) retains ownership and possession of the property mortgaged.

(ii) Usufructuary Mortgage: Where ownership of the property remains with the mortgagor but the possession vests on the mortgagee. In such cases, income from the property accrues to the mortgagee and the mortgage is terminated as soon as the full amount is realized.

(iii) Mortgage by Conditional Sale: Where the mortgagee has the ownership and possession of the property and a sale deed is executed and the property is returnable to the mortgagor only on termination of the mortgage.

ANNEXURE 1

SUBJECTS COVERED IN DIFFERENT ROUNDS OF NATIONAL