Fourth Grade students’ participation in the creative design activity at Garfi eld Elementary School resulted in the development of a more student-informed design for the school’s Outdoor Learning Environment. Should the Outdoor Learning Environment ultimately be developed, there are two potential benefi ts of having conducted this design activity. 1) Student appreciation and desire to spend time in the Outdoor Learning Environment is signifi cantly increased by giving students the opportunity to participate in site design. 2) By incorporating students’ ideas into the design of their school grounds, the children will develop a sense of ownership over the space. This sense of ownership could potentially increase students’ connection to the land, which may augment their desire to spend time in the outdoors. The more time that children spend in the Outdoor Learning Environment, the more likely is their development of a relationship—or bond—with nature.
Method
To involve children in the design of their school’s Outdoor Learning Site, Garfi eld students built models of “fun play spaces” and described them as part of their art class curriculum. (Refer to Figure 3.53 on nex page to see an example of a student model.) This art lesson, which lasted for a one hour class period, was approved by the Garfi eld Elementary School Fourth Grade teachers and the Kansas State University Internal Review Board (IRB). The creative design activity took place on Thursday March 7th, 2013 from 1:00PM to 2:00PM.
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Figure 3.53—Student 16 Creative Design Activity Model This student’s design is inspired by the concept of an airplane
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Thirty-fi ve students from the Fourth Grade class were asked to utilize a box of miscellaneous art supplies and tools (provided by Garfi eld Elementary School and the College of Architecture, Planning and Design students at Kansas State University) to design a “fun play space.” Also, a one square foot cardboard base was provided to the Fourth Grade students courtesy of the OZ Journal student organization at Kansas State University. (I used clean recycled cardboard boxes from this student organization to cut the model bases used by the Fourth-Graders in the design activity.) Model building materials utilized in the project include: feathers, markers, crayons, pencils, paper, clay, cardboard, Styrofoam, chipboard, basswood and balsawood, ping pong balls, toilet paper rolls, paper towel rolls, trace paper rolls, old Kleenex boxes, shoulder pads, pipe cleaners, yarn, and bells. Tools students used were: scissors, tape, and Elmer’s glue.
The Fourth Grade teachers and I introduced the project in the fi rst fi ve minutes of the class period. I described the creative exercise to the class with the instructions that the students were supposed to use the materials and tools provided to create a “fun play space” on their individual pieces of cardboard. Students had roughly 35 minutes of the hour long class to create their models. The next 10 minutes of class were spent cleaning up the classroom followed by children giving brief descriptions of their designs to the rest of the class for the remaining 20 minutes. Two tape recorders and an iPad were used to record students’ verbal descriptions of their designs. I also took hand- written notes of my observations during the student presentations. Students’ names were not recorded in the activity, preserving their anonymity. Photographs of the students’ models were taken following their presentations while they were at recess for 20 minutes. Students were able to take their models home with them—which they were very excited about!
The word playground was not supposed to be used in describing this activity to students. I considered this necessary to prevent children from incorporating stereotypical playground equipment (such as slides) merely to do what they thought would please me and their classroom teachers. There is proven research suggesting that children sometimes do not give honest responses, but rather do or say what they think adults want them to do or say. “Young children (4-7) are very suggestible, they will laugh, nod, or say yes, just to please and go- along. Also, they are often reluctant to express their own thoughts or feelings, because young children often assume that the adult knows everything already, and in addition they are afraid to say something wrong or foolish” (Borgers, 2000, 4). Therefore, it was my goal to use the description “fun play space” rather than “playground” to ensure that the children were not infl uenced by loaded language. This goal was not successful, although it probably did not signifi cantly affect the results of the creative design activity.
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In my description of the activity to the students, I refrained from using the word “playground.” However, it was accidentally mentioned out loud by one of the other adults in the room. This slip of the tongue might have tainted students’ model designs. However, I think that the designs altered by this slip were minimized because I countered the potency of the word by suggesting, “It doesn’t have to be a playground. In fact, what is more fun to you than a playground? What trips have you been on with your families? What places have you visited? What do you imagine would be a fun place to play in? Build a model of those spaces.”
Results
A detailed summary of the student design activity results and model photographs can be viewed in Appendix C. This section includes an image of each student’s model adjoining the associated verbal description. Summarizing this data is a comprehensive table which organizes and synthesizes the different design elements referenced by students. The results of this table are listed below.
Students were able to reference the number of design features that they incorporated into their models. Some students referenced more than fi ve elements, spaces, or activities, while others referenced only two or three. Therefore, the reference numbers in the bulleted list below greatly exceed the number of students—which was 35—participating in the design activity. I tabulated each reference made by the students and grouped them in “umbrella groups.” The bulleted list below is a summary of the umbrella group references.
Play Equipment and Site Amenities References: 37
• 18 Traditional Stationary Playground Equipment References (such as tetherball and merry-go-rounds)
• 9 Adventure Playground Equipment References (such as zip lines and rock climbing walls)
• 10 References to site amenities (such as shade and seating elements)
Movement References: 36
• 5 Site Circulation References (such as paths)
• 7 Horizontal Movement References (such as skating)
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Nature References: 40
• 22 Nature References (13 of these were to water and 5 were to wildlife)
• 8 Landform References including both the mountain and cave forms
• 5 References to the senses including sight, taste, and sound • 5 Imagination References
All three umbrella categories received relatively the same number of references—expressing the importance of including spatial environments in the Garfi eld site that offer students the opportunity to interact with all three elements: fi xed equipment, movement, and nature. These three elements are all offered to Garfi eld Elementary School students in some manner within the proposed Outdoor Learning Environment Design.
Two traditional stationary playground equipment structures are already included on the school site, one in the Early Childhood/ Kindergarten Outdoor Learning Site and the other in the 1st through 5th Grade Outdoor Learning Site. The other programmatic elements students referenced are represented within the fi nal design created for the outdoor learning site. Site amenities are provided in the form of benches and shade areas located throughout the school site. Horizontal and vertical movement opportunities are given to students in the form of pathways that connect the outdoor spaces onsite to one another and cross over a variety of landforms—from hills to valleys to slight inclines and declines. Site circulation is also enhanced by the site’s pathways. Opportunities for children to interact with nature are dramatically increased in the proposed Outdoor Learning Environment Design. Water is included in the form of the OWLS pond and interactive water feature in the Early Childhood/Kindergarten sand pit area. Wildlife interaction is encouraged through the inclusion of both butterfl y garden and bird habitat areas. A variety of landforms are included within the proposed site design in the form of land archetypes: the meadow, the burrow, the cove, the bluff, the outcropping, the cuesta, and sky. (Refer to Figure 3.68—Land Archetype Locations on page 135 location of the land archetype features on the school site.) The senses of sight, taste, and sound are accommodated onsite in the forms of varied spatial environments, the inclusion of a garden and orchard where edible plants and fruits are grown, and a sound garden. Imagination is inspired onsite by the varied spatial environment offered to students; children can reference the stories that they’ve read in the outdoor environments found onsite.
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