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Appendix III: Elements of a crop gene pool specific conservation action plan

Introduction of the crop and description of the gene pool

 Significance of the crop

 Domestication

 Pedigree, genetic distance between obsolete varieties

 Current breeding activities

 List of species belonging to the gene pool

 Species distribution and reproduction biology

 Phylogeny of the species

 Ecogeographic patterns of genetic diversity

 Geographic origin of traits required for crop improvement

 Availability and access conditions, country-wise

A Genetic diversity of wild species managed in the natural habitat (in situ)

 Threat assessment according to IUCN criteria

 Global inventory of wild species occurrences

 Wild species occurrences within protected areas (species-wise inventory) B Genetic diversity of wild species and obsolete varieties in genebanks (ex situ)

 Global inventory of genebanks managing oat germplasm collection

 Representation of landraces and obsolete varieties held in collections as compared to published information on landraces and varieties

 Representation of occurrences of wild species held in collections in relation to the geographic distribution area (species-wise)

C Genetic diversity managed in breeding research and by plant breeders

 Global inventory of plant breeding research projects

 Global inventory of plant breeders producing D Genetic diversity deployed in crop production

 Global inventory of landraces (definition as proposed by the On-farm Conservation and Management task Force of the ECPGR, cited by Negri et al., 2009)

 Global number of varieties used in crop production

 Share of varieties in terms of total production area of the crop

The aim of a management programme is to develop a mitigation strategy comprising a binding action plan tailored to the specific situation of plants for food and agriculture concerned, and designed to ensure their sustainable use (Bratrich and Truffer, 2001). The scheme outlines an ideal situation. In reality it may not be possible to produce a fairly complete global inventory of landraces or a complete or up-to-date threat assessment for all wild species.Several elements of an action plan integrating the

ex situ, in situ and on-farm conservation techniques already exist and can be used as a base to develop the action plan further.

A)Bilz et al. (2011) provided a threat assessment for 13 out of 27 known Avena species. Germeier et al., 2012) developed the Population Level Information System. The Avena module contains data on individual plant occurrences and their location. Katsiotis and Ladizinsky (2012) recommended sites suited to maintain wild oat species in situ. The sites are documented in the Genetic Reserve Information System (GenResIS, http://www.agrobiodiversidad.org/aegro/). A global in situ

conservation strategy for oats as a complement to the Global Strategy for Conservation of Oats (Avena sp.) compiled by Germeier (2008) can be build on these works.

B)The latter contains elements of the introductory chapter listed above and includes a global inventory of genebanks managing oat germplasm collection. There is no information on the percentage of landraces and obsolete varieties in genebanks of all known landraces and obsolete varieties. According to EURISCO (2011) only 1% of all Avena accessions kept in European genebanks are wild species. Accessions of wild oat species are thus strongly underrepresented. C)Although breeding research and plant breeding manage genetic diversity their contribution to the

maintenance of genetic diversity is rarely assessed. The number of breeding research projects would be an indicator for increasing or decreasing public investments into a crop and intensity of breeding research. The number of plant breeders would be an indicator for the genetic differentiation between breeding pools.

D)On-farm conservation of landrace is a conservation technique and should not be understood as a different “better” type of breeding which should replace modern breeding, the basis of food security. The function of on-farm conservation is rather to maintain the full range of genetic diversity present in this material and the creation of new genetic variation. An inventory of landraces including participatory plant breeding projects would show to what extent this technique is contributing to the management of genetic diversity within the crop. The number of varieties and the share of varieties in the production indicate how much diversity is deployed in agriculture. Bonneuil et al. (2012) developed an indicator that takes account of varietal richness, evenness of spatial distribution, intra- and inter-varieties allelic diversity. Provided that data on all four categories are available, the effects of agro-environmental programmes targeting at the increase of genetic diversity in agricultural production systems can be assessed.