4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN
4.1. Determinación de las condiciones fisicoquímicas
4.1.2. Zona intervenida
Findings/lessons learned
• The majority (70%) of ENRECA projects have developed management regulations and norms to clarify mutual expectations and support transparency.
• It can be a challenge to implement administrative procedures, if this is not done from the beginning of the project execution.
• Developing management regulations can be a learning opportunity for partnership participants.
• Partners are relatively efficient in implementing agreed upon administrative requirements.
• Establishment of an independent project office is often chosen to ensure administrative transparency, independence from individual interests, and observation of donor‐defined administrative requirements.
• Some projects have established independent financial management and bank accounts; other projects have integrated accounting, but maintain separate bank accounts; yet other projects have integrated financial management in the South institution’s system.
• The majority (67%) of ENRECA projects have elaborated descriptions of financial procedures.
Coming from different organisational cultures, the project partners may associate different performance with different administrative roles within a project. A way to establish a common perspective on roles and responsibilities is to jointly develop management regulations, e.g. regulations, job descriptions, and terms of references. This was done by 70% of the projects, of which 22% found that they did so to an inadequate degree only. 30% of the project managers did not find it necessary to develop management regulations (see Table 5.11). In one project, the partners developed project regulations in a joint workshop including South faculty members. Although a tedious endeavour, everybody had a say in the process and had a chance to hear the accompanying discussion, which touched upon issues regarding the project objective and purpose, Danida’s policies and regulations, roles and responsibilities, authority, accountability, transparency, monitoring and follow‐up, and ethical aspects of distribution of support among different participant groups. In this way, the exercise of developing the regulation became an important learning experience for both North and South partners.
The importance of establishing efficient administrative procedures from the beginning of the project execution was emphasized by a project manager:
“I think it is extremely important that you have some procedures that run automatically and independent of researchers who have little interest in, and limited qualifications to, manage it [the administrative part of the project]. A relatively straightforward setup, where you have defined what you want to know … and
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then implement it from the beginning. It is twenty times more difficult to get it up and running if you have already started.” [PM3]
According to Danish project managers, their South partners seem to be relatively efficient in following agreed upon administrative requirements, e.g. progress reports, financial management, and status reports. On a five‐point scale from “to a low degree” (1) to “to a high degree” (5) the managers scored an average of 3.70. 87% of the project managers stated that their partners did so “to some degree” or higher (3‐5).
5.4.2.1 Project administration and staffing
The survey and interviews have shown that ENRECA projects to various degrees have established project management units at their South partner institutions. Projects that chose to establish separate project administrations needed to a obtain broad range of administrative information and engage in many activities unknown to Danish participants, such as ensuring that taxes are paid, registration and license for project vehicles are obtained, bank accounts are opened, personnel is employed according to national rules and standards, that contracts observe legal requirements, that project staff receive an appropriate salary, and that health security is organized for project staff. Project managers emphasize that North partners should not underestimate this task. Becoming sufficiently acquainted with such administrative aspects may take much more effort than expected. Project managers recommend allocating sufficient time and resources during the start‐up for getting such practicalities in place before engaging in actual project execution.
The staffing policies of ENRECA projects reflect the diversity of the projects. Some projects had Danish project managers staying at the South institution during one or more project phases. Typically, the management tasks were gradually handed over to the South partner and Danish presence reduced in the second or third phase. But only relying on short‐term visits has also proven a challenge for partnerships:
“They [the South partner] have the expectation that there should have been more presence of somebody from Denmark. They disapprove that you just come rushing in and out. They don’t like it. They prefer having somebody there permanently.” [PM12]
Some projects have also employed professional project managers, i.e. non‐researchers, to manage the administrative part of the project as part‐time employees. This may relieve project researchers from non‐ research related tasks. This seems to be a constructive solution to the problem of researchers being unwillingly involved in tedious administrative duties. On the other hand, it was rarely a full‐time position and flexible employees were needed.
Having qualified and experienced project employees or existing staff members involved in South administration is considered crucial by several project managers. The ability to withstand pressure from local university authorities is mentioned as an important qualification of South project staff. An example from a project manager working in Asia: “I think it works fine that he [the South project coordinator] is not
an employee from the institution. Then he can allow himself to stand up against the management and
others with special demands.” [PM8].
A project manager suggested that projects should look for administrative personnel who have been working for an aid agency or a similar organisation before. This will ease handling administrative procedures considerably as they already are acquainted with the standards and expectations that a North partners will have, e.g. in relation to annual progress reporting. One ENRECA project is part of a large research consortium where they have pooled resources with other projects and established a joint project office, where accountants and other administrative personnel are shared. Securing adequate administrative and management back‐up in Denmark is also emphasized by project managers. Some have relied on existing department resources and others have hired part‐time employees to support the project.
5.4.2.2 Financial management
Establishing efficient financial administration in both North and South is important for creating a satisfying partnership. The establishment of a professional administration seems to be highly prioritized by North partners. Often this has led to the establishment of independent administrative units and employment of “outsiders” as accountants. It is argued that the Danish PRP is financially responsible to the funding agency and needs to have a reliable system in place:
“When you establish an office it is primarily … because you need to make sure that the economy runs separately. As a project manager you don’t dare let the economy become part of the central [South] administration. I wouldn’t do it. If so, you really should have a deep insight into how they run their systems.” [PM1]
Some projects are more integrated with existing financial administration in South, but typically with a structure parallel to the central university system.
83% of the project managers stated that their budget was formulated at a level of detail adequately facilitating ongoing co‐ordination, control and follow‐up (see Table 5.13). 83% stated that they have relied on an activity‐based budget. The benefits of organising the project based on activities are emphasized by several project managers. It allows the project to delegate responsibility and distribute tasks to specific staff members or employees. It also supports reporting as milestones and outputs can be closely monitored and checked off when completed. Table 5.13 shows that 67% of the projects carry out periodical (monthly, quarterly or half‐yearly) internal budget control, but 21% of these found it to be to an inadequate degree. 29% of the project managers found it unnecessary to do internal budget control.
Table 5.13: The application of financial management tools in ENRECA projects during the most recent project phase
(n=24) Answer Options Yes, and to an adequate degree Yes, but to an inadequate degree No, but we should have done it No, and I don't find it necessary
Was a budget formulated at a level of detail facilitating ongoing co-
ordination, control and follow-up? 83% 8% - 8%
Was the budget activity-based? 83% 8% - 8%
Has a periodical (monthly, quarterly or half-yearly) internal
financial/budget control been carried out? 46% 21% 4% 29%
Were descriptions of financial management procedures elaborated? 46% 21% 4% 29%
One project manager explained that the ENRECA project at the individual project research activity level paid to the researchers in advance up to 70% of the budgeted costs, but retained 30% until a provisional report was approved, thereby introducing an incentive for participants to finalize research activities. According to the project manager:
“It is a little contract research‐like. This is often not very good research. So you need to include some space and flexibility for idea development and research. But you need to have the frame, otherwise things will derail.” [PM4]
Misunderstandings are particularly unacceptable in relation to financial management. 67% of the projects answer that they have elaborated descriptions of financial management processes. 46% found that this was done to an adequate degree, whereas 21% found it inadequately implemented. 4.2% had not elaborated such procedures, but found that they should have done so. 29% of the project managers found it unnecessary to describe financial procedures (see Table 5.13).
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