Ventajas y desventajas de la utilización de los medios audiovisuales

Web Publishing Policy (continued)

Appendix

Glossary

AI (Adobe Illustrator): A vector graphics file created in Adobe Illustrator that can be can be scaled up indefinitely. Ascender: in typography, the parts of lowercase letters that rise above the x-height of the font, e.g. b, d, f, h, k, I, and t. Bleed: an element that extends to the edge of the page. To print a bleed, the publication is printed on oversized paper then trimmed to the correct size.

Block quote: a long quotation, four or more lines, within body text, that is set apart in order to clearly distinguish the author’s words from the words that the author is quoting.

Body type (roman aka normal, plain, or book): type used for long passages of text, such a stories in a newsletter, magazine, or chapters in a book. Generally sized from 9 point to 14 point.

Baseline: in typography, the imaginary horizontal line upon which the main body of the type sits. Rounded letters actu- ally dip slightly below the baseline to give optical balance.

Bevel: Adding a “beveled” effect to a graphic image gives the image a raised appearance by applying highlight colors and shadow colors to the inside and outside edges.

Callout: an explanatory label for an illustration, often drawn with a leader line pointing to a part of the illustration. Camera-ready copy: final publication material that is ready to be made into a negative for a printing plate. May be a computer file or actual print and images on a board.

Caption: an identification (title) for an illustration, usually a brief phrase. The caption should also support the other content.

Character: any letter, figure, punctuation, symbol, or space

Clip art: ready-made artwork sold or distributed for clipping and pasting into publications. Available in hard-copy books, and in electronic form, such as files on disk.

Condensed font: a font in which the set-widths of the characters are narrower than in the standard typeface. (Note: not the inter-character space—that is accomplished through tracking).

Continuous-tone: artwork that contains gradations of gray, as opposed to black-and-white line art. Photographs and some drawings, like charcoal or watercolor, require treatment as continuous-tone art.

Copy: generally refers to text—typewritten pages, word-processing files, typeset galleys, or pages—although sometimes refers to all source materials (text and graphics) used in a publication.

Copyfitting: the fitting of a variable amount of copy within a specific and fixed amount of space. Crop marks: horizontal and vertical lines that indicate the edge of the printed piece.

Dingbat or Wingding typeface: a typeface made up of non alphabetic marker characters, such as arrows, asterisks, and encircled numbers.

Display type: large and/or decorative type used for headlines and as graphic elements in display pieces. Common sizes are 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, and 72 point.

DPI (dots per inch): unit of measurement used to describe the resolution of printed output. The more dots per inch, the more detailed an image will be. The most common inkjet printers output a 150 dpi. Professional printers output at 300-600 dpi. Image setters output at 1270-2540 dpi.

Drop shadow: those shadows dropping below text or images giving the illusion of shadows from lighting and a 3D effect to the object.

Duotone: a halftone image printed with two colors, one dark and the other light. The same photograph is halftoned twice, using the same screen at two different angles. Combining the two improves the detail and contrast.

EPS (Encapsulated PostScript): self-contained, predictable PostScript documents that describe an image or drawing, that can be placed within another PostScript document. EPS files are often known as “vector” and can be scaled up indefinitely.

Em space: a space as wide as the point size of the type. This measurement is relative; in 12-point type an em space is 12 points wide, but in 24-point type an em space is 24 points wide.

Emboss: embossing a graphic image adds dimension to it by making the image appear as if it were carved as a projec- tion from a flat background.

En space: a space half as wide as the type is high (half an em space)

Export: exporting allows the user to save the file in a different format to be opened in other programs.

Font: a set of characters in a specific typeface, at a specific point size, and in a specific style. “12-point Times Bold” is a font: the typeface Times, at 12-point size, in the bold style. Hence “12-point Times Italic” and “10-point Times Bold” are different fonts.

Four-color process: printing process that reproduces colors by combining, cyan, magenta, yellow and black. If you look through a magnifying glass, you’ll see that the printed image consists of dots in these four colors. These dots are printed on top of each other, next to each other or close to each other, depending on the color and tonal values wanted. GIF (Graphic Interchange format): GIF images display up to 256 colors. GIF images generally have very small file sizes and are the most widely used graphic format on the web. The low quality resulting from compression makes them unsuitable for professional printing.

Gradient: a function in graphic software that allows the user to fill an object/image with a smooth transition of colors, for example: a dark blue, gradually becoming lighter or red, gradually becoming orange, then yellow.

Gray-scale image: a “deep” bitmap that records with each dot its gray-scale level. The impression of graininess is a function of the size of the dot; a group of large dots looks dark and a group of small dots looks light.

Halftone: in traditional publishing, a continuous-tone image photographed through a screen in order to create small dots of varying sizes that can be reproduced on a printing press. Digital halftones are produced by sampling a continu- ous-tone image and assigning different numbers of dots, which simulate different sized dots, for the same effect.

Halftone screen: in traditional publishing, the screen through which a continuous-tone image is photographed, mea- sured in lines per inch. Although digital halftones are not actually photographed through a screen, the term is still used to describe the size of the dots; the larger the dots (fewer lines per inch), the more grainy the image. Special screens can be used for special effects.

Hex color: refers to a color in the web-safe palette. Regardless of the website, Hex-colors are web-specific colors that assure consistency regardless of computer or monitor used.

Image area: the area on a page within which copy is positioned; determined by the printing margins.

Italic: any slanted or leaning letter designed to complement or be compatible with a companion roman typeface. JPEG (Joint Photographic Electronic Group): a common compression method that shrinks a file’s storage size by discarding non-important picture detail. Excessive jpeg compression can cause poor image quality.

Leading: (pronounced “led-ding”) the space between lines of type, traditionally measured baseline-to-baseline, in points. Text type is generally set with one or two points of leading; for example, 10-point type with 2 points of leading. This is described as 10/12, read “ten on twelve.”

Ligature: in typography, characters that are bound to each other, such as “oe” and “ae.” In professional typefaces, the lowercase “f” is also often set as a ligature in combination with other characters such as “fi” and “fl.”

Light (font): a font that is lighter than the roman (normal, plain, or book) version of the typeface.

Line art: black-and-white artwork with no gray areas. Pen-and-ink drawings are line art, and most graphic images produced with desktop publishing graphics programs can be treated as line art. For printing purposes, positive half- tones can be handled as line art.

Logotype: a symbol, mark, or identifying name.

Low-resolution image: a low-resolution image is a low-detail scan made from, for example a printed photograph. Moiré patterns: (pronounced “mo-ray”) irregular plaid-like patterns that occur when a bit-mapped image is reduced, enlarged, displayed, or printed at a resolution different from the resolution of the original.

Negative space: in design, the space where the figure isn’t; in artwork, usually the background; and in a publication, the parts of the page not occupied by type or graphics.

Pantone® Matching System: the Pantone® Matching System is used for specifying and blending match colors. PMS® (Pantone Matching System): a standard color-matching system used by printers and graphic designers for inks, papers, and other materials. A PMS® color is a standard color defined by percentage mixtures of different primary inks.

Pica: a measurement used in typography for column widths and other space specifications in a page layout. There are 12 points in a pica, and approximately 6 picas to an inch.

Pixel (picture element): the smallest unit that a device can address. Most often referring to display monitors, a

Point: a measurement used in typography for type size, leading, and other space specifications in a page layout. There are 12 points in a pica, and approximately 70 points to an inch.

Process color separation: in commercial printing, used for reproduction of color photographs. The various hues are created by superimposition of halftone dots of the process colors: cyan (a greenish blue), magenta (a purplish red), yellow, and black.

Ragged right alignment: type set so that the extra white space in a line is set at the right, giving the text a ragged margin. Usually set with flush left.

Rastorized: a term used in design to describe an image that has been converted from a vector image to a pixilated image. Pixilated image files take up less space than vector images. However, they cannot be resized to larger dimen- sions without loss of resolution.

Resolution: the crispness of detail or fineness of grain in an image. Screen resolution is measured in dots by lines (for example, 640 x 350); printer resolution is measured in dpi (dots per inch).

Reversed-out: white or light-colored type of images on a dark background.

Right-justified alignment: type set so that the text runs flush on the right margin as well as on the left margin; the extra white space is distributed between words and sometimes between characters on the line.

Roman type: book weight, regular, or in desktop publishing systems, called plain or normal type—used for the body type in a text-intensive publication.

Rule (ruling line): a geometric line used as a graphic enhancement in page assembly. The term is used to distinguish ruling lines from a line of type.

Sans serif typeface: a typeface that has no serifs, such as Helvetica or Swiss. The stroke weight is usually uniform and the stress oblique, though there are exceptions.

Scaling: reduction or enlargement of artwork, which can be proportional (most frequently) or disproportional. In desk- top publishing, optimal scaling of bitmaps is reduction or enlargement that will avoid or reduce moiré patterns. Screen (tint): in graphic arts, a uniform dotted fill pattern, described in percentage (for example, 50 percent screen). Script: connected, flowing letters resembling handwriting. Typically appears slanted.

Serif: in a typeface, a counterstroke on letter forms, projecting from the ends of the main strokes. For example, Times or Dutch are serifed typefaces. Some typefaces have no serifs; these typefaces are called sans serif.

Spot color: for offset printing, separation of solid premixed ink colors (for example, green, brown, light blue, etc.); used when the areas to be colored are not adjacent. Spot colors are generally referred to by their Pantone® Matching System corresponding number, EG: Berea Blue: PMS® 7462

Style sheet: in desktop publishing program, style sheets contain the typographic specifications to be associated with tagged text. They can be used to set up titles, headings, and the attributes of blocks of text, such as lists, tables, and text associated with illustrations. The use of style sheets is a fast and efficient way to ensure that all comparable elements are consistent.

Subscript: a character slightly smaller than the rest of the font, set below the baseline; used in chemical equations and as base denotation in math, and sometimes as the denominator of fractions.

Superscript: a character slightly smaller than the rest of the font, set above the baseline, used for footnote markers and sometimes as the numerator of fractions.

Template: in page design, a file with an associated style sheet with all standing and serial elements in place on a master or base page, used for publication following the same design.

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format): for digital halftones, a device-independent graphics file format. TIFF files can be used on IBM compatible or Macintosh computers, and may be output to PostScript printers.

Type alignment: the distribution of white space in a line of type where the characters at their normal set width do not fill the entire line length exactly. Type may be aligned left, right, centered, or right-justified.

Typeface: the set of characters created by a type designer, including uppercase and lowercase alphabetical characters, numbers, punctuation, and special characters. A single typeface contains many fonts, at different sizes and styles. Type families: a group of typefaces of the same basic design but with different weights and proportions.

Vector graphic: Vector graphics are drawn in paths. This allows the designer to resize images freely without getting pixelated edges as is the case with bitmapped images. The vector format is generally used in printing while the bitmap format is used for onscreen display. A vector image can be resized to larger proportions without the loss of resolution. White space: in designing publication, the areas where there is no text or graphics—essentially, the negative space of the page design.

x-height: the height of the lowercase “s”. Sometimes referred to as “body height”. More generally, the height of the lowercase letters.