Ley de Walras y su corolario

camcorder. MCC only has insight to the status of the DTV mux when the mux is on and a Ku- band link is established. INCO will configure the Ku-band system between a digital downlink (channel 3 PL MAX) and an analog downlink (channel 3 TV).

Digital Television (DTV) Hardware

BAL UNBAL XCVR1 BAL UNBAL XCVR2 CMD/TLM REMOTE KEEL 2 AUX/REMOTE CCTV PL / 3

Wireless Video System Interface Box SEC . C/L PRI. C/L CTVM IN TO VTR

VIDEO PROCESSING UNIT

VPU POWER TO P/L 2 OFF ON ISS OSVS OUT 2 KEEL 1 MISS CAM PRI C/L SEC C/L FROM PWR 1/2 A FUSE J702 J701 J603 J501 J502 J401 J402

2. SYSTEMS 2.3 CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) 2.3-10

Sequential Still Video (SSV)

The SSV system provides MCC with the capability to view a video signal from the shuttle without having to rely on Ku-band signal coverage. It utilizes the S-band PM system, which has more coverage than the Ku- band system. Unfortunately, it can only provide a snapshot of the video signal that is refreshed periodically. This refresh rate is dependent upon a sample rate and the available downlink rate through the shuttle S-band data system, but is typically every 10 seconds. For the SSV to work, the crew must configure a compression encoder box and cables in the crew cabin. The encoder digitizes the video signal to be downlinked to MCC as data instead of video. Once configured, INCO has the only control of the signal being routed to the encoder box from the VSU SPARE 1 video output, which is not available to the crew on panel A7U.

SSV Compression Encoder

CCTV Camera Lens Control

The CTVC and ITVC cameras are normally operated in an ALC mode; the three ALC settings are peak, normal, and average. To select an ALC mode, the crew will use panel A7U MENU and MODE pushbuttons. MCC/INCO can also select ALC settings via uplink commands. The peak ALC setting is most sensitive to incoming light; therefore, the iris will allow less light to enter the lens than with an ALC setting of normal. The average ALC setting will command the iris to open more and increase the voltage gain when compared to the ALC setting of normal.

Each CCTV camera type uses the same switches and command sequences to adjust the field-of- view of the camera. Just above the six MENU/ MODE PBIs is a row of switches used to send commands to the cameras and PTUs.

Lens commands are used to adjust the lens and iris settings. The focus, zoom, and iris commands provide the crew and MCC with direct control of lens settings. The CTVC and ITVC insert lens data into the video. The color monitors are able to display the lens data in the upper portion of the monitor's display. This data is also available to INCO in the MCC. In addition to changing the field-of-view, the zoom function can affect the apparent scene brightness when the camera is in an ALC mode. As bright objects increase or decrease in size, the ALC adjusts accordingly to increase or decrease the amount of light entering the lens. The IRIS switch provides manual control of the iris to the user. Use of this switch or an iris open/close command by MCC disables ALC. When using this switch, crews must not leave the payload bay cameras unattended.

NOTE

Direct sunlight can permanently damage these cameras if a camera iris remains open.

Pan/Tilt Units

The PTUs are used with cameras A, B, C, D, and the RMS elbow. The PTUs are used to change the camera field-of-view by moving a camera about two axes. The PTUs can pan and tilt 170° in either direction, positive or negative, when any CCTV camera is attached.

The PAN/TILT RESET/HIGH RATE/LOW RATE switch on panel A7U is used to configure the rate of movement for the PTU of the camera selected. The RESET position is momentary and resets the camera's pan/tilt coordinates to zero. The HIGH RATE position allows the PTU to pan and tilt at a rate of 12° per second. The LOW RATE position allows the PTU to be commanded at a rate of 1.2° per second. The TILT UP/DOWN and PAN LEFT/RIGHT momentary switches are used to initiate and maintain movement about the tilt and pan axis until the switches are released or a hardstop is encountered. Pan and tilt commands can be executed simultaneously. The PTUs may encounter clutch slippage during operation, particularly when configured for high rate. When the clutch slips, there is a temporary suspension in PTU movement. The camera will continue counting during this period because there is no feedback from the PTUs to the camera to suspend counting. This affects the accuracy of camera pointing in support of payload activities.

Pan/Tilt Unit and Camera with Thermal Blankets

MCC is capable of configuring the pan/tilt rate to be different from what the crew has set. For uplinked commands, the rate defaults to high during CCTV activation. INCOs usually use the low rate for more effective management of CCTV camera movement because of the time delays in the orbiter's communications systems.

Cabin Cameras

Although all CCTV cameras are compatible with the TV outlets located on panels O19 and MO58F, there are no plans to regularly use these cameras in the flight deck or middeck areas. Camcorders have replaced the CCTVs in the orbiter crew compartment. In addition to providing excellent real-time video, the camcorders can also record and play back video without using an external video recorder. The current main cabin camera is the Sony PD100 camcorder. Another cabin camera that is used in the shuttle is called the minicam. Unlike the camcorder, it only produces a video signal.

Cabin Camera Power Connectors/Control on Panel 019

Cabin Camera Power Connectors/ Controls on Panel MO58F

2. SYSTEMS 2.3 CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) 2.3-12

Sony PD100 Camcorder

The Sony PD100 digital camcorder is a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) device that can be used in one of three ways. It can be used either as a camcorder to record video captured by its integrated lens, a video camera that can send a video signal into the orbiter TV system, or a VTR that can record and playback video with audio if needed. It processes video with three CCDs, one for each color. It has a wide conversion lens that can be attached to the integrated lens to widen its field-of-view. It has an integrated 3.5-inch liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor that can be used to view live camera video or playback VTR video. It uses a 40-minute digital DVCAM format tape for its video recording/playback operations.

The PD100 can operate from either orbiter power via an advanced video interface unit (AVIU), from the DTV MUX, by battery power or by a camcorder power interface (CCPI) unit. The AVIU must be connected to either of the TV ports. The battery is a Canon camcorder battery, which requires an adapter to allow it to be used on the Sony camcorder. The battery lasts from 40 to 60 minutes depending on how the camcorder is used. This same adapter is required to power the camcorder from an AVIU. No adapter is required when powered from the DTV MUX. The CCPI can be connected to either a TV port or from an orbiter DC power port. The CCPI can power up to two camcorders along with one compact portable light (CPL). The CCPI can only supply power, not transform return video. The CCPI and CPL are rarely used.

The PD100 can record, playback or generate live video in either analog or digital formats. Live analog video from the camcorder must go through the AVIU to be converted from unbalanced to balanced video. It is then routed into either of the TV ports. Live digital video from the camcorder can go directly into the DTV MUX with a single cable. Video from a connector on the back of the color monitors can be sent to the camcorder to be recorded. The AVIU is required to convert the balanced output video of the monitor to an unbalanced signal usable by the camcorder. The vertical interval (VI) data that is imbedded in this video

cannot be recorded by the camcorder. An audio terminal unit (ATU) recorder cable is required to interface with the orbiter audio system to record and playback analog audio. Although the camcorder can record and playback stereo audio signals, the orbiter audio system is not capable of transmitting or receiving stereo (one audio channel only).

Sony PD100 Camcorder

Minicam

The minicam is a small Sony XC-999 single- CCD video camera that can route NTSC video into either of the orbiter TV ports. It requires an AVIU for power and video conversion. The four lenses that screw into the camera body are a fish-eye 3.5mm lens, a normal 6mm lens, and two telephoto lenses (12mm and 23mm). Since it is just a camera, it requires an LCD monitor to view the video and some kind of VTR to record the video. The minicam is used for ascent and entry video and is sometimes used during the on-orbit phase of flight as another in-cabin camera in addition to the camcorder. Minicam video can be configured to be a synchronous video source or an asynchronous video source per AVIU switch configuration.

Minicam body

Minicam lenses

VTRs

Even though the PD100 camcorder can be used as a VTR, it normally is not used in that manner on orbit. This task is left to one of two VTRs in the crew cabin: a small, portable Sony V10 VTR and the DTV VTR (Sony DSR-25) that is an integrated part of the DTV system. Both are digital recorders that are in the same family as the PD100 camcorder so all of the video recorders work well with each other and share the same tape types/formats.

Sony V10 VTR

The Sony V10 digital VTR is a COTS video recorder/player that can be used in-cabin for various tasks. It is powered just like the Sony PD100 camcorder and can record video through an AVIU just like the camcorder. It has an integrated 5.5-inch LCD monitor that can be used to monitor video being sent to the VTR or for viewing playback video. It uses the same 40-minute DVCAM digital tapes that the camcorder uses. It can also record and play back orbiter audio just like the camcorder. Like the PD100, the V10 can record and/or play back analog or digital video and audio. Also like the PD100, the V10 cannot record VI data that is imbedded in the orbiter analog video. This means that information like payload bay camera settings and GMT time will not be recorded. The only way to record this data is with the DTV VTR.

2. SYSTEMS 2.3 CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) 2.3-14

The DTV VTR is an integrated part of the DTV system. The DSR-25 replaced the DSR-20 after tape jamming failures were discovered on STS-107 and STS-114 that were specific to the DSR-20. The DSR-25 first flew on STS-115 as the official replacement in September of 2006. It is installed in a bucket at L10L along with the VIP. It is a digital VTR that performs the analog-to-digital conversion for the DTV system. It provides a built-in, long-duration video recording and playback capability for the crew. It can use either the 40-minute DVCAM digital tapes that the PD100 and V10 use or a 3-hour DVCAM digital tape without any special adapters. Unlike the other units, it can record the VI data that the VIP strips from the orbiter video signal. It records this data on its audio channel 2. Orbiter audio can be recorded on its audio channel 1 via the direct link to the VIP and a cable connected to a crew communications umbilical (CCU). Playback video/audio/VI data from the DSR-25 is designed to be sent to MCC via the digital downlink route. It can be configured to downlink video and audio through the analog downlink route in an alternate configuration. The DSR-25 does have an integrated monitor to view live or playback video. The crew can also route a video monitoring signal to either one of the CCTV monitors (nominal), a V10 VTR, or a battery operated LCD monitor.

Sony DSR-25 VTR

Monitors

The CCTV system uses a variety of monitors to display video. Two color television monitors located on panel A3 are always flown. The color monitors replaced B&W monitors that had been flown since the beginning of the SSP. Portable LCD monitors are flown to display camcorder and VTR video without having to use either CCTV color monitor.

Color Television Monitor (CTVM)

CCTV Color Monitor

The CTVMs are the primary display equipment of the CCTV system. These 10-inch monitors display NTSC and FSC color. Rotary knobs are used to control the contrast, brightness, color, and tint of the video displayed. The color and tint are only effective displaying NTSC video; they are not effective with FSC video.

Each monitor uses a graphical menu for configuration control. The menu can be displayed by activating either the FUNCTION or SELECT controls. The menu will be displayed for 12 seconds after the last command (FUNCTION or SELECT) is executed. The FUNCTION switch is used to move through different menu headings. The SELECT pushbutton allows the user to toggle between different options within each menu heading. The menu can be used to enable viewing of CTVC/ITVC lens data, CCTV camera data, and crosshairs. Data and crosshairs that appear green are characters generated within the color monitor and can be activated by selecting GRN for camera data and crosshairs by turning on lens data. White characters are generated within the VSU and can be displayed by

selecting WHT for camera data and crosshairs. Lens data will display zoom, focus, and iris settings of the CTVC and ITVC cameras. These fields are static when a video source other than a CTVC or ITVC is displayed. Lens data, when activated, will appear at the top of the screen. The camera data will display camera ID, pan and tilt angles, and temperature, although the white data displays temperature of the camera only when the VSU detects a camera with an elevated temperature. Camera data is displayed in the lower portion of the screen. Each color monitor can select from one of five independent video sources. PNL will display any video routed to the monitor using panel A7U. The DNLNK will allow the user to view any video selected for downlink. The C and D selections will view video from equipment connected to the C IN or D IN connectors on the front of the monitor. RGB will allow the user to view video that directly drives the red, green, and blue electron guns of the monitor (such as NTSC component). The RGB connector is located on the rear panel of the monitor. SPLT is another source available and provides a split screen image of C and D inputs.

There are two ground checkout menu functions on the lower left portion of the menu (PULSE-X ON/OFF and GUNS R G B). USCAN ON/OFF enables or disables the underscanning feature. When ON, the underscan allows viewing of edge-to-edge video (horizontal and vertical) with no loss of image data; i.e., you see what the camera sees. When USCAN is OFF, about 5 percent of each horizontal and vertical edge is lost. In addition, the top line of the upper menu and the bottom line of the lower menu cannot be seen when USCAN is OFF. The FSC function selects between 6FLD (6 field) and 3FLD (3 field). This feature determines how often FSC color is updated to the screen. 6FLD is the default and preferred setting, except for viewing FSC video of objects in rapid motion. This function only applies to cameras with wide-angle lens assembly (WLA) or color lens assembly (CLA) lenses. The DEGAUSS function dissipates magnetic fields that build up around the monitor as the orbiter moves at high speed through the Earth's magnetic field, but only when DEGAUSS is in the default AUTO

position. AUTO engages the degaussing circuitry every 90 seconds. OFF disables this feature.

The SYNC function of the monitor displays the source of sync used to display video and graphics (menu and green data). When no video is detected by the monitor, the field under SYNC will indicate EXT for external source. This means that the sync line from the RCU to the monitor is providing the sync pulses necessary to display the menu and data. This field can be useful for quick troubleshooting for loss of video (camera power fail vs. iris stuck closed).

CCTV color monitor with menu and L-Data

Video format can be selected manually or automatically. The CTVMs default to AUTO MODE in which the monitor determines the video format from data embedded in the CCTV camera video. CTVCs will use the NTSC format, and ITVCs will use B&W decoding. Camcorders do not provide this data; hence the monitors will process the camcorder video using the default NTSC converter. The crew can override the AUTO selected format by taking MODE to MAN and then toggling the FRMT to select NTSC, FSC, or B&W. If a mux scene is routed to a monitor, the monitor will select FSC because of the nature of the video processing by the VSU in creating the mux scene. In order to display NTSC color from a CTVC in a mux scene, the user must manually override the format and select NTSC. The CTVMs have a connector labeled J3 on the rear of the monitor. This connector provides a balanced video signal of whatever video is routed to the monitor output pushbutton on panel A7U. A VTR or a camcorder can record this video. Any VSU (white) data requested by

2. SYSTEMS 2.3 CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) 2.3-16

the monitor will be recorded by the camcorder. Monitor (green) data will not be recorded.

LCD Monitor

The LCD monitor is a battery operated monitor that can be used with any analog video device to display video. Typical uses are with a camera such as the minicam or with the DTV VTR for playback or live video such as entry video. It takes six AA batteries that are placed in a separable battery compartment with all of the batteries arranged in the same orientation. It will only appear to work when video is actually flowing into the device and it will drain batteries at a relatively rapid rate. Therefore, it is not used very often.

LCD Monitor

TV Cue Card

The TV cue card includes activation procedures for the CCTV system and payload bay cameras. This cue card also includes steps that can command the cameras to different operating