Análisis sobre el nivel de ingresos de la población y el capital humano en el Ecuador

FACULTAD LATINOAMERICANA DE

CIENCIAS SOCIALES

FLACSO

MAESTRIA EN POLITICAS SOCIALES

g

ANALISIS SOBRE EL NIVEL DE INGRESOS

DE LAPOBLACION y EL CAPITAL HUMANO

EN EL ECUADOR"

y

olanda Inés Velasco Tapia

Director de Tesis: Econ. Roberto Salazar

Quito - Ecuador

INDICE GENERAL

CAPITULO I - INTRODUCCIÓN

1.1

ANTECEDENTES

1.2

DELIMITACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA

1.3

DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA

14

HIPÓTESIS

1.5

VARIABLES E INDICADORES

1.6

OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN

1.7

JUSTIFICACIÓN

1.8

METODOLOGÍA

1.9

UMlTACIONES

CAPITlJLO 11 - MARCO REFERENCIAL

2.1

ESTADO DEL ARTE

2.1.1

TEORÍA DEL CAPITAL HUMANO

2.1.2

EDUCACIÓN Y CAPITAL HUMANO

2.1.3

POSrCIONES IDEOLÓGICAS ACERCA DEL CAPlTAL HUMANO

214

NUEVOS CONCEPTOS DE CAPITAL HUMANO

2.15

EL ACTIVO DE LOS POBRES: CONSTRUCCIÓN DE CAPITAL HUMANO

2.1.6

FUNCIÓN ESTADÍSTICA DE INGRESOS

2.1.7

MODELO ECONOMÉTRICO DE CAPITAL HUMANO

2.1.8

TEORÍA DE LA SEÑALIZACIÓN

2.1.9

EL DESEMPLEO Y EL EMPLEO IRREGULAR COMO ESTIGMAS

2.1.10

RIESGOS Y PROTECCIÓN SOCIAL

2.1.11

EXPERIENCIAS INTERNACIONALES

CAPITULO

lB -

MARCO EMPIRICO - PANORAMA LABORAL

3.1

ECONOMIA y EMPLEO

3.2

OFERTA Y DEMANDA EN EL MERCADO LABORAL

3.3

SALARIOS E INGRESOS LABORALES

34

REFORMAS LABORALES

CAPITULO IV - MARCO EMPIRICO - EDUCACION

41

ECONOMIA y EDUCACION

42

COBERTURA Y ACCESO A LA EDUCACION

4.3

OFERTA DEL SISTEMA EDUCATIVO

44

REFORMAS EDUCA

TN

AS

4.5

INVERSION EN EDUCACION

CAPITULO V - MARCO EMPIRICO - MODELO ECONOMETRICO

51

RESULTADOS DEL MODELO

CAPITlJLO VI - RESULTADOS, CONCLUSIONES

y

RECOMENDACIONES

61

RESULTADOS

6.2

CONCLUSIONES

6.3

RECOMENDACIONES

ANEXOS

BIBLIOGRAFIA

1

1

2

3

3

3

4

4

5

8

9

9

10

11 12

14

18

19

20

21

24

25

25

27

27

28

36

42

44

44

45

53

57

58

62

62

76

76

80

[image:3.568.76.477.129.480.2]

INDICE DE CUADROS

CUADRO No. 3.2.1

POBLACION ECONOMICAMENTE ACTlVA PEA

29

CUADRO No. 3.2.2

POBLACION EN EDAD DE TRABAJAR PET

29

CUADRO No. 4.2.

J

TASA DE ESCOLARIDAD SEGÚN GRUPO DE EDAD

47

CUADRO No. 4.3.1

TASAS DE EFICIENCIA ESCOLAR

56

CUADRO No. 4.3.2

TASAS DE REPETlCION

y

DESERCION ESCOLAR

56

CUADRO No. 4.5.1

GASTOS DE LOS HOGARES EN EDUCACION

59

CUADRO No. 5.1

SERIE HISTORICA DE LOS INGRESOS POR HORA

62

CUADRO No. 5.2

RESULTADOS MODELO ECONOMETRICO OLS

63

CUADRO No. 5.3

RESUL TADOS VARIABLE ESCOLARIDAD

65

CUADRO No. 5.4

RESULTADOS VARIABLE EXPERIENCIA

66

CUADRO No. 5.5

RESULTADOS VARIABLE TRABAJADORES DE EMPRESA PRIVADA

67

CUADRO No. 5.6

RESULTADOS VARIABLE TRABAJADORES POR CUENTA PROPIA

69

CUADRO No. 5.7

RESULTADOS VARIABLE TRABAJADORES EN EL SECTOR FORMAL

70

CUADRO No. 5.8

RESULTADOS VARIABLE TRABAJADORES EN EL SECTOR INFORMAL

71

CUADRO No. 5.9

RESULTADOS VARIABLE TRABAJO COMO PATRON

72

CUADRO No. 5.10

RESULTADOS VARIABLE GENERO

74

INDICE DE GRAFICOS

GRAFICO No. 3.2.1

PEA POR GRUPOS DE EDAD

30

GRAFICO No. 3.2.2

PEA POR NIVELES DE INSTRUCCION

30

GRAFICO No. 3.2.3

PEA POR GRUPO OCUPACIONAL

31

GRAFICO No. 3.2.4

PEA POR RAMA DE ACTIVIDAD

32

GRAFICO No. 3.2.5

PEA POR CATEGORIA DE OCUPACION

32

GRAFICO No. 3.2.6

PEA POR NUMERO DE HORAS TRABAJADAS

33

GRAFICO No. 3.2.7

TASA GLOBAL DE PARTICIPACION LABORAL

33

GRAFICO No. 3.2.8

TASA BRUTA DE PARTICIPACION LABORAL

34

GRAFICO No. 3.2.9

ESTRUCTURA DE LA PEA POR CATEGORIA DE OCUPACION y REGION

35

GRAFICO No. 3.2.10 ESTRUCTURA DE LA PEA POR RAMA DE ACTIVIDAD Y REGION

35

GRAFICO No. 3.2.11 ESTRUCTURA DE LA PEA POR GRUPO OCUPACIONAL Y REGION

36

GRAFICO No. 3.3. I

INGRESOS LABORALES

37

GRAFICO No. 3.3.2

SALARIO MINIMO VITAL

37

GRAFICO No. 3.3.3

INDlCE DEL INGRESO EFECTIVO

38

GRAFICO No. 3.3.4

INGRESOS POR RENTAS

38

GRAFICO No. 3.3.5

INGRESO SALARIAL PERSONAL

39

GRAFICO No. 3.3.6

INGRESOS TOTALES

39

GRAFICO No. 3.3.7

INGRESOS EFECTIVOS MENSUALES

40

GRAFICO No. 3.3.8

TASA DE DESEMPLEO

41

GRAFICO No. 3.3.9

TASA DE SUBEMPLEO

41

GRAFICO No. 3.3.10 TASA DE DEPENDENCIA ECONOMICA

41

GRAFICO No. 4.2.1

TASA DE ANALFABETISMO

48

GRAFICO No. 4.2.2

TASA DE ANALFABETISMO FUNCIONAL

49

GRAFICO No. 4.2.3

AÑOS DE ESCOLARIDAD

50

GRAFICO No. 4.2.4

TASAS DE PRIMARIA COMPLETA

51

GRAFICO No. 4.2.5

TASAS DE SECUNDARIA COMPLETA

52

GRAFICO No. 4.2.6

TASAS DE INSTRUCCiÓN SUPERIOR

52

GRAFICO No. 4.3.1

ａｌｾｏｓｐｏｒｐｒｏｆｅｓｏｒ

54

GRAFICO No. 4.5.1

TRANSFERENCIAS AL SECTOR EDUCATIVO POR ALUMNO

58

GRAFICO No. 4.5.2

INVERSION PUBLICA EN EDUCACION

60

GRAFICO No. 4.5.3

INVERSION PER CAPITA EN EDUCACION

61

GRAFICO No. 5.1

RETORNOS POR AÑO ADICIONAL DE EDUCACION

65

GRAFICO No. 5.2

RETORNOS POR AÑO ADICIONAL DE EXPERIENCIA

66

GRAFICO No. 5.3

INGRESOS PARA TRABAJADORES DE EMPRESA PRIVADA

67

GRAFICO No. 5.4

INGRESOS PARA CUENTA PROPISTAS

68

GRAFICO No. 5.5

INGRESOS POR TRABAJAR EN EL SECTOR FORMAL

70

GRAFICO No. 5.6

[NGRESOS POR TRABAJAR EN EL SECTOR INFORMAL

71

GRAFICO No. 5.7

INGRESOS POR TRABAJAR COMO PATRON

72

GRAFICO No. 5.8

RETORNOS SEGÚN GENERO

73

ANEXO No. 1

RESULTADOS MODELO ECONOMETRICO

...ｾＮ ﾷＮＧｓ￭､ＬｾｴｴＺﾷ Ｎｾ［ｾｩＧｴＧ @(Eff.

$@$tU

1988

escexp -0.0001 0.0002 -0.0009 0.0002 -0.0006 0.0002 -0.0003 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0003

1989

escexp -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0011 0.0002 -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0003 0.0001 -0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002

1990

escexp -0.0001 0.0002 -0.0007 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0003

1991

escexp -0.0001 0.0002 -0.0009 0.0003 -0.0003 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0006 0.0003

1992

escexp -0.0002 0.0002 -0.0007 0.0003 -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0001 -0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002

1993

escexp -0.0004 0.0002 -0.0002 0.0003 -0.0004 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002 -0.0002 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0002

1994

escexp -0.0002 0.0002 -0.0013 0.0003 -0.0007 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0002

1995

escexp -0.0002 0.0002 -0.0008 0.0003 -0.0008 0.0002 -0.0005 0.0001 -0.0002 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002

1996

escexp -0.0002 0.0002 -0.0006 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002 -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003

1997

escexp -0.0004 0.0002 -0.0011 0.0002 -0.0007 0.0002 -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002 -0.0002 0.0003

1998

escexp -0.0011 0.0002 -0.0017 0.0003 -0.0014 0.0002 -0.0008 0.0001 -0.0003 0.0001 -0.0004 0.0003

1999

escexp 0.0002 0.0002 -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002

2000

escexp -0.0002 0.0002 -0.0011 0.0004 -0.0010 0.0002 -0.0006 0.0002 -0.0003 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003

2001

escexp 0.0000 0.0003 -0.0012 0.0004 -0.0008 0.0002 -0.0004 0.0002 -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0002 0.0003

2002

escexp 0.0000 0.0002 -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0005 0.0002 -0.0003 0.0002 -0.0003 0.0002 -0.0003 0.0003

1988

sexo -0.1364 0.0177 -0.1948 0.0278 -0.1998 0.0215 -0.1801 0.0164 -0.1948 0.0195 -0.2021 0.0261

1989

sexo -0.2699 0.0166 -0.2363 0.0225 -0.2112 0.0169 -0.1453 0.0136 -0.1681 0.0189 -0.1906 0.0222

1990

sexo -0.2225 0.0211 -0.2601 0.0252 -0.2433 0.0182 -0.2507 0.0200 -0.2628 0.0216 -0.2259 0.0363

1991

sexo -0.1919 0.0188 -0.2692 0.0258 -0.2737 0.0184 -0.2526 0.0176 -0.2228 0.0212 -0.1979 0.0320

1992

sexo -0.2033 0.0191 -0.2833 0.0261 -0.2858 0.0201 -0.2634 0.0165 -0.2378 0.0178 -0.2146 0.0254

1993

sexo -0.3638 0.0196 -0.3289 0.0292 -0.3053 0.0170 -0.2600 0.0179 -0.2421 0.0209 -0.1714 0.0293

1994

sexo -0.1789 0.0207 -0.2860 0.0347 -0.2593 0.0227 -0.2101 0.0177 -0.2183 0.0174 -0.2022 0.0300

1995

sexo -0.2032 0.0182 -0.3176 0.0298 -0.2914 0.0183 -0.2385 0.0144 -0.2014 0.0193 -0.2059 0.0259

1996

sexo -0.1871 0.0193 -0.3290 0.0286 -0.2892 0.0190 -0.2434 0.0177 -0.2303 0.0197 -0.2025 0.0267

1997

sexo -0.1395 0.0197 -0.2491 0.0268 -0.2267 0.0183 -0.2147 0.0178 -0.1636 0.0238 -0.1564 0.0317

1998

sexo -0.3344 0.0191 -0.3230 0.0282 -0.2920 0.0187 -0.2563 0.0167 -0.2092 0.0151 -0.1754 0.0299

1999

sexo -0.1431 0.0215 -0.3172 0.0282 -0.2889 0.0260 -0.2162 0.0181 -0.1848 0.0199 -0.1593 0.0314

2000

sexo -0.2092 0.0237 -0.3086 0.0395 -0.2802 0.0257 -0.2484 0.0174 -0.2248 0.0241 -0.2747 0.0365

2001

sexo -0.1858 0.0297 -0.3450 0.0391 -0.2749 0.0234 -0.2605 0.0237 -0.2702 0.0263 -0.2736 0.0395

ANEXO No. 1

RESULTADOS MODELO ECONOMETRICO

•••••

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ｾｩｪ［ｾｲｩ＿ ＣｾｬＺｭＩ ＮｾｩｾｩＩ

1988

sierra -0.0645 0.0142 -0.0538 0.0241 -0.0295 0.0186 -0.0304 0.0142 -0.0376 0.0169 -0.0701 0.0219

1989

sierra -0.0069 0.0131 0.0305 0.0203 0.0358 0.0149 0.0199 0.0120 0.0190 0.0164 0.0062 0.0188

1990

sierra 0.0103 0.0161 0.0093 0.0220 0.0183 0.0161 0.0301 0.0178 0.0345 0.0189 0.0602 0.0311

1991

sierra -0.0378 0.0152 -0.0273 0.0242 -0.0355 0.0168 -0.0505 0.0158 -0.0236 0.0187 0.0227 0.0279

1992

sierra -0.0182 0.0157 -0.0500 0.0248 -0.0570 0.0186 -0.0376 0.0149 0.0097 0.0159 0.0309 0.0227

1993

sierra -0.0370 0.0168 -0.0043 0.0273 -0.0157 0.0156 -0.0380 0.0162 -0.0681 0.0188 -0.0490 0.0265

1994

sierra 0.1027 0.0173 0.0740 0.0306 0.0739 0.0201 0.0862 0.0160 0.0979 0.0157 0.1009 0.0274

1995

sierra 0.1067 0.0160 0.0757 0.0273 0.0518 0.0167 0.0789 0.0131 0.1046 0.0174 0.1717 0.0230

1996

sierra 0.1292 0.0170 0.1183 0.0265 0.1051 0.0174 0.0955 0.0163 0.0539 0.0181 0.0555 0.0242

1997

sierra 0.0931 0.0169 0.0784 0.0241 0.1010 0.0167 0.1067 0.0162 0.0962 0.0215 0.1050 0.0283

1998

sierra 0.1658 0.0164 0.1845 0.0259 0.1690 0.0172 0.1525 0.0154 0.1655 0.0138 0.1778 0.0271

1999

sierra 0.1124 0.0177 0.1573 0.0250 0.1170 0.0238 0.1039 0.0168 0.1035 0.0181 0.1223 0.0280

2000

sierra 0.0753 0.0204 0.1437 0.0367 0.1506 0.0240 0.1064 0.0163 0.0936 0.0223 0.0650 0.0351

2001

sierra 0.2521 0.0232 0.2325 0.0358 0.2636 0.0226 0.2754 0.0229 0.2416 0.0254 0.2288 0.0375

2002

sierra 0.1205 0.0181 0.1182 0.0266 0.1326 0.0220 0.1213 0.0191 0.1506 0.0188 0.1480 0.0259

1988

patron 0.7686 0.0527 0.6282 0.0786 0.8677 0.0608 1.0015 0.0467 1.0734 0.0570 1.2939 0.0765

1989

patron 1.1651 0.0531 0.8028 0.0656 0.8747 0.0498 1.0253 0.0409 1.2031 0.0576 1.3068 0.0686

1990

patron 0.4843 0.0606 0.4408 0.0781 0.6027 0.0585 0.7201 0.0654 0.9417 0.0702 1.0301 0.1183

1991

patron 0.8882 0.0579 0.6992 0.0791 0.9318 0.0560 1.1747 0.0539 1.2878 0.0650 1.4510 0.0956

1992

patron 0.5932 0.0554 0.4108 0.0798 0.6465 0.0602 0.8768 0.0495 1.0728 0.0536 1.2083 0.0786

1993

patron 1.3776 0.0623 0.6318 0.0908 0.8162 0.0516 0.9651 0.0535 1.2236 0.0622 1.6790 0.0869

1994

patron 0.6979 0.0616 0.6230 0.1066 0.7298 0.0685 0.9139 0.0539 0.9709 0.0533 1.0491 0.0902

1995

patron 0.6978 0.0603 0.6024 0.0909 0.7649 0.0568 0.8657 0.0444 1.1191 0.0600 1.3410 0.0811

1996

patron 0.5885 0.0589 0.7040 0.0901 0.6499 0.0594 0.7406 0.0549 0.8260 0.0616 1.1721 0.0842

1997

patron 0.7909 0.0531 0.6315 0.0798 0.7901 0.0550 0.9429 0.0541 1.0357 0.0697 1.1205 0.0870

1998

patron 1.1310 0.0562 0.6937 0.0830 0.8399 0.0559 0.9256 0.0500 1.1016 0.0447 1.2220 0.0869

1999

patron 0.7415 0.0579 0.5813 0.0800 0.7417 0.0743 0.9161 0.0533 1.1255 0.0616 1.4189 0.0935

2000

patron 0.7498 0.0746 0.1293 0.1340 0.4140 0.0772 0.5369 0.0480 0.7367 0.0633 1.0604 0.0998

2001

patron 0.0403 0.1015 0.2622 0.1055 0.2432 0.0663 0.5467 0.0639 0.7262 0.0665 0.8126 0.0912

ANEXONo. 1

RESULTADOS MODELO ECONOMETRICO

$#íi$ª,i

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1988

cuentap 0.5213 0.0478 0.3965 0.0725 0.6199 0.0560 0.7785 0.0431 0.8298 0.0533 0.9468 0.0724

1989

cuentap 0.8839 0.0494 0.5222 0.0611 0.6048 0.0464 0.7741 0.0381 0.9371 0.0533 1.0115 0.0634

1990

cuentap 0.1729 0.0495 0.1748 0.0675 0.3895 0.0498 0.4 728 0.0549 0.6098 0.0590 0.6348 0.0972

1991

cuentap 0.4089 0.0482 0.2577 0.0704 0.4983 0.0489 0.6854 0.0463 0.8517 0.0553 0.9426 0.0829

1992

cuentap 0.1924 0.0505 0.0612 0.0745 0.3107 0.0550 0.5250 0.0449 0.6941 0.0482 0.8187 0.0701

1993

cuentap 0.8957 0.0526 0.2215 0.0824 0.4017 0.0474 0.5423 0.0484 0.7003 0.0553 0.9206 0.0766

1994

cuentap 0.2231 0.0556 0.2339 0.0986 0.3850 0.0624 0.5041 0.0485 0.4784 0.0478 0.5163 0.0817

1995

cuentap 0.1193 0.0504 0.2155 0.0789 0.3477 0.0508 0.4291 0.0399 0.5369 0.0538 0.6532 0.0718

1996

cuentap 0.2322 0.0508 0.4555 0.0817 0.3980 0.0524 0.5028 0.0483 0.5208 0.0543 0.7067 0.0730

1997

cuentap 0.3192 0.0477 0.2262 0.0739 0.3820 0.0506 0.5160 0.0483 0.6358 0.0603 0.7403 0.0761

1998

cuentap 0.6507 0.0509 0.1544 0.0756 0.2556 0.0502 0.3962 0.0432 0.5906 0.0378 0.6620 0.0757

1999

cuentap 0.1903 0.0512 0.1074 0.0735 0.2998 0.0670 0.4357 0.0485 0.5792 0.0559 0.7352 0.0848

2000

cuentap 0.1902 0.0415 -0.1432 0.0838 -0.0444 0.0519 0.0609 0.0332 0.2162 0.0439 0.3848 0.0716

2001

cuentap -0.3511 0.0812 0.0041 0.0792 -0.0413 0.0490 0.1328 0.0488 0.2095 0.0481 0.2846 0.0589

2002

cuentap -0.1638 0.0434 -0.2183 0.0649 -0.2278 0.0505 -0.0747 0.0420 0.0325 0.0380 0.0832 0.0480

1988

empr 0.4821 0.0432 0.5833 0.0679 0.6572 0.0525 0.6543 0.0413 0.6354 0.0512 0.6644 0.0701

1989

empr 0.6388 0.0448 0.4441 0.0583 0.4645 0.0443 0.5192 0.0366 0.6158 0.0511 0.6512 0.0602

1990

empr 0.1307 0.0445 0.2856 0.0625 0.3398 0.0470 0.3016 0.0531 0.3375 0.0573 0.4289 0.0933

1991

empr 0.2607 0.0441 0.3655 0.0650 0.4220 0.0460 0.4857 0.0448 0.5706 0.0541 0.6163 0.0817

1992

empr 0.1059 0.0475 0.1335 0.0700 0.2704 0.0528 0.4066 0.0437 0.4870 0.0476 0.5220 0.0698

1993

empr 0.6882 0.0489 0.2534 0.0767 0.3427 0.0449 0.3765 0.0470 0.4365 0.0549 0.6102 0.0761

1994

empr 0.1655 0.0508 0.3170 0.0909 0.3575 00589 0.3970 0.0464 0.3083 0.0463 0.2877 0.0794

1995

empr 0.0582 0.0461 0.2222 0.0737 0.3160 0.0480 0.3417 0.0382 0.3395 0.0522 0.4009 0.0703

1996

empr 0.1036 0.0469 0.4467 0.0750 0.3792 0.0493 0.3789 0.0460 0.3407 0.0518 0.3454 0.0708

1997

empr 0.2727 0.0427 0.2957 0.0698 0.3645 0.0478 0.3840 0.0464 0.4420 0.0584 0.4660 0.0720

1998

empr 0.5687 0.0472 0.2914 0.0712 0.3181 0.0477 0.3434 0.0419 0.4238 0.0374 0.4486 0.0776

1999

empr 0.1304 0.0495 0.2588 0.0727 0.3305 0.0653 0.3690 0.0472 0.4042 0.0551 0.4787 0.0852

2000

empr -0.3151 0.0394 -0.2247 0.0537 -0.1268 0.0359 -0.0634 0.0246 -0.0121 0.0352 0.0395 0.0532

2001

empr -0.4409 0.0884 0.1912 0.0851 0.0695 0.0513 0.0885 0.0506 0.0410 0.0495 0.0008 0.0623

ANEXO No. 1

RESULTADOS MODELO ECONOMETRICO

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$ti:tftf(. ｾｩ Ｎｾｴ｡ＬＡ［Ｃｩ

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1988

horas40 -0.4158 0.0221 -0.3229 0.0296 -0.3426 0.0229 -0.4644 0.0172 -0.5851 0.0201 -0.8440 0.0263

1989

horas40 -0.5601 0.0216 -0.2954 0.0243 -0.3697 0.0181 -0.4026 0.0146 -0.5221 0.0201 -0.7302 0.0234

1990

horas40 -0.3501 0.0258 -0.2695 0.0291 -0.3293 0.0219 -0.3574 0.0242 -0.4585 0.0259 -0.6417 0.0418

1991

horas40 -0.2957 0.0223 -0.2357 0,0299 -0,2845 0.0210 -0.3375 0,0199 -0,3849 0,0236 -0,5103 0,0345

1992

horas40 -0.3280 0.0227 -0,2571 0.0296 -0.3119 0.0223 -0.3583 0.0182 -0.4085 0.0196 -0.5128 0,0275

1993

horas40 -0,5506 0,0248 -0.2901 0,0344 -0,3524 0.0198 -0.4099 0.0206 -0.5415 0.0240 -0.6446 0.0335

1994

horas40 -0.4227 0.0305 -0.3245 0.0444 -0.3144 0.0286 -0.4220 0.0225 -0.5136 0,0224 -0,7218 0,0396

1995

horas40 -0.3254 0.0264 -0.2087 0.0392 -0.2411 0,0236 -0.3215 0.Q186 -0.4164 0.0248 -0.5912 0.0325

1996

horas40 -0.3096 0.0297 -0.1971 0.0377 -0.2611 0.0248 -0,2989 0,0230 -0.4362 0,0254 -0.5781 0.0347

1997

horas40 -0.3042 0.0262 -0.2368 0.0341 -0.2476 0.0239 -0.2658 0.0225 -0.3661 0.0282 -0.5426 0.0362

1998

horas40 -0.4884 0.0257 -0.2949 0.0378 -0.3062 0.0233 -0.3711 0,0200 -0.4587 0.0179 -0,6564 0.0361

1999

horas40 -0.3073 0.0279 -0.2896 0.0330 -0.2973 0.0295 -0.3507 0.0203 -0.4438 0.0218 -0.5826 0.0347

2000

horas40 -0.2546 0.0292 -0.1634 0.0451 -0.2774 0.0286 -0,3139 0,0193 -0.3592 0.0267 -0.5439 0.0426

2001

horas40 -0.3312 0.0340 -0.2312 0.0481 -0.2562 0.0278 -0.3388 0.0274 -0.4802 0.0296 -0.7289 0.0432

2002

horas40 -0.3482 0.0254 -0.2851 0.0330 -0.3074 0.0272 -0.3489 0,0235 -0.4181 0.0230 -0.5531 0.0320

1988

formal -0.0748 0,0350 0.2523 0,0471 0.1557 0.0371 0.0895 0.0294 0,0584 0.0371 0.0836 0.0521

1989

formal 0.2137 0.0316

0.13081

0.0406 0.0947 0.0291 0.0788 0.0234 0.0072 0,0329 0.0629 0.0381

1990

formal 0.0601 0.0357 0.2057 0.0419 0.1595 0.0317 0.1572 0.0349 0.1822 0,0368 0.1912 0.0572

1991

formal -0.0304 0.0326 0.0697 0.0472 0.0401 0.0322 0.0500 0.0305 0,0346 0.0361 0.0975 0.0520

1992

formal 0.0710 0.0352 0.2785 0.0473 0.1378 0.0346 0.1666 0.0283 0.1704 0.0305 0.1305 0.0457

1993

formal 0.4577 0.0339 0.2568 0.0513 0.2153 0.0297 0.2947 0.0310 0.3016 0.0366 0.2161 0.0502

1994

formal 0,1107 0.0385 0.2701 0.0632 0.3039 0.0394 0,3183 0.0306 0.3042 0.0296 0.3107 0.0479

1995

formal 0.1203 0.0329 0.2353 00527 0,2681 0.0321 0.2744 0.0255 0.2692 0.0344 0.2939 0.0459

1996

formal 0.0561 0.0327 0.1460 0.0496 0.2145 0,0334 0.2734 0.0309 0.2958 0.0346 0.2759 0.0464

1997

formal 0.1201 0.0359 0.2531 0.0477 0.2744 0.0328 0.2670 0.0318 0,2286 0.0411 0.2646 0.0500

1998

formal 0.4184 0.0340 0.2644 0.0537 0,2791 0,0329 0.3316 0.0289 0.3264 0.0268 0.2555 0.0595

1999

formal 0.1661 0.0364 0.2388 0.0558 0.2257 0.0468 0.2430 0,0323 0.2151 0.0355 0.1924 0.0603

2000

formal 0,1404 0.0410 0.5530 0.0713 0.4615 0.0461 0.3730 0.0293 0.2130 0.0394 0,0406 0.0622

2001

formal 0.1112 0.0618 0.2178 0.0983 0.2810 0.0574 0.2007 0.0560 0.2129 0.0545 0.1917 0.0724

ANEXO No. 1

RESULTADOS MODELO ECONOMETRICO

ｾＺＤﾫ＼ ｍｩＣｾｩｾ＼ ｾｗｩｩＨｨ ｩＺｩ｀Ｚｾｩｦ

1988

informal -0.2386 0.0335 -0.0562 0.0459 -0.1090 0.0365 -0.1204 0.0285 -0.1379 0.0356 -0.1603 0.0490

1989

informal -0.1358 0.0284 -0.2282 0.0382 -0.2040 0.0282 -0.2021 0.0229 -0.2498 0.0321 -0.2249 0.0375

1990

informal -0.0188 0.0318 0.0258 0.0419 -0.0194 0.0307 -0.0199 0.0333 -0.0055 0.0351 0.0017 0.0562

1991

informal -0.1457 0.0307 -0.0937 0.0439 -0.1430 0.0300 -0.1066 0.0279 -0.1268 0.0329 -0.0536 0.0473

1992

informal -0.0784 0.0314 0.0433 0.0446 -0.0608 0.0320 -0.0174 0.0259 -0.0038 0.0271 -0.0716 0.0395

1993

informal 0.1155 0.0325 -0.0439 0.0497 -0.0446 0.0286 0.0281 0.0289 0.0395 0.0332 -0.0221 0.0454

1994

informal -0.0911 0.0347 -0.0428 0.0616 0.0053 0.0381 0.0285 0.0292 0.0630 0.0280 0.1147 0.0455

1995

informal -0.1429 0.0318 -0.1032 0.0503 -0.0785 0.0306 -0.0476 0.0238 -0.0169 0.0319 -0.0105 0.0425

1996

informal -0.1870 0.0326 -0.1393 0.0492 -0.0729 0.0326 -0.0102 0.0298 0.0373 0.0334 -0.0384 0.0435

1997

informal -0.1327 0.0330 -0.0392 0.0467 -0.0751 0.0322 -0.0441 0.0305 -0.0283 0.0385 -0.0460 0.0465

1998

informal 0.0760 0.0310 -0.0289 0.0476 -0.0368 0.0302 -0.0030 0.0266 -0.0089 0.0243 -0.0434 0.0515

1999

informal -0.1992 0.0365 -0.1340 0.0517 -0.1180 0.0429 -0.0724 0.0295 -0.0779 0.0326 -0.1206 0.0558

2000

informal -0.1694 0.0415 0.0846 0.0745 0.0919 0.0468 0.0519 0.0305 -0.0868 0.0400 -0.2099 0.0624

2001

informal -0.2493 0.0601 -0.0871 0.0848 -0.0391 0.0508 -0.0746 0.0507 -0.0424 0.0502 -0.1137 0.0645

2002

informal -0.0267 0.0472 -0.0308 0.0669 0.1202 0.0520 0.1413 0.0433 0.1358 0.0398 0.1391 0.0508

1988

publico -0.7749 0.0475 -0.7847 0.0744 -0.7690 0.0582 -0.7660 0.0453 -0.6970 0.0562 -0.6366 0.0764

1989

publico -0.5711 0.0430 -0.6973 0.0634 -0.6561 0.0479 -0.6313 0.0396 -0.6889 0.0557 -0.6566 0.0664

1990

publico -0.4220 0.0528 -0.5164 0.0695 -0.5419 0.0524 -0.4112 0.0587 -0.4043 0.0636 -0.3838 0.1050

1991

publico -0.5527 0.0439 -0.5538 0.0747 -0.6055 0.0523 -0.6006 0.0505 -0.5737 0.0611 -0.4914 0.0921

1992

publico -0.3378 0.0465 -0.2438 0.0791 -0.3463 0.0591 -0.4480 0.0488 -0.4825 0.0532 -0.3677 0.0776

1993

publico -0.3531 0.0504 -0.4374 0.0882 -0.5056 0.0507 -0.4278 0.0532 -0.4241 0.0624 -0.5027 0.0879

1994

publico -0.5084 0.0568 -0.5919 0.1016 -0.4719 0.0662 -0.4079 0.0526 -0.2386 0.0521 -0.1656 0.0902

1995

publico -0.4070 0.0492 -0.4484 0.0838 -0.4204 0.0541 -0.3381 0.0431 -0.3145 0.0588 -0.2969 0.0791

1996

publico -0.6276 0.0500 -0.8347 0.0841 -0.6084 0.0552 -0.5082 0.0519 -0.3802 0.0587 -0.3766 0.0789

1997

publico -0.6528 0.0506 -0.6390 0.0772 -0.5422 0.0535 -0.4920 0.0525 -0.5099 0.0678 -0.4825 0.0876

1998

publico -0.4733 0.0482 -0.7556 0.0814 -0.5811 0.0545 -0.4953 0.0480 -0.5643 0.0429 -0.6577 0.0867

1999

publico -0.5539 0.0565 -0.5474 0.0807 -0.5121 0.0741 -0.4331 0.0536 -0.3708 0.0621 -0.4142 0.0966

2000

publico -0.4185 0.0572 -0.0354 0.0767 0.0021 00491 -0.0153 0.0307 -0.0162 00416 -0.0723 0.0666

2001

publico 0.3514 0.0919 -0.5059 0.1001 -0.2554 0.0608 -0.1841 0.0611 -0.0447 0.0621 0.0878 0.0835

ANEXO No. 1

RESULTADOS MODELO ECONOMETRICO

1988

cons 4.8817 0.0814 3.3339 0.1109 3.8574 0.0913 4.4725 4.8592 0.0827 5.4108 0.1100

1989

cons 4.6763 0.0854 3.9935 0.1008 4.5467 0.0751 4.9154 5.4116 0.0845 5.9557 0.1028

1990

cons 5.5425 0.0936 4.2910 0.1013 4.8053 0.0804 5.2548 5.6077 0.0939 5.8618 0.1604

1991

cons 5.8752 0.0886 4.7207 0.1196 5.3732 0.0804 5.6680 6.0555 0.0900 6.3306 0.1432

1992

cons 6.3528 0.0862 5.1449 0.1219 5.6391 0.0872 6.1856 6.4329 0.0757 6.6455 0.1081

1993

cons 5.8529 0.0844 5.6813 0.1272 6.1456 0.0718 6.4085 6.8767 0.0861 7.1780 0.1229

1994

cons 7.3228 0.1079 5.8121 0.1508 6.1990 0.0992 6.6576 7.1189 0.0768 7.5107 0.1260

1995

cons 7.5095 0.0900 6.2469 0.1387 6.5757 0.0817 6.8852 7.3144 0.0861 7.5969 0.1134

1996

con s 7.9048 0.0880 6.6532 0.1301 6.9007 0.0849 7.1538 0.0790 7.4513 0.0887 7.9197 0.1170

1997

cons 8.0187 0.1052 6.6951 0.1163 7.1330 0.0837 7.4937 0.0796 7.8681 0.1035 8.2135 0.1434

1998

cons 7.0387 0.1021 6.8233 0.1336 7.0411 0.0857 7.5217 0.0739 8.0836 0.0671 8.4421 0.1327

1999

cons 8.6779 0.0929 7.3427 0.1206 7.8266 0.1129 8.1329 0.0801 8.2460 0.0843 8.4556 0.1254

2000

cons -1.0856 0.1237 -2.9314 0.1994 -2.3859 0.1240 -1.6638 0.0798 -1.0486 0.1080 -0.2016 0.1726

2001

cons -0.3913 0.1508 -2.0477 0.1950 -1.4587 0.1187 -0.8295 0.1235 -0.5357 0.1350 -0.0027 0.1836

TASAS DE CRECIMIENTO

54.5 -9.4 46.9 31.5 53.2 33.3 86 32.3 29.4 22.9 1.4 -865.7 19.9 -1.1 552 19.6 44.8 37.7 44.4 24.2 19.5 137 41.7 21.5 16.2 -9295 51.3 10.4 ＬＮＺＧＺＧｖｾｩＧｴｩＡｴｉｍｾﾷＡｩｾＤｭＺｾ［ｦｩｩＡＣｩＮｩｩｦｩＺｪＺｩｩＣｩｉｩｬｩｩＮｩｪｾﾷＬＢﾷＧＮﾷﾷ .

••:'O(lV'· ···0;;.0..•••""··O;n:.'｜ＬＮ｡ｾｩｩ｜Ｇ ·.·.·.i1;ti\ iii9li···

•...<::";;1;••••••••c¡;o;r; ••••••\\1:i9.iif;•.•.•.••••\1:i9.iif;••••••••\ ••1:i9.iiii •••••••,...1:i9.iiii'••••• \1:i9.iiii\ •· ••Ci;.f;·· •...ci;.t,...."i¡;ii"i/" .:j;ii.¡;'··· •C••t::::·

4882% 333.4% 385.7% 447.2% 485.9% 541.1%

467.6% 399.3% 454.7% 491.5% 541.2% 595.6% ·20.5 66.0 68.9 44.3

554.2% 429.1% 480.5% 525.5% 560.8% 586.2% 86.6 29.7 25.9 33.9

587.5% 472.1% 537.3% 566.8% 605.6% 633.1% 33.3 430 56.8 41.3

635.3% 514.5% 563.9% 618.6% 643.3% 664.5% 47.8 42.4 26.6 51.8

585.3% 568.1% 614.6% 640.9% 687.7% 7178% -50.0 53.6 50.6 22.3

732.3% 581.2% 619.9% 665.8% 711.9% 751.1% 147.0 13.1 5.3 24.9

750.9% 624.7% 657.6% 688.5% 731.4% 759.7% 18.7 43.5 37.7 22.8

790.5% 665.3% 690.1% 715.4% 745.1% 792.0% 395 40.6 32.5 26.9

801.9% 669.5% 7133% 749.4% 786.8% 821.3% 11.4 42 232 34.0

703,9% 682.3'% 704.1% 752.2% 808.4% 844.2% -98.0 12.8 -9.2 2.8

867.8% 734.3% 782.7% 813.3% 8246% 845.6% 163.9 51.9 78.6 61.1

-108.6% -293.1% -238.6% -166.4% -104.9% -20.2% -976.4 -1027.4 -1021.2 -979.7

-39.1% -204.8% -145.9% -83.0% -53.6% -0.3% 69.4 88.4 92.7 83.4

-1.3% -123.6% -102.1%, -67.1% -43.2% -1.3% 37.8 81.2 43.8 15.8

1988 ccns 1989 ccns 1990 cons 1991 cons 1992 ccns 1993 cans 1994 cons 1995 cons 1996 ccns 1997 cons 1998 cons 1999 cons 2000 ccns 2001 cons 2002 ccns

-2.6 -0.8 -1.7 -2.1 -2.3 ·20

0.9 -1.4 -0.1 -0.8 1.4 37

0.7 -0.2 -1.3 0.6 ·2.3 ·3.6

-0.5 -2.6 0.1 -1.8 0.5 2.1

-2.2 0.9 0.0 20 0.3 -1.5

1.1 2.9 07 -05 ·1.1 ·03

1.6 -1.2 07 1.0 1.3 1.9

0.6 0.2 06 0.9 2.6 0.9

-2.7 0.5 -2.6 -2.3 -3.7 ·2.2

1.7 2.1 4.7 2.5 0.8 2.6

-4.1 -6.3 -78 -55 -1.1 ·1.3

3.7 6.3 7.0 5.1 1.0 -4.7

-5.0 -1.2 -43 -3.9 -1.2 1.2

3.6 -3.0 06 1.6 1.4 2.4

ｾｯ ｾｏ ｏｾ ｏｾ ｾｏ ｏｾ ｾｏ ｏｾ ｾｏ ｾｏ ｾｏ ｏｾ

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 ·0 1

ｾｏ ｾｏ ｏｾ ｾｏ ｾｏ ｾｏ

0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 OO 00 ·0.1

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ｎ［ﾷＬＮＺＧｩｴｾｩＧｴｩＡｴｉｑｩｪ［ｾｾｾｾｾｬｩｩＢＢ ＮｩｩＧｾｾｾＧＺＧﾷＢＺ

•••0(6 ••••/¡.;jil :O;25 ＱｩｾＯｴﾷ •••iIoti •••• ifiiill....

·c"'i; '•

•••••..

1:i9..¡¡.. 1:i9.iif;••:,·· 1:i9.iiii • 1:i9.iif;:...

8.0% 11.2% 9.1% 7.3% 6.0%

5.4% 10.3% 7.4% 5.2% 3.7%

6.2% 9.0% 7.3% 4.3% 5.1%

6.9% 8.8% 5.9% 5.0% 2.8%

6.5% 6.2% 6.0% 3.1% 3.4%

4.3% 7.1% 6.1% 5.1% 3.7%

5.4% 9.9% 6.8% 4.6% ＲＮｾ

7.0% 8.7% 7.5% 5.6% 3.9%

7.6% 8.9% 8.1% 6.5% 6.5%

4.9% 9.5% 5.5% 4.2% 2.8%

6.6% 11.5% 10.2% 6.7% 3.6%

2.5% 5.3% 2.4% 1.1% 2.5%

6.2% 11.6% 9.5% 6.2% 3.5%

1.2% 10.4% 5.1% 2.3% 2.3%

4.8% 7.4% 5.7% 3.9% 3.7%

escoe escora escota escota es cola escala escote escala escota escala escola escale escota escola escole 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1988 cuentap 52.1% 39.7% 62.0% 77.8% 83.0% 94.7%

1989 cuentap 88.4% 52.2% 60.5% 77.4% 93.7% 101.2% 36.3 12.6 -1.5 -0.4 10.7 65

1990 cuentap 17.3% 17.5% 39.0% 47.3% 61.0% 63.5% -71.1 -34.7 -21.5 -30.1 -327 ·37.7

1991 cuentap 40.9% 25.8% 49.8% 68.5% 85.2% 94.3% 23.6 83 10.9 21.3 24.2 30.8

1992 cuentap 19.2% 6.1% 31.1% 52.5% 69.4% 81.9% -21.6 -19.7 -18.8 -16.0 -15.8 -12.4

1993 cuentap 89.6% 22.2% 40.2% 54.2% 70.0% 92.1% 70.3 16.0 9.1 1.7 06 10.21

1994 cuentap 223% 23.4% 38.51l_{/n 50.4% 47.8% 51.6% -67.3 1.2 -1.7 -3.8 -22.2 -40.4}

1995 cuentap 11.9% 21.5% 34.8% 42.9% 53.7% 65.3% -10.4 -1.8 -3.7 -7.5 5.9 13.7

1996 cuentap 23.2% 45.6% 39.8% 50.3% 52.1% 70.7% 11.3 24.0 5.0 7.4 -1.6 5.3

1997 cuentap 31.9% 22.6% 38.2% 51.6% 63.6% 74.0% 8.7 -22.9 -1.6 1.3 11.5 3.4

1998 cuentep 65.1% 15.4% 25.6% 39.6% 59.1% 66.2% 33.2 -7.2 -12.6 -12.0 -4.5 -7.8

1999 cuentap 19.0% 10.7% 30.0% 43.6% 57.9% 73.5% -46.0 -4.7 4.4 4.0 -1.1 7.3

2000 cuentap 19.0% -14.3% -4.4% 6.1% 21.6% 38.5% 0.0 -25.1 -34.4 -37.5 -36.3 -35.0

2001 coentep -35.1% 0.4% -4.1% 13.3% 20.9% 285% -54.1 14.7 03 7.2 -0.7 -10.0

2002 cuenlap -16.4% -21.8% -22.8% -7.5% 3.2% 8.3% 18.7 -22.2 -18.6 -20.8 -17.7 -20.1

ｾＲｩｬｬ｀ｬｬｩｩｬｩｭ

1988 empr 48.2% 58.3% 65.7% 65.4% 63.5% 66.4%

ｾＱ［ｉｾｾＱｾｾｴｦＰｾｾｾｾｾＺＬｳｲＺＡＡｾＺ

1989 empr 63.9% 44.4% 46.5% 51.9% 61.6% 65.1% 15.7 -13.9 -19.3 -13.5 -2.0 -1.3

1990 error 13.1% 28.6% 34.0% 30.2% 33.7% 42.9% -50.8 -15.8 -12.5 -21.8 -27.8 -22.2

1991 ernpr 26.1% 36.5% 42.2% 48.6% 57.1% 61.6% 13.0 8.0 8.2 18.4 23.3 18.7

1992 empr 106% 13.3% 27.0% 40.7% 48.7% 52.2% -15.5 -23.2 -15.2 -7.9 -8.4 -9.4

1993 empr 68.8% 25.3% 34.3% 37.6% 43.6% 61.0% 582 12.0 7.2 -3.0 -5.1 8.8

1994 empr 16.5% 31.7% 358% 39.7% 30.8% 28.8% -52.3 6.4 1.5 2.1 -12.8 -32.3

1995 empr 5.8% 22.2% 31.6% 34.2% 33.9% 40.1% -10.7 -9.5 -4 1 -5.5 3.1 11.3

1996 empr 10.4% 44.7% 37.9% 37.9% 34.1% 34.5% 4.5 22.4 6.3 3.7 0.1 -5.5

1997 empr 27.3% 29.6% 36.4% 38.4% 44.2% 46.6% 16.9 -15.1 -1.5 0,5 10.1 121

1998 empr 56.9% 29.1% 31.8% 34.3% 42.4% 44.9% 29.6 -0.4 -46 -4.1 -1.8 -1.7

1999 empr 13.0% 25.9% 33.0% 36.9% 40.4% 47.9% -43.8 -3.3 1.2 2.6 -2.0 3.0

2000 empr -31.5% -22.5% -12.7% -6.3% -1.2% 3.9% -44.6 -48.3 -457 -43.2 -41.6 -43.9

2001 empr -44.1% 19.1% 6.9% 8.8% 4.1% 0.1% -12.6 41.6 19.6 15.2 5.3 -3.9

2002 empr -13.7% 4.4% -11.3% -14.6% -13.7% -15.7% 30.4 -14.7 -18.2 -23.4 -17.8 -15.8

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ＺｾＡｾＸＺｾｾＷＮｾｾｾ［ｾｲｾｾＺﾡｲＺＮｾ

....

1988 escexp 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1989 escexp -0.1% -0.1%1 -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1990 escexp 0.0% -0,1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1991 escexp 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

1992 escexp 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1993 escexp 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1994 escexp 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1995 escexp 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1996 escexp 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1997 escexp 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% ·0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

1998 escexp -0.1% -0.2% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

1999 escexp 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

2000 escexp 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

2001 escexp 0.0% -0.1% -0.11_{% 0.0% ·0.1% 0.0%}

2002 escexp 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

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:.«:ViiNilbtil'(Ｚ＼ＺＬＨｬｕｾＺ ＢＧＬＬＬＧＬｽＺｍｾＺ ＢＢＬＬＺＺ［ＺｾＺｾｽｽＺ :::<:,:,O:M:::::::::

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1988 escola2 0.0% -0,1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2%

1989 escola2 0.2% ｾｏＮＱＥ 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 01

1990 esccíez 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% -0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0,0 -0.1

1991 escola2 0,1% 0.0% 0.1% 0,2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.0 0.1 0,1 0.0 0.1 0.2

1992 escola2 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0,3% 0.3% 0,0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1

1993 escoleZ 0.2% 0.0% 0,1% 0.2% 0,2% 0.3% 0.2 -0.1 ·0,1 -0.1 0.0 0.1

1994 esccíaz 0.1% 0,0% 0,1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0..1 0.0

1995 escola2 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% -0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0,0 -0.1

1996 escola2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0,2% 0.0 0.0 0.0 O_O -0.1 -0.1

1997 eseola2 0,2% 0,0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.1 0.0 0.1 01 0.2 0.2

1998 eseola2 0,2% -0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.3% 0,3% 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 OO -0.1

1999 eseola2 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0,1 0.1

2000 eseola2 0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0,6% -0,1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 OO 02

2001 eseola2 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.2 0.1 0,1 0.1 0.1 0.0

2002 eseola2 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% -0.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2

1988 exper 2.7% 5.2% 4.3'% 3.5% 3.7% 3.5%

1989 exper 4.8% 5.3% 4.1% 3.3% 3.5% 3.3% 2.1 0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2

1990 exper 3.1% 4.6% 4.1% 3.5% 3.5% 4.4% -1.7 -0.7 0,0 0.2 0.0 1.2

1991 exper 3.3% 4.9% 4.0% 4.0% 3.6% 3.3% 0.1 0.3 -0.1 0.5 0,0 -1.1

1992 exper 3.0% 4.8% 4.4% 3.7% 3.7% 3.6% -0.3 -0,2 04 -0.3 0.2 02

1993 exper 5.5% 4.7% 4.3% 4.2% 3.7% 4.1% 2.5 -0.1 -0.1 0.5 OO 0.6

1994 exper 2.4% 5.5% 4.4% 3.6% 2,9% 3.1% -3.1 0.8 0,1 -0.5 -0.8 ·1.0

1995 exper 2.2% 4,5% 4,1% 3.7% 2.9% 3.0% -0.2 -0.9 -0.3 0.1 0.0 ·0,1

1996 exper 2.3% 4.1% 3.8% 3.9% 4.0% 3.5% 0.1 -0.5 -0,3 0,1 1.0 06

1997 exper 2.3% 4.8% 3.9% 3.3% 3.1% 3.2% 0,0 0.8 0.1 -0.5 -0.8 -0,3

1998 exper 6.0% 5.9% 5,5% 4.4% 3.4% 3.8% 3.8 1.1 1.6 1.1 0.3 0.6

1999 exper 1.6% 4.6% 3.6% 2,9% 3.5% 4.3% -4.5 -1.3 -1,9 -1.5 0.1 0.4

2000 exper 2.7% 5.4% 5.0% 4.2% 3.6% 3.3% 1,2 0,8 1.3 1.3 0.1 -0,9

2001 exper 1.9% 5.3% 4.0% 3.3% 3.4% 3.5% -0.8 -0.1 -1.0 -0,9 -0.1 0.2

2002 exper 1.9% 3.9% 3.7% 3.4% 3.6% 3.8% 0.0 -1.3 -0.2 0.1 0.1 03

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ＬＺＺＺＺＺｩｩｾＤｽＺ ＺｽＧｬｩ［ＱＱｖＬＬＺＺＺｍｾＺＺＺ ＬＺＺＺＺＺｩｪﾡＤｪｦＧＺＺｪｩﾡＺｴｾＧＺＺＧｪｴＱ｜ｩｪＺＺＺ

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1988 formal -7.5% 25.2% 15.6% 9.0% 5.8% 8.4%

1989 formal 21.4% 13.1% 9.5% 7.9% 0,7% 6.3% 28.8 -12.1 -61 -1.1 -5.1 -2.1

1990 formal 6.0% 20.6% 16.0% 15.7% 18.2% 19.1% -15.4 7.5 6.5 78 17.5 12.8

1991 formal -3.0% 7.0% 4.0% 5.0% 3.5% 9.7% -9.1 -13.6 ··11.9 -10_7 ·148 -94

1992 formal 7.1% 27.8% 13,8% 16.7% 17.0% 13.1% 10,1 20.9 9.8 11.7 136 3.3

1993 formal 45,8% 25,7% 21.5% 29.5% 30.2% 21.6% 38,7 -2.2 7.7 12.8 13,1 8.6

1994 formal 11.1% 27.0% 30.4% 31.8% 30.4% 31.1% -34.7 1.3 8.9 2.4 0.3 95

1995 formal 12.0% 235% 26.8% 27.4% 26.9% 29.4% 1.0 -3.5 -3.6 -4.4 -3.5 -1.7

1996 formal 5.6% 14.6% 21.5% 27.3% 29.6% 27.6% -6.4 -8.9 -5.4 -0.1 2.7 -1.8

1997 formal 12.0% 25.3% 27.4% 26.7% 22.9% 26.5% 6.4 10.7 6.0 -0.6 -6.7 -1.1

1998 formal 41.8% 26.4% 27.9% 33.2% 32.6% 25.5% 29.8 1.1 0.5 6.5 9.8 -0.9

1999 formal 16.6% 23.9% 22.6% 24.3% 21.5% 19.2% -25.2 -2.6 -5.3 -8.9 -11.1 -6.3

2000 formal 14.0% 55.3% 46.2% 37.3% 21.3% 4.1% -2.6 31.4 23.6 13.0 -0.2 -15.2

2001 formal 11.1% 21.8% 28.1% 20,1% 21.3% 19.2% -2.9 -33.5 -18.1 -17.2 0,0 151

2002 formal 20.4% 27,8% 37.4% 40.9% 39.2% 33.4% 9.3 6.1 9.3 20.8 17.9 14.2

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ｳ ｩｬｩ ｾｾ ｊｴ ｾ ＺＺＺ ＺＺＺＺ Ｚ ＺＺ ＺＺＺＺＺＺＺＺＺＺ ＺＺＺＺ Ｚ ＺＺＺ ＺＬＺＬＺＬＺＬＺＬＺＺＺＺＺＬＺＺＺＺＺＺＺＺＺＬＺＺＺＬＺＬＺＬＺＬＺＬＺｽｽＺＺＬＺＺＺＺＢＺＢＬＬＬＬＧＬＺＬｽＺＬ｣ｯｩｩＱ｜ｩｩｴｬｩｩｩｩｬｩｾＢＢ ::::::::::::::,:,:,:,:,:::::::::,:,:,::",}:,:::,:,:::,}}}ＺＢＬＺＬＧＬＺＺＺＺｶ｡ｾｩｏｩｩＧｩｭｴｩＢｊＺ｣Ｎｏｩｩｦｬｩ［ｩｩｭｴｩ［ＤＺＧｩｒ｜ｩｩｩｴＶＺＺｒｬ＾ｩＧｩＺｬｩｩｬｦｵｩｩｬ￭ＺＢＧ＾ＺＧﾷ

ａＡｩｾｓＮＺＺｽ ＺＺＺＬｽＢｑ［ｾｪＩＺ ::::::"::,,,:,Q4:,!f:::::,::: :,}}Q;$jl: }::ｽｽＺＧｾＧｾＺｽＬｽＺＺＺｑ［ｗＬ ::::::ＺＺＺＢＧｑＮｾｾｩｴＢ ｽｊｬＺＺｩｪＩＺＺＺＺＬＬｽｾＺｗＺＺＺＺ ｜Ｉ｜ＺｾｬｬＺＺＺＺＬ ＺＺＺＺｾＺｲＤＮＺＧＢ

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1988 exper2 0.0% -O1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1989 exper2 -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 OO

1990 exper2 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% -0.1% 0,0 0.0 0,0 0.0 OO 0.0

1991 exper2 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1992 exper2 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% -0,1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 OO 0.0

1993 exper2 -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% -0,1% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1994 exper2 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 OO

1995 exper2 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1996 exper2 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1997 exper2 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 OO 0.0 0.0

1998 exper2 -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% -0,1 0.0 0.0 OO 0.0 0.0

1999 experz 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% -0.1% 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2000 exper2 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% -0,1% 0.0% 0,0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0

2001 exper2 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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:.%..:.:.:.:.;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,0.0% 0.0%ＺｽｽＩﾡｩｩｩｴｩ｡ｬｩｩ￳ｩｩｩｩＮｩ［ｴｲｩｩＺＺ｣ｩｩＶｩｩｩｩｩ￩ｩｩｴｩｩＺｩｦｦ｢ｭﾡﾡＢＬﾡＺ［ｯｲｾﾡﾡﾡ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .:::..:....0.0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

horas40 -41.6% -32.3% -34.3% -46.4% -58.5% -84.4%

horas40 -56.0% -29.5% -37.0% -40.3% -52.2% -73.0%

horas40 -35.0% -27.0% -32.9% -35.7% -45.9% -64.2%

horas40 ｾＲＹＮＶＥ ｾＲＳＮＶＥ -28.4% -33.7% -38.5% -51.0%

horas40 -32.8% -25.7% -31.2% -35.8% -40.9% -51.3%

horas40 -55.1% -29.0% -35.2% -41.0% -54.2% -64.5%

horas40 -42.3% -32.5% -31.4% -42.2% -51.4% -72.2%

horas40 -32.5% -20.9% -24.1% -32.2% -41.6% -59.1%

horas40 -31.0% -19.7% -26,1% -29.9% -43.6% -57.8%

hores40 -30.4% -23.7% -24,8% -26.6% -36.6% ｾＵＴＮＳＥ

horas40 -48.8% -29,5% -30.6% -37.1% -45.9% -65.6%

horas40 -30.7% -29.0% -29.7% -35.1% -44.4% -58,3%

horas40 -25.5% -16.3% -27.7% -31.4% -35.9% -54.4%

horas40 -33.1% -23.1% -25.6% -33.9% -48.0% -72.9%

horas40 -34.8% -28.5% -30.7% -34.9% -41.8% -55.3%

-14.4 2.7 -2.7 6.2 63 114

21.0 2.6 4.0 4.5 6.4 8.9

5.4 3.4 4.5 2.0 7.4 131

-3.2 -2.1 -2.7 -2.1 -2.4 -0.2

-22.3 -3.3 -4.1 -5.2 -13.3 -13.2

12.8 -3.4 3.8 -1.2 2.8 -77

9.7 11.6 7.3 10.0 97 131

1.6 1.2 -2.0 2.3 -2O 13

0.5 -4.0 1.3 3.3 70 35

-18.4 -5.8 -5.9 -10.5 -93 -11.4

18.1 0.5 0.9 2.0 1.5 74

5.3 126 20 3.7 8.5 3.9

-7.7 -6.8 2.1 -2.5 -12.1 -18.5

::::::::::::::::::::::::::

-

•••••••••｣ＮｱＮｩｩ￩ｩＮＶｩｬｬｾｖＺＮ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::':::::::::<:;_{ＺＢＺＺＺＺＧＺ［Ｇﾡｾｩ￳ｩｩｾｪﾡＧ｣ｬｩＬｭＺｪｪ［ｩ￭ｩｬｩＡｦｩｩｩｩｦｵｩｩｦＶｑｩｾｩｩｩ｜ｩ} .••.

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ＺＺＺＺＺ［ｦＺＺｽ＾ｈｾＺｴ ••••C'Oiii;:::/: }}C'Oiii;:::::;"}':C'Oiii;.:.:.:}':'.C'Oiii;}::': }C'Oiii;'" :::Ca,;;" ::•• c.<;t}:}.tOlij;: .>tií¡¡r ﾿ｾＮＨ

1988 informal -23.91)/D -5.6% ｾＱＰＮＹＥ ｾＱＲＮＰＥ ｾＱＳＮＸＥ ｾＱＶＮＰＥ

1989 informal -13.6% -22.8% ｾＲＰＮＴＥ -20.2% -25.0% ｾＲＲＮＵＥ 10.3 -17.2 -9.5 -8.2 -11.2 -6.5

1990 informal -1.9% 2.6% ｾＱＮｧＥ -2.0% -0.5% 0.2% 11.7 25.4 18.5 18.2 24.4 22.7

1991 informal -14.6% ｾＹＮＴＥ -14.3% -10.7% ｾＱＲＮＷＥ -5.4% -12.7 -11.9 -12.4 -8.7 -12 1 -55

1992 informal -7.8% 4.3% -6.1% ｾＱＮＷＥ -0.4% -7.2% 6.7 13.7 8 2 8.9 12.3 -1 8

1993 informal 11.5% -4.4% -4.5% 2.8% 4.0% -2.2% 19.4 -8.7 1.6 46 4.3 4 9

1994 informal ｾＹＮＱＥ -4.3% 0.5'% 2.8% 6.3% 11.5% -207 0.1 5.0 0.0 23 13.7

1995 informal -14.3% ｾＱＰＮＳＥ -7.9% -4.6% -1.7% ｾＱＮＱＥ -5.2 -6 O -8.4 -76 -8.0 -125

1996 informal ｾＱＸＮＷＥ -13.9% -7.3% -1.0% 3.7% -3.8% -4.4 -3.6 0.6 3.7 54 -28

1997 informal -13.3% ｾＳＮＹＥ -7.5% ｾＴＮＴＥ -2.8% -4.6% 5.4 10.0 -0.2 -3.4 -66 -0.8

1998 informal 7.6% -2.9% -3.7% ｾＰＮＳＥ -0.9% -4.3% 20.9 1.0 3.8 4.1 1.9 0.3

1999 Informal -19.9% -13.4% -11.8% -7.2% -7.8% ｾＱＲＮＱＥ -275 -105 -8.1 -6.9 -6.9 -7.7

2000 informal -16.9% 8.5% 9.2% 5.2% -8.7% -21,0% 30 21.9 21.0 12.4 -0.9 -8.9

2001 informal -24.9% -8.7% ｾＳＮＹＥ -7.5% -4.2% -11.4% -8.0 -17.2 -13.1 -12.7 4.4 9.6

ｾｩＵｦ

ｾＳＮＱＥ 12.0% 14.1% 13.6% 13.9% 223 5.6 15.9 21.6 176 25.3

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1988 patron 76.9% 62.8% 86.8% 100.1% 107.3% 129.4%

1989 patrón 116.5% 80.3% 87.5% 102.5% 120.3% 130.7% 39.7 17.5 0.7 2.4 13 O 1 3

1990 patron 48.4% 44,1% 60.3% 72.0%l 94.2% 103.0% -68.1 -36.2 -27.2 -30.5 -26 1 -27 7

1991 patron 88.8% 69.9% 93.2% 117.5% 128.8% 145.1% 40.4 258 32 9 45.5 34.6 42.1

1992 patron 59,3% 41.1% 64.6% 87.7% 107.3% 120.8% -29.5 -28.8 -28.5 -29.8 -215 -24 3

1993 patron 137.8% 63.2% 81.6% 96.5% 122.4% 167.9% 78.4 22.1 17.0 8.8 15.1 47.1

1994 patrón 69.8% 62.3% 73.0% 91.4% 97.1% 104.9% -68.0 -0.9 -8.6 -5.1 -25.3 -63.0

1995 patrón 69.8% 60.2% 76,5% 86.6% 111.9% 134.1% 0.0 -2.1 35 -4.8 14.8 29 2

1996 patron 58.9% 70.4% 65.0% 74.1% 82.6% 117.2% -10.9 10.2 -11.5 -12.5 -29.3 -16.9

1997 patron 79.1% 63.1% 79.0% 94.3% 103.6% 112.1% 20.2 -7.3 14.0 20.2 21.0 -52

1998 patron 113.1% 69.4% 84.0% 92.6% 110.2% 122.2% 34.0 6.2 5.0 -1.7 6.6 10.1

1999 patron 74,1% 58.1% 74.2% 91.6% 112.5% 141.9% -39.0 -11.2 -9.8 -1.0 2.4 19.7

2000 patrcn 75.0% 12.9% 41.4% 53.7% 73.7% 106.0% 0.8 -45.2 -32.8 -37.9 -389 -35.9

2001 patron 4.0% 26.2% 24.3% 54.7% 72.6% 81.3% -71.0 13.3 -17.1 1.0 -1.0 -24.8

ｾｾ patrón 30.2% 1.8% 10.3% 30.3% 46.3% 74.5% 26.1 -24.4 -14.1 -24.4 -263 -6.8

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1988 publico -77.5% ｾＷＸＮＵＥ -76.9% -76.6% -69.7% -63.7%

1989 publico ｾＵＷＮＱＥ -69.7% -65.6% -63.1% ｾＶＸＮＹＰＮＱＰ -65.7% 20.4 8.7 11.3 13.5 0.8 -2.0

1990 publico -42.2% -51.6% -54.2% -41.1% ｾＴＰＮＴＥ ｾＳＸＬＴ￳Ｏｄ 14.9 18.1 11.4 220 28.5 27.3

1991 publico ｾＵＵＮＳＥ -55.4% -60.6% ｾＶＰＮＱＥ -57.4% -49.1% -131 -3.7 -6.4 -189 -16.9 -108

1992 publico -33.8% -24.4% -34.6% -44.8% -48.3% -36.8% 21.5 31.0 25.9 15.3 9.1 12.4

1993 publico ｾＳＵＮＳＥ -43.7% -50.6% -42.8% -42.4% -50.3% -1.5 -19.4 -15.9 2.0 5.8 -135

1994 publico -50.8% -59.2% -47.2% -40.8% -23.9% -16.6% -15.5 -15.5 3.4 2.0 18.6 33.7

1995 publico .40.7% -44.8% -42.0% ｾＳＳＮＸＥ ｾＳＱＮＵＥ ｾＲＹＮＷＥ 10.1 14.4 5.2 7.0 -7.6 -13.1

1996 publico -62.8% -83.5% -60.8% -50.8% -38,0% -37.7% -22.1 -38.6 -18.8 -17.0 -6.6 ·8.0

1997 publico -65.3% -63.9% ｾＵＴＮＲＥ -49.2% -51.0% -48.2% -2.5 19.6 66 1.6 -13.0 -10.6

1998 publico -47.3% ｾＷＵＮＶＥ -58.1% -49.5% -56.4% -65.8% 17.9 -11.7 -3.9 -0.3 -5.4 -17.5

1999 publico -55.4% -54.7% -51.2% -43.3% -37.1% ｾＴＱＮＴＥ -8.1 20.8 6.9 6.2 19.4 24.3

2000 publico -41.9% -3.5% 0.2% -1.5% -1.6% -7.2% 13.5 51.2 51.4 41.8 355 34.2

2001 publico 35.1% ｾＵＰＮＶＥ -25.5% -18.4% ｾＴＮＵＥ 8.8% 77.0 -47.1 -25.7 -16.9 -2.9 16.0

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1988 sexo -136% -19.5% -200% ｾＱＸＮＰＥ -19.5% -202%

1989 sexo -27.0% -23.6% -21.1% -14.5% -16.8% ｾＱＹＮＱＥ -134 -4.2 -1.1 3.5 27 1.2

1990 sexo -222% -26.0% -24.3% -25.1% -26.3% ｾＲＲＮＶＥ 4.7 -2.4 -3.2 -10.5 -9.5 -35

1991 sexo -19.2% -26.9% ｾＲＷａＥ -25.3% ｾＲＲＮＳＥ -19.8% 31 -0.9 -3.0 -0.2 40 2.8

1992 sexo -20.3% ｾＲＸＮＳＥ -28.6% ｾＲＶＮＳＥ ｾＲＳＮＸＥ ｾＲＱＮＵＥ -1.1 -1.4 -12 -1.1 -1.5 -1.7

1993 sexo -36.4% ｾＳＲＮＹＥ -30.5% -26.0% -24.2% -17.1% -16.1 -4.6 -1.9 0.3 -0.4 4 3

1994 sexo -17.9% -28.6% -25.9% -21.0% -21.8% ·20.2% 18.5 4.3 4.6 5.0 2.4 -3.1

1995 sexo ｾＲＰＮＳＥ -31.8% ｾＲＹＮＱＥ -23.8% -20.1% ｾＲＰＮＶＥ -24 -3.2 -32 -28 17 -0.4

1996 sexo -18.7% -32.9% -28.9% -24.3% -23.0% ｾＲＰＮＲＥ 1.6 -1.1 0.2 -0.5 -2.9 03

1997 sexo ｾＱＳＮＹＥ -24.9% -22.7% ｾＲＱＮＵＥ -16.4% -15.6% 4.8 8.0 6.2 2.9 6 7 4.6

1998 sexo ｾＳＳＮＴＥ ｾＳＲＮＳＥ -29.2% -25.6% -20.9% -17.5% -19.5 -7.4 -6.5 -4.2 -4.6 -1.9

1999 sexo -14.3% -317% -28.9% -21.6% -18.5% -15.9% 19.1 0.6 0.3 4.0 2.4 1.6

2000 sexo -20.9% -30.9% -28.0% -24.8% -22.5% ｾＲＷＮＵＥ -6.6 0.9 0.9 -3.2 -4.0 -11.5

2001 sexo ｾＱＸＮＶＥ -34.5%l ｾＲＷＮＵＥ -26.1% ｾＲＷＮＰＥ -27.4% 2.3 -3.6 0.5 -1.2 -4.5 0.1

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1989 sierra -0.7% 3.0% 3.6% 2.0% 1.9% 0.6% 5.8 8.4 6.5 5.0 5.7 7.6

1990 sierra 1.0% 0.9% 1,8% 3.0% 3.5% 6.0% 1.7 -2.1 -1.8 1.0 1.5 5.4

1991 sierra ｾＳＮＸＥ ｾＲＮＷＥ ｾＳＮＵＥ ｾＵ｟ＱＥ ｾＲＮＴＥ 2.3% -4.8 -3.7 -5.4 -8.1 -58 ..3.7

1992 Sierra ｾＱＮＸＥ ｾＵＮＰＥ -5.7% -3.8% 1.0% 3.1% 2.0 -2.3 -2.2 1.3 3.3 0.8

1993 sierra ｾＳＮＷＥ -0.4% -1.6% -3.8% -6.8% -4.9% -1.9 4.6 4.1 0.0 -7 8 ..8.0

1994 sierra 10.3% 7.4% 7.4% 8.6% 9.8% 10.1% 14.0 7.8 90 124 16.6 15.0

1995 sierra 10.7% 7.6% 5.2'% 7.9% 10.5% 17.2% 0.4 0.2 -2.2 -0.7 07 7 1

1996 sierra 12.9% 11.8% 10.5-0/0 9.5% 5.4% 5.5% 2.2 4.3 5.3 1.7 -51 -11 6

1997 sierra 9.3% 7.8% 10.1% 10.7% 9.6% 10.5% -36 -40 -0.4 1.1 4.2 5.0

1998 sierra 16.6% 18.5% 16.9% 15.3% 16.6% 17.8% 7.3 106 6.8 4.6 6 9 7.3

1999 sierra 11.2% 15.7% 11.7% 10.4% 10.3% 12.2% -5.3 -27 -52 -4.9 -6.2 -5.6

2000 sierra 7.5% 14.4% 15.1% 10.6% 9.4% 6.5% -3.7 -1.4 3.4 03 -1O ·5.7

2001 sierra 25.2% 23.3% 26.4% 27.5% 24.2% 22..9% 17.7 8.9 11.3 16.9 14.8 ｾＶ 4

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empr . 48 2 0 54 8 . 0 43 1 92 1 11.16 0 .000 . 3 9 73 9 9 7 .5667098 hora s4 0 - . 41 5 8 0 78 . 0 2 2 113 5 - 1 8 . 8 0 0 .000 - .4591493 -. 3 72 4 6 62 o r rnal -. 0 7 4 7 6 6 6 .0350214 - 2 . 1 3 0 .033 -. 1 43 40 7 2 -. 0 0 61 25 9 i n f o rma 1 - .2385748 . 0 3 3 46 48 -7 .13 0 .000 - .3041646 - .172985 publ i c o - . 77 48 9 2 2 . 0 4 7 4 6 61 - 1 6 . 3 3 0.000 -. 8 6 7 9 24 - . 681 8 60 4

cou s 4 .881699 . 08 1 41 1 7 59 .96 0 .000 4 .7 2 2135 5 .041263

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exo -. 2 2 63 5 0 6 . 0 32 702 2 - 6. 9 2 0 .000 -. 2 9 0 4 45 8 - . 1 62 2 5 5 4 sio rra . 1 0 78 127 . 0 28 0 7 28 3 . 8 4 0 .000 .0527909 . 1 6 28 3 4 4 pat r on 1 . 0 27133 . 11 91 74 8 .62 0 .000 .7935562 1 .26071 cu&ntap . 9 93 28 7 6 . 0 7 70 615 1 2 . 8 9 0 .000 . 8 4 2 2 4 9 9 1.144325 empr . 30 90 8 0 2 . 0 6 0 94 91 5 .07 0 .000 . 1 8 9 6 2 2 2 .4285383 hora s 40 - . 8 937 2 65 . 0 45 3 20 9 - 1 9 . 7 2 0 .000 - .9825539 - .8048992 f o rma l 1 .48932 . 0 3 61 608 41.19 0 .000 1.418446 1.560194 inf orma l . 6 75 29 4 . 0 4 9 3 13 .70 0 .000 .5786677 . 7 71 9 203 publi c o 1 . 253652 . 05 7 68 64 21 .73 0 .000 1 .140589 1 . 3 6 6 71 5 m8norl Ohh -5.699634 . 0 65 98 08 - 8 6. 38 0 .000 - 5. 8 28 9 5 4 - 5. 5 70 31 4 ｪ ｾｦ Ｎ］ . 6 38 0 23 5 . 0 38 5 40 4 16 .55 0 .000 . 5 62 4 8 5 6 . 71 3 5 61 4 cons -1. 1 90 3 5 5 . 0 8 6 7 647 -1 3. 7 2 0 .000 - 1. 3 60 411 - 1 . 0 2 0 3

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r ho -. 5 98 5 9 9 5 . 0 3 4 7 3 0 7 - . 6 62 3811 -. 5 2 62 0 2 7 i ma . 7 20 4 31 3 . 0 0 9 2 6 93 . 70 2 4 9 0 9 . 7 38 8 298

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sie r r a -.0074545 . 0 25 91 3 1 -0.29 0 .774

patr o n . 9 4 45 98 6 . 1 0 91 71 5 8 .65 0.000 cup. n a p . 8 38 2 40 5 . 0 71 5 72 9 11. 71 0 .000 e m r . 4 9 6 7 91 5 . 0 5 911 9 6 8 .40 0 .000 hor a sl, O -.8226078 . 0 3 95 2 2 8 - 20. 81 0 .000 f orma l 1 . 2 2 78 3 . 0 3 3 1 7 9 7 37.01 0.000 i n fo r mal . 68 11 90 7 . 0 47 5 5 6 6 14 .32 0 .000

pub li c o 1 .123434 .0576156 1 9 . 5 0 0 .000

meno rl Ohh -21 .51821

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