5.8 Ejemplos numéricos
5.8.1 Voladizo con fuerza vertical centrada en el extremo libre (L/h = 1,6)
Microencapsulation technology has recently been employed in the food industry.20 It allows for the incorporation of important ingredients, such as flavoring agents, polyphenols, vitamins, volatile additives, antioxidants and enzymes in different food products, and thus protecting these ingredients from degradation. Microencapsulation is also used in food packaging technologies where it permits the incorporation of antimicrobial agents in the packaging material to protect food against different foodborne pathogens.5 It is also used in the food industry to retard the rate of evaporation of volatile cores to the surrounding environment or to control their release rate over time or until reaching a specific stimulus.11 In addition, microencapsulation is applied in the food industry to mask the flavor of the core material; to separate different components that are reactive with one another within the product; or to modify the physical characteristics of the core material so that it becomes easier and more convenient to handle.1,11 Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria has been recently used to enhance their bioavailability and targeted delivery in the gastrointestinal tract.101
2.6.2. Pharmaceuticals
Microencapsulation has various applications in the pharmaceutical industry. It provides a lot of advantages over the conventional drug systems, such as sustained release, protection of the drug, prolongation of shelf-life and targeted drug delivery.4 It is also used to mask the unpleasant taste
25
of some components in the pediatric and geriatric drug formulations.102 Bioencapsulation is one of the important pharmaceutical and medical applications of microencapsulation. It involves the entrapment of biologically active materials, such as DNA and cells. Encapsulation of DNA vaccines in polymeric microcapsules, such as poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), offers slow release rate, and thus prolonged immune response.4 Another example includes the encapsulation of certain human tissues by natural polymers prior to their transplantation to manage some hormone deficient diseases (e.g., diabetes).8
2.6.3. Cosmetics
Microencapsulation in cosmetics covers a wide range of applications, including hair and skin care and maintenance products, oral cavity and mucous membrane products (e.g., toothpaste), perfumes, hair products, cleansing products, correcting body odor products, makeup and decorative cosmetics.103 Innovation, cost, and meeting the consumer demands drive the microencapsulation research and development in the cosmetic industry and perfumery.22,104 There are various examples of core ingredients that are being microencapsulated in cosmetics, such as skin moisturizers, vitamins, essential oils, antimicrobials, and colorants.9,103,105
2.6.4. Agriculture
Microencapsulation is widely applied in the area of agriculture; either for crop protection106 or promoting plant growth.19 Microencapsulation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in biodegradable polymers was investigated in one of the recent studies using spray drying methods which help in the growth of plants without the use of excessive chemical fertilizers.107 Furthermore, microencapsulation of pesticides and insecticides allows for plant protection while reducing human, animal and soil toxicity. Additionally, it helps in elongating the duration of activity of the pesticide and controls its rate of evaporation.108
2.6.5 Textiles
The application of microencapsulation in textile industry started in the early 90s; with very few commercial products. However, by the beginning of the 21st century, the number of applications has shown a visible growth, specifically in Japan, North America, and the countries of Western Europe.109 Microencapsulation permits the incorporation of different active agents onto textiles, and thus provides an added value to them. The core material is responsible for the new properties
26
of the fabric, and hence defines its function. Examples of microencapsulation applications in textiles include durable fragrances, skin softeners, vitamins, insect repellents, phase-change materials, color changing fabrics, cosmetotextiles, and medical textiles.109,110
Different attempts to incorporate aroma onto textiles have been carried out for many years.
Microencapsulation allows for higher durability and release of fragrances over a longer period.
Fragrant textiles are frequently used in aromatherapy; a field which relates fragrances with psychology and how they can trigger specific feelings, such as happiness, relaxation, excitement, or well-being.111 Numerous essential oils such as, lavender, citrus, vanilla and rose have been applied to fabrics designed for aromatherapy. Each essential oil is reported to initiate a particular emotion and acts as a healing element.112
‘Cosmetotextiles’ is a term given to fabrics designed to be in direct contact with the skin, and contain personal care active agents, such as skin softeners, slimming agents, moisturizers, anti-cellulite, UV-protecting and anti-ageing ingredients.113-115 Those active ingredients are integrated in the fabrics by microencapsulation techniques, and are released to the skin by mechanical means, such as friction and abrasion.113
Imparting antimicrobial properties to textiles has been one of the important applications of microencapsulation in textile industry. Textiles that are made of natural fabrics, such as cotton and wool are known to furnish excellent media for microbial growth due to their ability to hold humidity and highly porous structure that increases their surface area.41,116 A myriad of antimicrobial substances have been incorporated onto textiles. Natural antimicrobials have recently gained increasing interest due to their being safe, eco-friendly and originating from renewable sources.
Another important textile application of microencapsulation is in the area of defense where chemical decontaminants are microencapsulated within certain polymeric shells. Theses shells are selectively permeable to toxic substances and partially permeable for the decontaminating core materials, and hence allowing the diffusion of the toxic chemicals into the core of the microcapsules where they become irreversibly detoxified by means of chemical reactions.19 The process of adhesion of the microcapsules onto the fabric is an important factor to consider in microencapsulation application in textiles; because it directly affects the stability and the durability of the finished product. There are different methods by which microcapsules can be
27
applied to the fabrics, such as spraying, foaming, grafting through chemical links,60 impregnation,117 coating, printing, padding and bath exhaustion. Padding is usually followed by drying and curing of the treated fabrics, and hence, the conventional process is known as the pad-dry-cure method. The most widely used binding method in industry is padding. It involves soaking of the fabric in a bath that contains the microcapsules, resin and water and then passing the fabric through a padder (foulard). This subsequently entails applying a stream of hot air as a thermal treatment to cure the binding resin and adhere the microcapsules to the fabric. 118
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