Abela, M. B. (1999). Hypnotherapy for Crohn's disease: a promising
complementary/alternative therapy. Integrative Medicine. 2(2/3). 127-31. Abstract: Crohn's disease is a nonspecific chronic syndrome of unknown origin for which, to date, no conventional (i. e., medical or surgical) cure exists. However, recent clinical case studies and anecdotal reports have shown that the use of different forms of hypnotherapy for the treatment of Crohn's have actually resulted in cures. This report reviews and compares the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the treatment of Crohn's disease vis-a-vis current medical and surgical therapies, in addition to reviewing evidence of the modulation of immune function parameters by hypnosis, while providing support for current etiological hypotheses of Crohn's disease as an autoimmune disorder.
Al Rubaie, T. (1999). The hypnotic treatment of depression. Alternative Health Practitioner. 5(2). 151-62. Abstract: The use of hypnosis in the treatment of depression is still a controversial matter. Most of the leading experts in the field of hypnosis have either totally ignored its usefulness in treating depressed patients or directly suggested that hypnosis is
contraindicated. This article endeavors to dispel the myth and misconceptions concerning the use of hypnosis in the treatment of depression and details the hypnotic techniques and strategies used in the treatment of depression which can be used in the context of a wide range of therapeutic approaches, be they analytical, behavioral, or cognitive. The article also stresses the importance of using these hypnotic techniques and strategies within a carefully structured, comprehensive therapy program, which is grounded in the scientific understanding of both depression and hypnosis as well as the appreciation of the uniqueness of the individual patient.
Ament, P. (1972). The legal status of hypnosis. The Journal of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine. 19(2). 62-8. Anderson, J. A., Basker, M. A. and Dalton, R. (1975). Migraine and hypnotherapy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 23(1). 48-58. Compared the treatment of migraine by hypnosis and autohypnosis with the treatment of migraine by the drug prochlorperazine. Results show that the number of attacks and the number who suffered blinding attacks were significantly lower for the group receiving hypnotherapy than for the group receiving prochlorperazine. For the group on hypnotherapy, these two measures were significantly lower when on hypnotherapy than when on previous treatment. It is concluded that further trials of hypnotherapy are justified against some other treatment not solely associated with the ingestion of tablets.
Ashton, C., Jr., Whitworth, G. C., Seldomridge, J. A. Shapiro, P. A., Weinberg, A. D.
Michler, R. E., Smith, C. R., Rose, E. A., Fisher, S. and Oz, M. C. (1997). Self-hypnosis reduces anxiety following coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. A controlled study of 32 coronary bypass patients showed that those taught
self-hypnosis pre-operatively were more relaxed after surgery and had less need for pain medication.
This study demonstrates the beneficial effects self-hypnosis relaxation techniques on patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
Barrios, A. A. (2001). A theory of hypnosis based on principles of conditioning and inhibition. Contemporary Hypnosis. 18(4). 163-203. Abstract: A theory of hypnosis based mainly on principles of conditioning and inhibition is proposed, covering the hypnotic induction process, hypnotic phenomena and post-hypnotic phenomena. The overall explanation presented is delineated in a set of three initial postulates and seven subsequent hypotheses. Hypnotic
Appendix B
induction is defined as the giving of a series of suggestions so that a positive response to a previous suggestion conditions the subject to respond more strongly to the next suggestion. This induction process is placed in a conditioning paradigm, with the condition stimulus (CS),
unconditioned stimulus (UCS), conditioned response (CR) and unconditioned response (UCR), trials and reinforcement clearly delineated. Summarized in brief, hypnotic induction is explained as the conditioning of an inhibitory set, a set which increases responsiveness to suggestion by inhibiting stimuli and thoughts which would contradict the suggested response. The various hypnotic and post-hypnotic phenomena are explained in terms of this set. Post-hypnotic behavior changes are further explained as produced through a process of higher order conditioning;
hypnosis facilitates such conditioning thanks to the inhibitory set which suppresses any
interfering stimuli. The theory may be broad enough to cover not only hypnosis but also related areas such as persuasion, the placebo effect and faith.
Bennett, H. L., Benson, D. R. and Kuiken, D. A. Anesthesiology. 65. A245.
Preoperative instruction for decreased bleeding during spine surgery spinal surgery patients who were given a preoperative suggestion to decrease blood loss at surgery had significantly less blood loss than a relaxation or a control group.
Bishay, E. G., Stevens, G., and Lee, C. (1984). Hypnotic control of upper
gastrointestinal hemorrhage. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 27(1). 22-25. Case report of a woman resuscitated from shock with a positive lavage on her way to endoscopy, whose bleeding apparently stopped with hypnosis--script given.
Breuer, W. C. (2000). The use of hypnosis in a primary care setting. CRNA: The Clinical Forum for Nurse Anesthetists. 11(4). 186-9. Abstract: An aware clinician using the modality of hypnosis either themselves or induced by a trained practitioner will find many indications on a daily basis. The application can be used for control of symptoms such as nausea or pain or, in the case of some clinical conditions, as a primary or adjunctive therapy. An
overview of the commonly occurring opportunities for the use of hypnosis is presented in this article.
Campbell, D. F., Dixon, J. K. Sanderford, L. D. and Denicola, M. A. (1984). Relaxation:
Its effect on the nutritional status and performance status of clients with cancer. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 84(2). 201-204. Research has shown relaxation to be an effective measure in relation to pain, hypertension, and other conditions. These preliminary results now suggest that relaxation may also be effective in treating the eating problems of the person with cancer, leading to improvement in weight and performance status. Can hypnosis and behavioral theory aid in smoking cessation? Original Study: Covino, N. A. and Bottari, M.
Hypnosis, behavioral theory, and smoking cessation. (2001). The Journal of Dental Education.
65. 340-7. Dental Abstracts. 46(6). 247.
Crowther, J. H. (1983). Stress management training and relaxation imagery in the treatment of essential hypertension. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 6(2). 169-187. Results indicated stress management plus relaxation imagery and relaxation imagery alone were
significantly more effective than blood pressure checks in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressures during treatment and in maintaining diastolic blood pressure reductions during follow-up. However, no significant differences were found between the two treatment procedures.
Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Appendix B
Culver, L. (1991). Hypnosis in dentistry. Dental Hygienist News. 4(3). 3-4. Dahlgren, L.
A., Kurtz, R. M., Strube, M. J. and Malone, M. D. (1995). Differential effects of hypnotic suggestion on multiple dimensions of pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 10(6).
464-70. Abstract: Within the framework of multidimensional pain assessment, this study extended an earlier finding that hypnotic analgesia and relaxation suggestions have differential effects on pain reduction by evaluating these strategies in subjects undergoing a cold press or protocol. Thirty-two highly susceptible subjects were randomly assigned to an analgesia or a relaxation suggestion treatment group. Six pain reports were taken at 10-sec intervals for each experimental condition. The baseline measures served as covariates. A 2 X 2 X 2 X 6 repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed a significant group (analgesia, relaxation) by pain dimension (intensity, unpleasantness), by condition (suggestion alone, hypnotic
induction plus suggestion) interaction. Analysis of the simple-simple main effects, holding both group and condition constant, revealed that application of hypnotic analgesia reduced report of pain intensity significantly more than report of pain unpleasantness. Conversely, hypnotic relaxation reduced pain unpleasantness more than intensity. The clinical implications of the study are discussed.
David, D. and Brown, R. J. (2002). Suggestibility and negative priming: two
replication studies. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 50(3). 215-27.
Abstract: Research suggests that inhibiting the effect of irrelevant stimuli on subsequent thought and action (cognitive inhibition) may be an important component of suggestibility. Two small correlation studies were conducted to address the relationship between different aspects of suggestibility and individual differences in cognitive inhibition, operationalized as the degree of negative priming generated by to-be-ignored stimuli in a semantic categorization task. The first study found significant positive correlations between negative priming, hypnotic suggestibility, and creative imagination; a significant negative correlation was obtained between negative priming and interrogative suggestibility, demonstrating the discriminant validity of the study results. The second study replicated the correlation between negative priming and hypnotic suggestibility, using a different suggestibility measurement procedure that assessed subjective experience and hypnotic involuntariness as well as objective responses to suggestions. These studies support the notion that the ability to engage in cognitive inhibition may be an important component of hypnotic responsivity and maybe of other forms of suggestibility.
DeBenedittis, G., Cigada, M., Bianchi, A., Signorini, M. G. and Cerutti, S. Autonomic changes during hypnosis: a heart rate variability power spectrum analysis as a marker of sympatho-vagal balance. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 2(2).
140-152. Preliminary results indicated that hypnosis affects heart rate variability, shifting the balance of the sympatho-vagal interaction toward an enhanced parasympathetic activity, concomitant with a reduction of the sympathetic tone. A positive correlation between hypnotic susceptibility and autonomic responsiveness during hypnosis was also found.
Disbrow, E. A. Bennett, H. L. and Owings, J. T. (1993). Effect of preoperative suggestion on postoperative gastrointestinal motility. Western Journal of Medicine. 158(5).
488-492. The suggestion group had a significantly shorter average time to the return of intestinal motility, 2. 6 versus 4. 1 days. Time to discharge was 6. 5 versus 8. 1 days. An average savings of $1,200 per patient resulted from this simple five-minute intervention. In summary, the use of specific physiologically active suggestions given preoperatively in a believable manner can
Appendix B
reduce the morbidity associated with an intra-abdominal operation by reducing the duration of ileus.
Enqvist, B. and Fischer, K. (1997). Preoperative hypnotic techniques reduce consumption of analgesics after surgical removal of third mandibular molars: A brief communication. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 45(2). 102-108.
Anxiety before the operation increased significantly in the control group but remained at baseline level in the experimental group. Postoperative consumption of analgesics was significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group.
Enqvist, B., Bjorklund, C., Engman, M. and Jakobsson J. (1997). Preoperative hypnosis reduces postoperative vomiting after surgery of the breasts. A prospective, randomized and blinded study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 41(8). 1028-1032. Patients in the hypnosis group had significantly less vomiting, 39% compared to 68% in the control group, less nausea and less need of analgesics postoperatively. Preoperative relaxation and/or hypnotic techniques in breast surgery contribute to a reduction of both postoperative nausea and vomiting and postoperative analgesic requirements.
Enqvist, B., von Konow, L. and Bystedt, H. (1995). Pre- and perioperative suggestion in maxillofacial surgery: Effects on blood loss and recovery. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 43(3). 284-294. The patients who received preoperative suggestions exhibited a 30% reduction in blood loss. A 26% reduction in blood loss was shown in the group of patients receiving pre- and perioperative suggestions, and the group of patients receiving perioperative suggestions only showed a 9% reduction in blood loss. Lower blood pressure was found in the groups that received pre- and perioperative and perioperative suggestions only.
Rehabilitation was facilitated in the group of patients receiving perioperative suggestions only.
Eslinger, M. R. (1998). Hypnosis principles and applications: an adjunct to health care. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing. 7(1). 39-45. Abstract: Hypnosis has existed since the beginning of humankind, and is a part of everyday life. It is a valuable addition to the methods and techniques available to all health care providers, as well as a safe and uncomplicated method used to enhance patient health care. It is simply a state of complete physical and mental
relaxation which produces an altered state of consciousness acceptable to suggestions. It is characterized by an increased ability to produce desirable changes in habit patterns, motivation, self-image, lifestyle, and personal health.
Evans, C, and Richardson, P. H. (1988). Therapeutic suggestions during general anesthesia. Advances. 5(4). 6-11. Tested the hypothesis that the quality and duration of
recovery from surgery would be improved by therapeutic suggestions made while patients were under general anesthesia. Results support the hypothesis.
Faymonville, M. E., Mambourg, P. H., Joris, J., Vrijens, B., Fissette, J., Albert, A. and Lamy M. (1997). Psychological approaches during conscious sedation. Hypnosis versus stress reducing strategies. 73(3). 361-367. This study suggests that hypnosis provides better perioperative pain and anxiety relief, allows for significant reductions in alfentanil and
midazolam requirements, and improves patient satisfaction and surgical conditions as compared with conventional stress reducing strategies support in patients receiving conscious sedation for plastic surgery.
Forgione, A. G. (1988). Hypnosis in the treatment of dental fear and phobia. Dental Clinics of North America. 32(4). 745-61. Abstract: The term hypnosis is currently used to define
Appendix B
an area of research and treatment that employs suggestion. Within this area, suggestion refers to the induction of expectancies by implicit or explicit means, usually involving concentration and the expectancy that the suggested results are possible. This use of suggestion differs from the common use of the term suggestion, which is a logical offering for a change in behavior or thought. The long history of hypnosis is testimony to its effectiveness, although there has been controversy as to why it works. Patient selection is important. Further, fear must be distinguished from phobia. Combined with other treatment techniques, such as systematic desensitization, it is a powerful behavior modification method. To prevent accidental delivery of suggestions that may be counterproductive to treatment, the study of hypnosis is important even to those health care professionals who have no intention of employing it in their practice.
Goldmann, L., Ogg, T. W. and Levey, A. B. (1988). Hypnosis and daycase anaesthesia:
A study to reduce pre-operative anxiety and intra-operative anaesthetic requirements.
Anaesthesia. 43(6). 466-469. A significant correlation was found between anxiety and perceived knowledge of procedures. The results suggest that pre-operative hypnosis can provide a quick and effective way to reduce pre-operative patient anxiety and anaesthetic requirements for gynaecological daycase surgery.
Mallee, C., Terwiel, J. P. and Hekster, G. B. Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of refractory fibromyalgia. Journal of Rheumatology. 18(1). 72-75. Results: These feelings showed a significant decrease in patients treated by hypnotherapy compared with physical therapy, but they remained abnormally strong in many cases. We conclude
hypnotherapy may be useful in relieving symptoms in patients with refractory fibromyalgia.
Hammarstrand, G., Berggren, U. and Hakeberg, M. (1995). Psychophysiological
therapy vs. hypnotherapy in the treatment of patients with dental phobia. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 103(6). 399-404. Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare two different modes of behaviorally-oriented therapies for dental fear. The subjects were chosen consecutively from the waiting-list of a Dental Fears Research and Treatment Clinic. In addition, a control group was selected from patients treated under general anesthesia to compare levels of dental and general fear with the experimental groups. Twenty-two women, with a mean age of 31. 8 yr, were included and randomly assigned to two groups. The median time of avoidance of dental care was 9. 5 yr. One group received hypnotherapy (HT) and one group a behavioral treatment based on psychophysiological principles (PP). Both therapies included eight sessions followed by standardized conventional dental test treatments. . Pre- and post-treatment measures were dental fear, general fear, mood, and patient behavior. Nine patients were not able to conclude the treatment sessions (6 HT and 3 PP); these patients did not differ significantly from the remaining patients before treatment. The PP group reported a statistically significant decrease in dental fear as well as a rise in mood during dental situations, as opposed to the HT group. General fear levels decreased but not significantly. Eleven patients completed conventional dental treatment according to a dentist's behavioral rating scale, indicating that they were relaxed, and no problems occurred during the treatments. These patients were referred to general practitioners within the community dental service. In conclusion, this small size study showed that a majority of the patients, who accomplished the behavioral therapy and the dental test treatments, became less fearful of dental care and were able to manage conventional dental care, including changing dentist.
Appendix B
Harvey, R. F., Hinton, R. A., Gunary, R. M. and Barry, R. E. (1989). Individual and group hypnotherapy in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet. 1(8635).
424-425. Thirty-three patients with refractory irritable bowel syndrome were treated with four 40-minute sessions of hypnotherapy over seven weeks. Twenty improved, 11 of whom lost almost all their symptoms. Short-term improvement was maintained for three months without further formal treatment.
Hasegawa, H. and Jamieson, G. A. (2002). Conceptual issues in hypnosis research:
Explanations, definitions and the state/non-state debate. Contemporary Hypnosis 19(3). 103-17. Abstract: The present paper aims to integrate existing streams of hypnosis research and theory into a broader context. A conceptual framework is presented that illustrates the range of explanatory approaches that are available to describe psychological phenomena in general, and this is applied to the discussion of hypnosis. In doing so, various approaches to hypnosis research are categorized and the scope and limitations of the theories derived from them are considered.
The definition of hypnosis is also explored within this framework. The state/non-state debate is reconsidered in the context of the systems approach to states of consciousness described by Tart (1983/2000). Research agendas for hypnosis are clarified, and methodologies and directions for future research are suggested.
Heap, M. (1995). Hypnosis: Applications in general medicine. British Journal of Therapy & Rehabilitation. 2(12). 649-53. Abstract: Hypnosis is a complex psychological phenomenon about which there is much misinformation and misunderstanding. This article presents a description of hypnosis based on common situations in which hypnosis is said to be taking place. Two key aspects, trance and suggestion, are defined and explored in further detail, the role of induction procedures is summarized and the ways in which hypnosis is applied therapeutically are discussed.
Hernandez, A. and Tatarunis, A. M. (2000). The use of pre-, intra-, and posthypnotic suggestion in anesthesia and surgery. CRNA: The Clinical Forum for Nurse Anesthetists.
11(4). 167-72. Abstract: While under hypnosis, patients can be taught to alter their
psychophysiological functions. With this ability to alter these functions, patients can overcome the anxiety associated with surgery. Patients with high anxiety often experience more depression, can have increased complications, need more anesthesia and medication, have suppressed immune function, and often take longer to heal. The purpose of this article is to review the research literature related to the use of hypnosis in preparing the patient for surgery and to present 2 approaches used by the authors to prepare patients for surgery. The first approach is used when there is enough time to condition the patient, and the second approach is used when the anesthetist meets the patient shortly before the surgery is to begin and there is no time to induce formal trance. Hypnosis skills enrich nursing practice.
Jacknow, D. S., Tschann, J. M., Link, M. P. and Boyce, W. T. (1994). Hypnosis in the prevention of chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in children: A prospective study.
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 15(4). 258-264. To study the effectiveness of hypnosis for decreasing antiemetic medication usage and treatment of
chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in The hypnosis group experienced less anticipatory nausea than the control group at one to two months post diagnosis (p < . 02). Results suggest self-hypnosis is effective for decreasing antiemetic medication usage and for reducing anticipatory nausea during chemotherapy. Jensen, M.
Appendix B
P., Barber, J., Williams-Avery, R. M., Flores, L. and Brown, M. Z. (2000). The effect of hypnotic suggestion on spinal cord injury pain. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 14(1/2). 3-10. Abstract: Chronic pain is a significant concern for many
individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, few effective treatments have been found for SCI-related pain. The current study sought to explore whether persons with SCI-related pain would respond to hypnotic suggestion for pain relief, and to examine possible moderators of this
individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, few effective treatments have been found for SCI-related pain. The current study sought to explore whether persons with SCI-related pain would respond to hypnotic suggestion for pain relief, and to examine possible moderators of this