a. Name two plants or trees found on river banks.
b. Why is there a large variety of plants on river banks?
c. What are dams for?
d. Are reservoirs natural or man-made lakes?
e. What kind of water is found in a reservoir?
f. Name one use of water from a reservoir.
g. Is water in lakes still or flowing?
h. What is a small lake called?
Look at the photograph. Write about the features you can see in the landscape.
12
13 Use the diagram of the course of a river to complete the crossword.
10
Write upper course, middle course or lower course.
a. Here the river is wide and flows slowly. It is near the mouth of the river.
b. This is near the source where the river is narrow. The river flows through the mountains.
It flows very fast.
c. Here the river flows through the plains. It has a lot of water and flows slowly.
11
10
L
S M T
R S
Write upper course, middle course and lower course on the diagram.
2
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63
Match the words to the photographs. Then, answer the questions.
lake reservoir
river banks
a. Name two plants or trees found on river banks.
b. Why is there a large variety of plants on river banks?
c. What are dams for?
d. Are reservoirs natural or man-made lakes?
e. What kind of water is found in a reservoir?
f. Name one use of water from a reservoir.
g. Is water in lakes still or flowing?
h. What is a small lake called?
Look at the photograph. Write about the features you can see in the landscape.
12
13
A B C
M. A. poplar trees and reeds The soil is very fertile.
To stop the flow of river water to create reservoirs.
man-made lakes fresh water
M. A. drinking water Water in lakes is still.
A small lake is called a pond.
M. A. In the picture I can see a beach, a bay, mountains and the sea. There are lots of houses and buildings on the coast. There is a lot of vegetation.
64
sixty-four11
Unit
Look at the picture. Write about the characteristics of villages.
Houses:
Main square:
Streets:
Population:
Jobs:
Read the sentences about mountain villages. Circle the correct answers.
a. Mountain villages are built on mountain slopes or in valleys / in the suburbs.
b. Houses in mountain villages are different from / the same as those on the coast.
c. The walls are thin / thick to keep out the cold.
d. They have sloping / flat roofs so that the snow falls off.
e. The streets in mountain villages are steep and very wide / narrow.
Imagine you live in a mountain village.
Draw your house.
1
2
Imagine you are on holiday in a coastal village. Write a postcard to your best friend, describing the village.
Draw and label two more sports which are typical of rural tourism.
Which is your favourite sport? Why?
3
4
O. A.
M. A.
The houses are low and only have one or two floors.
The important buildings, for example the church, are there.
They are short and narrow. They lead to the main square.
There are not many houses so the population is small.
There are farms so people work in farming.
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65
Imagine you are on holiday in a coastal village. Write a postcard to your best friend, describing the village.
Draw and label two more sports which are typical of rural tourism.
Which is your favourite sport? Why?
3
4
horse riding
O. A.
O. A.
O. A.
O. A.
66
sixty-sixLabel the professions. Match them to the villages.
Use these words to write sentences about the two villages.
tourists
fertile
beaches
farms
fishing
flat Village A
Village B
Circle the correct words about housing estates.
Housing estates are usually inside / outside village centres.
They are groups of houses that look very similar / different.
5
6
11
Read the text. Use the information to draw your own city.
The buildings in cities are very tall. Many of them have ten floors or more. As well as flats, the buildings contain offices, shops and banks. The streets are very long and wide, with lots of traffic. Many people travel around using public transport, including taxis and buses. There are lots of cars on the roads. The population of cities is very large, so there are a lot of services, such as universities, schools, hospitals, museums and sports centres.
Write the advantages and disadvantages of living in a city.
7
8 A
B
fisherman farmer
is a coastal village. There is high land. Fishing is important in this village, and
is a village on the plains. The land is flat and fertile, and there are farms.
many people who live here are fishermen. Tourists visit this village.
There are lots of houses and a castle. Tourists visit this village too.
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67
Read the text. Use the information to draw your own city.
The buildings in cities are very tall. Many of them have ten floors or more. As well as flats, the buildings contain offices, shops and banks. The streets are very long and wide, with lots of traffic. Many people travel around using public transport, including taxis and buses. There are lots of cars on the roads. The population of cities is very large, so there are a lot of services, such as universities, schools, hospitals, museums and sports centres.
Write the advantages and disadvantages of living in a city.
7
8
Advantages Disadvantages
Lots of services
farmer O. A.
Lots of jobs
Lots of things to do and see Good public transport
More schools and hospitals
Lots of noise Lots of pollution Lots of traffic Not much space Very busy
68
sixty-eightRead and draw the missing symbols on the map. Write the square references.
Match the parts of the city to the picture. Then, circle the correct words. 12 historic centre
modern district
suburbs
a. The historic centre has narrow / wide streets and the buildings are modern / historic.
b. The modern district has wide / narrow streets and the buildings are low / tall.
c. The suburbs contain shopping centres and industrial estates / churches and cathedrals.
Which part of the city do you go to?
a. You want to visit a cathedral.
b. You want to visit your friend who lives in a flat in a tall building.
c. You want to go to a shopping centre.
Look at the pictures. Write village or city.
9
10
11
11
A B C D E
historic centre
modern district suburbs
village city city village city
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69
Read and draw the missing symbols on the map. Write the square references.
12
The university is in square .
The sports centre is in square .
The hospital is in square .
The car park is in square .
Every evening, we go to visit my grandad in hospital. There is never any space in the hospital car park, so our Mum parks in the car
park on Cambridge Street, opposite the theatre.
I play basketball in the sports centre. My Dad takes me by car. It is in the city centre, next to
the modern art museum.
I study at St. Mary’s University. It is in the historic part of town, opposite
the cathedral. I go with my brother. We get there
70
seventyMatch the types of crops to the definitions. Write examples in the chart.
a. Food crops Crop farmers grow plants to be transformed into other products in factories.
b. Industrial crops Crop farmers grow plants for food.
Food crops Industrial crops
Match the sentence halves about cultivation. Then, label the pictures A – E.
a. The farmer ploughs the plants with pesticides.
b. The farmer waters the seeds.
c. The farmer sows the crops when they are ripe.
d. The farmer sprays the fields to turn the soil.
e. The farmer harvests the soil and fertilises it.
What is organic farming?
1
2
Look at the photographs. Write dry crops or irrigation. Match them to the definitions.
Classify the crops.
How do tractors and greenhouses make work easier for farmers? Write sentences.
a.
b. 3
4
5
12
Unit
vegetables cereals fruit
sugar beets cotton wheat
B A
E C
D M. A.
Farms that do not use any chemical products.
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71
Look at the photographs. Write dry crops or irrigation. Match them to the definitions.
Classify the crops.
grapevines vegetables wheat barley rice corn oats fruit
DRY FARMING IRRIGATION
How do tractors and greenhouses make work easier for farmers? Write sentences.
a.
b.
3
4
5
The method of growing crops in dry areas. They do not need a lot of water.
Watering plants with water from rivers or lakes, using irrigation channels or sprinklers.
A
B irrigation
dry crops
grapevines
barley
vegetables
corn wheat
oats
rice
fruit
Tractors help farmers save time and energy.
They are used for many things, including adding fertiliser.
Farmers grow crops in greenhouses. Greenhouses allow farmers to control the amount of water, temperature and light.
M. A.
72
seventy-twoWrite coastal fishing, deep-sea fishing or fish farm.
a. Fishermen fish near the coast.
Label the photographs underground mining and open mining. Use the words to complete the texts.
Miners extract minerals from . These are large, open
on the land. The minerals are near the of the Earth.
Miners work in underground mines when are deep beneath
the Earth. They dig deep below the surface of the Earth and use to go up and down.
Circle four things that miners extract from beneath the ground.
8
9
10
12
Match the photographs to the livestock. Then, write examples of products they provide for us.
poultry
pigs
sheep
cattle
Name three jobs that stockbreeders use machines for.
Look at the photographs. Write I (intensive farming) or F (free-range farming).
6
feeding their animals, milking their animals, cleaning barns and pens
I
seventy-three
73
Write coastal fishing, deep-sea fishing or fish farm.
a. Fishermen fish near the coast.
Label the photographs underground mining and open mining. Use the words to complete the texts.
on the land. The minerals are near the of the Earth.
tunnels
lifts
minerals Miners work in underground mines when are deep beneath
the Earth. They dig deep below the surface of the Earth and use to go up and down.
Circle four things that miners extract from beneath the ground.
gold wheat coal stone wood silver silk cotton
8
74
seventy-fourMatch the raw materials to the manufactured products.
Which industry produces these products? Write P (primary), C (consumer) or T (technological).
a. steel c. jeans e. MP3 players
b. cars d. computers f. cement
Write one other thing produced by each industry.
Primary Technological
Consumer
Look at the photographs. Read the sentences and circle the correct words.
a. Smoke from factories can contaminate the water / air.
b. Lorries transport factory products to parks / markets.
c. Waste from factories can contaminate the water / products.
d. Industrial estates are usually outside / inside cities.
13
14
15 Circle the words related to forestry. Then, use these words to complete the sentences.
F is obtaining wood and looking after the natural resources in forests.
A l is a person who cuts down trees.
T is wood from trees that have been cut down. It is used in building and making furniture.
This wood is transported to
a f where is it cut up.
Read the sentences about making jam. Match them to the pictures.
A Strawberries are collected from the field.
B Lorries transport the strawberries to the factory.
C The strawberries are made into jam.
D On the assembly line, factory workers check the jam jars.
E On the assembly line, the jam jars are put into boxes.
F The manufactured product is ready for the shops.
11
seventy-five
75
Match the raw materials to the manufactured products.
Which industry produces these products? Write P (primary), C (consumer) or T (technological).
a. steel c. jeans e. MP3 players
b. cars d. computers f. cement
Write one other thing produced by each industry.
Primary Technological
Consumer
Look at the photographs. Read the sentences and circle the correct words.
a. Smoke from factories can contaminate the water / air.
b. Lorries transport factory products to parks / markets.
c. Waste from factories can contaminate the water / products.
d. Industrial estates are usually outside / inside cities.
13
14
15
P C
C T
T P M. A.
fabrics shoes
mobile phones
76
seventy-sixWrite the jobs. Then, tick the people who work in services.
Write Public or Private.
a. services are provided by the government.
b. services are provided by individuals or private companies.
Circle the correct answers.
a. Chloe is a dentist. She provides a health / transport service. She has three dental surgeries, one in Madrid, one in San Sebastian and one in Barcelona.
People pay to go to her clinic. She provides a public / private service.
b. Pauline works for the National History Museum in London. It is owned by the government. She provides a private / public service. She organises all the cultural activities related to the museum. She provides a sporting / cultural service.
c. Mariano is a receptionist in a hotel in London. He provides a private / public service.
He helps the guests check in and makes sure they enjoy their holiday. He works in cultural / tourism services.
1
2
3
Classify the jobs. Then, write one more job for each service.
Complete the text about tourism, recreational and health services. Then, use the key to circle the services.
My parents booked the holiday on the Internet, on the travel agency website. We are staying
in a big . I like the Italian in the town. It has great pizzas.
There are lots of activities organised for families and their children at the . I love
swimming. At the there is a big pool with slides as well as lots of rollercoasters. There is also a in case anyone has an accident!
Tourism Recreational and sports Health
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77
Classify the jobs. Then, write one more job for each service.
bus driver museum guide hotel receptionist university professor librarian radio presenter head teacher newspaper reporter pilot travel agent
Communications
Complete the text about tourism, recreational and health services. Then, use the key to circle the services. My parents booked the holiday on the Internet, on the
travel agency website. We are staying in a big . I like the Italian in the town. It has great pizzas.
There are lots of activities organised for families and their children at the . I love
swimming. At the there is a big pool with slides as well as lots of rollercoasters. There is also a in case anyone has an accident!
Key Tourism Recreational and sports Health
78
seventy-eightSally’s new bike is broken. Her father tells her about consumer rights. Unscramble and write.
a.
.
b.
.
Complete the sentences.
a. Wholesalers sell products to R . b. Cash or cards are forms of P .
c. We buy things in shops or on the I .
d. We can use C to pay for things in shops and on the Internet, and to take money out of the bank.
e. B N are paper money.
f. We take money out at a C P . Use the colour key to find the mystery word.
is shopping on the Internet.
What are some of the advantages of shopping on the Internet?
8
9
10 These people work in trade. Match the words to the definitions.
wholesalers and sell them to retailers.
e. are traders who buy products from wholesalers and sell them to consumers.
How does yoghurt get from the producer to the consumer? Look at the pictures and put the sentences in order.
The yoghurt is taken from the factory to the wholesaler by lorry.
1 Farmers get milk from the cows.
The milk is made into yoghurt in the factory.
Smaller amounts of yoghurt are taken from the wholesaler to the retailers:
supermarkets, small shops and markets.
The milk is transported by lorry to the yoghurt factory.
6
seventy-nine
79
Sally’s new bike is broken. Her father tells her about consumer rights. Unscramble and write.
a. product of good be and safe must quality The
.
b. The must price be fair
.
Complete the sentences.
a. Wholesalers sell products to R . b. Cash or cards are forms of P .
c. We buy things in shops or on the I .
d. We can use C C to pay for things in shops and on the Internet, and to take money out of the bank.
e. B N are paper money.
f. We take money out at a C P . Use the colour key to find the mystery word.
is shopping on the Internet.
What are some of the advantages of shopping on the Internet?
8
9
10
The product must be safe and of good quality
M. A. It allows people to shop from home, so people who do not have much time or cannot walk well can shop easily. You can also compare prices easily. You can buy things from other countries.
The price must be fair
E T A I L E R S A Y M E N T
N T E R N E T A R D S
R E D I T
O T E S A N K
A S H O I N T S
C O M M E R C E E L E C T R O N I C
80
eightyMatch the sentence halves.
a.
b.
Draw two means of communication in each screen.
What means of communication do you use every day?
Put the sentences about communications satellites in order.
Telephones, radios and television use communications satellites to send and receive sound and images.
The sounds and image signals are captured by communications satellites.
People watch the football match on television in England.
The cameramen film the football match in Spain.
The communications satellites send these signals to England.
13
14
15
16
13
Read, circle the correct answers, then draw.
a. Eddy lives on the island. He goes to school by bicycle. This is public / private transport.
b. Michael lives on the mainland. He goes to school by bus. This is public / private transport.
c. How can people and products reach the island? Draw two possible means of transport on the picture.
Complete the texts about means of transport.
a. roads
M. A. drawings of an aeroplane and a boat
private
eighty-one
81
Match the sentence halves.
a. Personal communication sends information to many people at the same time.
b. The media sends information to one person or a few people.
Draw two means of communication in each screen.
What means of communication do you use every day?
Put the sentences about communications satellites in order.
Telephones, radios and television use communications satellites to send and receive sound and images.
The sounds and image signals are captured by communications satellites.
People watch the football match on television in England.
1 The cameramen film the football match in Spain.
The communications satellites send these signals to England.
13
14
15
16
Personal communication The media
O. A.
O. A. O. A.
2 4
3
82
eighty-twoMake sentences about town councils. Write the sentences.
a. b. c.
Complete the text about local elections.
Citizens local councillors every years. You must be 18 years old or over to . The people who want to be elected are called . They present an which explains what they will do if they are elected. The new councillors then elect one person to become the . Imagine you want to be elected as mayor. Write two things you will do on your manifesto.
Then, draw one of your suggestions.
3
4
5 Look at the pictures. Write which municipal services can solve each problem.
Which services need to improve where you live?
We need to improve because
1
2
14
Unit
Some of the lights in my street are broken.
We have been waiting in the hospital for 3 hours because
there are not enough doctors.
The rubbish has not been collected
for a week.
A
B
C
O. A.
Street lighting services can solve this problem.
Rubbish collection services can solve this problem.
Health services can solve this problem.
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83
Make sentences about town councils. Write the sentences.
a. The mayor make decisions in the mayor and the councillors.
b. The local council is the head of the local council.
b. The local council is the head of the local council.