Gukebc aafnk fa sf`igigac pcsitivc k ue bicbc, ka ctrc af aafnk fa sf`igigac efnktivc,

(1)

Xrëgtigks y `cetkofs gce gc`pcefetfs fafgtr÷eigcs Xrëgtigks y `cetkofs gce gc`pcefetfs fafgtr÷eigcs

XZKGRIGK ;

XZKGRIGK ; BICBCW ZFGRILIGKBCZFWBICBCW ZFGRILIGKBCZFW

;.;

;.; Bicbc Bicbc rfgtiligkbcr rfgtiligkbcr bf bf cebk cebk gc`paftkgc`paftk

;.:

;.: Xufetf Xufetf rfgtiligkbcr rfgtiligkbcr bf bf cebk cebk gc`paftkgc`paftk XZKGRIGK :

XZKGRIGK : CRZKW KXAIGKGICEFW BFA BICBCCRZKW KXAIGKGICEFW BFA BICBC :.; Bcjakbcr bf vcatkof

:.; Bcjakbcr bf vcatkof :.: Girguitc rfgcrtkbcr :.: Girguitc rfgcrtkbcr :.7 Liokbcr bf eivfa :.7 Liokbcr bf eivfa XZKGRIGK 7

XZKGRIGK 7 XCAKZI_KGICEXCAKZI_KGICE

7.; Xcakrizkgi÷e bfa trkesistcr 7.; Xcakrizkgi÷e bfa trkesistcr XZKGRIGK 2

XZKGRIGK 2 K@XAILIGKBCZ GCE RZKEWIWRCZ JORK@XAILIGKBCZ GCE RZKEWIWRCZ JOR 2.; K`pailigkbcr bf vcatkof gce nkekegik bf ;8 2.; K`pailigkbcr bf vcatkof gce nkekegik bf ;8 XZKGRIGK 6

XZKGRIGK 6 K@XAILIGKBCZ GCE O-LFRK@XAILIGKBCZ GCE O-LFR

6.; K`pailigkbcr bf vcatkof gce nkekegik bf ;8 6.; K`pailigkbcr bf vcatkof gce nkekegik bf ;8

XZCYFGRC LIEKA

XZCYFGRC LIEKA K@XAILIGKBCZ @VARI-FRKXKWK@XAILIGKBCZ @VARI-FRKXKW -- K@XAILIGKBCZ BF 2 FRKXKW K@XAILIGKBCZ BF 2 FRKXKW

FTXCWIGI×E FTXCWIGI×E

-- BCW GIZGVIRCW [VF GCERIFEFEBCW GIZGVIRCW [VF GCERIFEFE RZKEWIWRCZFW.

RZKEWIWRCZFW.

(2)

::

XZ

XZ KGRIGK ; KGRIGK ;

BICBCW ZFGRILIGKBCZFW BICBCW ZFGRILIGKBCZFW

Fa luegicek`ifetc bf fstf bicbc, k nrkebfs rksncs fs ak sinuifetf?

Fe ak zcek birfgtk sf pufbf gcesibfrkr gc`c ue nfefrkbcr bf tfesi÷e gcetieuk, Fe ak zcek birfgtk sf pufbf gcesibfrkr gc`c ue nfefrkbcr bf tfesi÷e gcetieuk, tfesi÷e bf gcbc (8.6-8.> \ pkrk fa siaigic y 8.:-8.2 \ pkrk fa nfr`keic). Gukebc tfesi÷e bf gcbc (8.6-8.> \ pkrk fa siaigic y 8.:-8.2 \ pkrk fa nfr`keic). Gukebc sf pcakrizk fe ievfrsk sf pufbf gcesibfrkr gc`c ue girguitc kjifrtc. Gukebc sf sf pcakrizk fe ievfrsk sf pufbf gcesibfrkr gc`c ue girguitc kjifrtc. Gukebc sf kagkezk ak

kagkezk ak tfesi÷e ievfrsk bf bisrupgi÷etfesi÷e ievfrsk bf bisrupgi÷e (zcek ievfrsk) sf prcbugf ue ku`fetc (zcek ievfrsk) sf prcbugf ue ku`fetc brëstigc bf ak gcrrifetf quf pufbf aafnkr k bfstruir ka bispcsitivc.

brëstigc bf ak gcrrifetf quf pufbf aafnkr k bfstruir ka bispcsitivc.

Fstf bicbc tifef ue k`paic `krnfe bf kpaigkgicefs? girguitcs rfgtiligkbcrfs, Fstf bicbc tifef ue k`paic `krnfe bf kpaigkgicefs? girguitcs rfgtiligkbcrfs, ai`itkbcrfs, liokbcrfs bf eivfa, prctfggi÷e gcetrk gcrtcgirguitcs, bf`cbuakbcrfs, ai`itkbcrfs, liokbcrfs bf eivfa, prctfggi÷e gcetrk gcrtcgirguitcs, bf`cbuakbcrfs,

`fzgakbcrfs, csgiakbcrfs, jacqufc y jypkss fe iestkakgicefs lctcvcatkigks, ftg.

Gukebc usk`cs ue bicbc fe ue girguitc sf bfjfe tfefr fe gufetk aks Gukebc usk`cs ue bicbc fe ue girguitc sf bfjfe tfefr fe gufetk aks sinuifetfs gcesibfrkgicefs (k pkrtir bf aks dcoks bf gkrkgtfràstigks sinuifetfs gcesibfrkgicefs (k pkrtir bf aks dcoks bf gkrkgtfràstigks su`ieistrkbks pcr fa lkjrigketf)?

su`ieistrkbks pcr fa lkjrigketf)?

;.

;. Ak tfesi÷e ievfrsk `ëxAk tfesi÷e ievfrsk `ëxi`k kpaigkjaf ka gc`pcefetf, rfpftitivi`k kpaigkjaf ka gc`pcefetf, rfpftitivk c eck c ec (\

(\ZZZ `ëx.ZZZ `ëx. c c \\Z `ëx.Z `ëx., rfspfgtivk`fetf) dk bf sfr `kycr (bfa crbfe bf, rfspfgtivk`fetf) dk bf sfr `kycr (bfa crbfe bf trfs vfgfs) quf ak `ëxi`k quf fstf vk k scpcrtkr.

trfs vfgfs) quf ak `ëxi`k quf fstf vk k scpcrtkr.

:. Ak gcrrifetf `ëxi`k fe sfetibc birfgtc quf pufbf ktrkvfskr ka :. Ak gcrrifetf `ëxi`k fe sfetibc birfgtc quf pufbf ktrkvfskr ka gc`pcefetf, rfpftitivk c ec (I

gc`pcefetf, rfpftitivk c ec (I_{LZ@ `ëx.}_{LZ@ `ëx.} f f II_{L `ëx.}_{L `ëx.} rfspfgtivk`fetf), df bf sfr rfspfgtivk`fetf), df bf sfr

`kycr (bfa crbfe bfa bcjaf) quf ak `ëxi`k quf fstf vk k scpcrtkr.

7. Ak pctfegik `ëxi`k quf pufbf scpcrtkr fa bicbc (pctfegik ec`ieka) dk 7. Ak pctfegik `ëxi`k quf pufbf scpcrtkr fa bicbc (pctfegik ec`ieka) dk bf sfr `kycr (bfa crbfe bfa bcjaf) quf ak `ëxi`k quf fstf vk k scpcrtkr

bf sfr `kycr (bfa crbfe bfa bcjaf) quf ak `ëxi`k quf fstf vk k scpcrtkr

Xkrë`ftrcs gkrkgtfràstigcs bf ue rfgtiligkbcr Xkrë`ftrcs gkrkgtfràstigcs bf ue rfgtiligkbcr



 Gcrrifetf `fbik birfgtk? Fs ak `ëxi`k ietfesibkb `fbik quf pufbf Gcrrifetf `fbik birfgtk? Fs ak `ëxi`k ietfesibkb `fbik quf pufbf girguakr fe sfetibc birfgtc.

girguakr fe sfetibc birfgtc.



 Gcrrifetf bf pigc birfgtk? girguakr fe sfetibc birfgtc fe lcr`k bf i`puascs pfri÷bigcs.girguakr fe sfetibc birfgtc fe lcr`k bf i`puascs pfri÷bigcs.Gcrrifetf bf pigc birfgtk? @ëxi`k ietfesibkb bf pig@ëxi`k ietfesibkb bf pigc quf pufbfc quf pufbf

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77



 @ëxi`c i`puasc @ëxi`c i`puasc bf gcrrifetf? Fs abf gcrrifetf? Fs ak `ëxi`k ietk `ëxi`k ietfesibkb quf pufbffesibkb quf pufbf girguakr fe sfetibc birfgtc fe lcr`k bf i`puascs ec pfri÷bigcs.

girguakr fe sfetibc birfgtc fe lcr`k bf i`puascs ec pfri÷bigcs.



 Rfesi÷e ievfrsk Rfesi÷e ievfrsk bf pigc? bf pigc? @ëxi`k tfesi÷e @ëxi`k tfesi÷e bf pcakrizkgi÷e bf pcakrizkgi÷e ievfrsk qufievfrsk quf pufbf sfr kpaigkbk k ak uei÷e XE bf acs bicbcs.

pufbf sfr kpaigkbk k ak uei÷e XE bf acs bicbcs.

LIARZKBC LIARZKBC

Ak skaibk bf gukaquifrk bf acs rfgtiligkbcrfs ketfricr`fetf fxpufstcs bfjf sfr Ak skaibk bf gukaquifrk bf acs rfgtiligkbcrfs ketfricr`fetf fxpufstcs bfjf sfr

`cbiligkbk pkrk quf sf kprcxi`f ac `ës pcsijaf k uek gcrrifetf gcetieuk purk.

Xkrk faac sf utiaizk ue liatrc (tipc pksc jkoc) pkrk ksà kpakekr acs i`puascs Xkrk faac sf utiaizk ue liatrc (tipc pksc jkoc) pkrk ksà kpakekr acs i`puascs rfgtiligkbcs.

rfgtiligkbcs.

LLkgtcr bf kgtcr bf ririzkb zkbc c

Ak sfûka cjtfeibk fe ak skaibk bf ue sistf`k bf kai`fetkgi÷e ec fs tctka`fetf Ak sfûka cjtfeibk fe ak skaibk bf ue sistf`k bf kai`fetkgi÷e ec fs tctka`fetf gcestketf gc`c sfràk bf fspfrkr, yk quf acs liatrcs ec gcesinufe kpakekr gcestketf gc`c sfràk bf fspfrkr, yk quf acs liatrcs ec gcesinufe kpakekr tctka`fetf ak sfûka bf skaibk. Fstk sfûka pcbf`cs gcesibfrkrak gc`c fa rfsuatkbc tctka`fetf ak sfûka bf skaibk. Fstk sfûka pcbf`cs gcesibfrkrak gc`c fa rfsuatkbc bf supfrpcefr uek gcrrifetf katfrek k uek gcrrifetf gcetieuk.

bf supfrpcefr uek gcrrifetf katfrek k uek gcrrifetf gcetieuk.

K ak gc`pcefetf katfrek

K ak gc`pcefetf katfrek bf ak sfûka rfgtiligkbk sf bf ak sfûka rfgtiligkbk sf af bfec`iek rizkbc. Ak af bfec`iek rizkbc. Ak gketibkbgketibkb bf rizkbc quf kpkrfgf k ak skaibk bf ue liatrc sf fxprfsk pcr ue gcfligifetf quf bf rizkbc quf kpkrfgf k ak skaibk bf ue liatrc sf fxprfsk pcr ue gcfligifetf quf rfgijf fa ec`jrf bf lkgtcr bf rizkbc, fa guka fs inuka k ak rfakgi÷e fxistfetf fetrf fa rfgijf fa ec`jrf bf lkgtcr bf rizkbc, fa guka fs inuka k ak rfakgi÷e fxistfetf fetrf fa vkacr fligkz bf ak tfesi÷e bf rizkbc y ak tfesi÷e gcetieuk bf skaibk (\s `fbik). Wf vkacr fligkz bf ak tfesi÷e bf rizkbc y ak tfesi÷e gcetieuk bf skaibk (\s `fbik). Wf sufaf fxprfskr fe tketc pcr gifetc, y pcbf`cs gcesibfrkr ÷pti`k (sif`prf sufaf fxprfskr fe tketc pcr gifetc, y pcbf`cs gcesibfrkr ÷pti`k (sif`prf bfpfebifebc bf aks kpaigkgicefs) uek sfûka

bfpfebifebc bf aks kpaigkgicefs) uek sfûka bf skaibk gce ue lkgtcr bf rizkbcbf skaibk gce ue lkgtcr bf rizkbc

`fecr bfa ;8%.

Xcr tketc, fa lkgtcr bf rizkbc rfspcebf k ak l÷r`uak Xcr tketc, fa lkgtcr bf rizkbc rfspcebf k ak l÷r`uak

(%) L

(%) Lr 0 ; r 0 ;88x\ 88x\r/ r/\s \s `f `fbik bik

Ak tfesi÷e bf rizkbc \r bfpfebfrë bfa tipc bf rfgtiligkbcr utiaizkbc, `fbik c bcjaf Ak tfesi÷e bf rizkbc \r bfpfebfrë bfa tipc bf rfgtiligkbcr utiaizkbc, `fbik c bcjaf cebk, y bfa liatrc f`pafkbc.

cebk, y bfa liatrc f`pafkbc.

;.; BICBC ZFGRILIGKBCZ BF CEBK GC@XAFRK

Fa rfgtiligkbcr bf bcjaf cebk, tk`jiée bfec`iekbc cebk gc`paftk, fstë lcr`kbc Fa rfgtiligkbcr bf bcjaf cebk, tk`jiée bfec`iekbc cebk gc`paftk, fstë lcr`kbc pcr bcs rfgtiligkbcrfs bf `fbik cebk quf luegicek burketf katfrekegiks cpufstks pcr bcs rfgtiligkbcrfs bf `fbik cebk quf luegicek burketf katfrekegiks cpufstks bf ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk

bf ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk

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22

Fa sfguebkric bfa trkeslcr`kbcr tifef fe su puetc ietfr`fbic uek tc`k gcefgtkbk Fa sfguebkric bfa trkeslcr`kbcr tifef fe su puetc ietfr`fbic uek tc`k gcefgtkbk k `ksk, cjtfeiéebcsf ksà bcs tfesicefs inukafs y bfslkskbks ;48 nrkbcs quf sf k `ksk, cjtfeiéebcsf ksà bcs tfesicefs inukafs y bfslkskbks ;48 nrkbcs quf sf kpaigke katfrektivk`fetf k acs ëecbcs bf gkbk bicbc.

kpaigke katfrektivk`fetf k acs ëecbcs bf gkbk bicbc.

Gukebc aafnk fa sfìgigac pcsitivc k ue bicbc, ka ctrc af aafnk fa sfìgigac efnktivc, Gukebc aafnk fa sfìgigac pcsitivc k ue bicbc, ka ctrc af aafnk fa sfìgigac efnktivc, gce ac guka uec gcebugf y fa ctrc ec, y vigfvfrsk. Gcesfgufetf`fetf sif`prf gce ac guka uec gcebugf y fa ctrc ec, y vigfvfrsk. Gcesfgufetf`fetf sif`prf dkjrë ue bicbc gcebugifebc, cjtfeiéebcsf fe ak skaibk ÿeigk`fetf sfìgigacs dkjrë ue bicbc gcebugifebc, cjtfeiéebcsf fe ak skaibk ÿeigk`fetf sfìgigacs pcsitivcs

pcsitivcs

Fe fstf girguitc tfef`cs Fe fstf girguitc tfef`cs

\s 0 \`ëx / ;,2;

\s `fbik 0:\`ëx / XI

K

K paig paigkgi kgicefs cefs ..

Wf uske fe sistf`ks bf tcbcs acs fquipcs bf gc`ueigkgi÷e,Wf uske fe sistf`ks bf tcbcs acs fquipcs bf gc`ueigkgi÷e, tfeifebc

tfeifebc ue nrke rfebiìfetc y pcsijiaibkb bf prcpcrgicekr uek nrke nk`k bfue nrke rfebiìfetc y pcsijiaibkb bf prcpcrgicekr uek nrke nk`k bf tfesicefs gce gcrrifetfs `cbfrkbks. Wf utiaizke ùgdc pkrk ak gkrnk bf jktfràks tfesicefs gce gcrrifetfs `cbfrkbks. Wf utiaizke ùgdc pkrk ak gkrnk bf jktfràks pcrquf ksà sf fvitk fa pfainrc bf ak skturkgi÷e bfa eÿgafc bfa trkeslcr`kbcr.

pcrquf ksà sf fvitk fa pfainrc bf ak skturkgi÷e bfa eÿgafc bfa trkeslcr`kbcr.

LLiatrc k iatrc k gce gcebfes bfeskb kbcr fe fa rfgtili cr fe fa rfgtiligkbcr bf bcja gkbcr bf bcjaf cebk f cebk

Fe fstf gksc, fa flfgtc prcbugibc pcr fa gcebfeskbcr fs fa ìs`c, pfrc fa tif`pc Fe fstf gksc, fa flfgtc prcbugibc pcr fa gcebfeskbcr fs fa ìs`c, pfrc fa tif`pc bf bfsgkrnk sf rfbugf k ak ìtkb y gcesfgufetf`fetf ak `kneitub bf acs bf bfsgkrnk sf rfbugf k ak ìtkb y gcesfgufetf`fetf ak `kneitub bf acs i`puascs bf gcrrifetf bisìeuyf.

i`puascs bf gcrrifetf bis`ieuyf.

Ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk bfa girguitc y ak gcrrifetf sfrëe ibéetigks k aks cjtfeibks fe fa Ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk bfa girguitc y ak gcrrifetf sfrëe ibéetigks k aks cjtfeibks fe fa rfgtiligkbcr bf `fbik cebk= kdcrk jife, ka sfr fa bcjaf ak lrfgufegik bf acs rfgtiligkbcr bf `fbik cebk= kdcrk jife, ka sfr fa bcjaf ak lrfgufegik bf acs sf`igigacs quf aafnke ka gcebfeskbcr, ak tfesi÷e bf rizkbc sfrë `fecr y sf sf`igigacs quf aafnke ka gcebfeskbcr, ak tfesi÷e bf rizkbc sfrë `fecr y sf cjtfebrë uek tfesi÷e `ës gcestketf.

cjtfebrë uek tfesi÷e `ës gcestketf.

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66

Kr`kr fa

Kr`kr fa girguitc bf rfgtilgirguitc bf rfgtiligkbcr bf cebk gc`paftk igkbcr bf cebk gc`paftk y `fbir ay `fbir acc sinuifetf?

sinuifetf?

;.

;. @fbir vcatkof @fbir vcatkof KG fe KG fe fa pri`kric fa pri`kric y sfguebkric y sfguebkric bfa trkeslcr`kbcr bfa trkeslcr`kbcr rfgtiligkbcr.rfgtiligkbcr.

:.

:. \ GB \ GB fe pri`kric fe pri`kric y sfguebkric y sfguebkric bfa trkeslcr`kbcr.bfa trkeslcr`kbcr.

7.

7. \catkof bf \catkof bf gcrrifetf katfrek gcrrifetf katfrek fe gkbk fe gkbk uec bf uec bf acs bicbcs.acs bicbcs.

2.

2. \catkof bf \catkof bf gcrrifetf birfgtk gcrrifetf birfgtk fe acs fe acs fxtrf`cs bf fxtrf`cs bf acs bicbcs.acs bicbcs.

6.

6. \catkof \catkof bf BG bf BG fe ak fe ak gkrnk.gkrnk.

<.

<. \catkof \catkof bf KG bf KG fe fe ak gkrnk.ak gkrnk.

>.

>. @fbir @fbir vcatkof vcatkof pigc pigc gce gce csgiacsgcpic.csgiacsgcpic.

4.

4. Bijuokr lcr`k Bijuokr lcr`k bf cebk bf cebk bf vcatkof fbf vcatkof fe ak e ak gkrnk.gkrnk.

9.

9. @fbir vcatkof bf @fbir vcatkof bf BG y KG BG y KG gce ue liatrc gce ue liatrc bf ;88¶l.bf ;88¶l.

;8.

;8. @fbir vcatkof bf @fbir vcatkof bf X.X bf rizc X.X bf rizc gce csgiacsgcpic.gce csgiacsgcpic.

;;.

;;. @fbir vcatkof bf BG @fbir vcatkof bf BG y KG gce ly KG gce liatrc bf ;888¶l. (fe ak iatrc bf ;888¶l. (fe ak gkrnk)gkrnk)

;:.

;:. @fbir vcatkof bf X.X @fbir vcatkof bf X.X bf rizkbc gce bf rizkbc gce fa csgiacsgcpic.fa csgiacsgcpic.

(6)

<<

Lcr`k bf cebk bf rizkbc fe fa csgiacsgcpic.

\kacrfs @fbibcs

\kacrfs @fbibcs gce fa @uatà`ftrc gce fa @uatà`ftrc

\kacrfs @fbibcs gce

\kacrfs @fbibcs gce fa Csgiacsgcpic

fa Csgiacsgcpic

\kacrfs

\kacrfs Gkaguakbcs Gkaguakbcs

y/c Ec`iekafs y/c Ec`iekafs Xuetc ;

Xuetc ;

\catkof bf gk fe fa

\catkof bf gk fe fa pri`kric y

pri`kric y sfguebkric bfa sfguebkric bfa trkeslcr`kbcr trkeslcr`kbcr

Xri`kric?

;::.4\gk

;::.4\gk Wfguebkric?

Wfguebkric?

;;.>\gk

Xri`kric?

;<7.78\p

;<7.78\p Wfguebkric?

Wfguebkric?

7:.;6\p 7:.;6\p

Xri`kric?

;;8\

Wfguebkric?

:2\

Xuetc : Xuetc :

\catkof bf gb fe fa

\catkof bf gb fe fa pri`kric y

Xri`kric?

8\

Wfguebkric?

8\

Xri`kric?

8\

Wfguebkric?

8\

Xri`kric?

8\

Wfguebkric?

8\

Xuetc 7 Xuetc 7

\catkof bf gk fe

\catkof bf gk fe acs bicbcs

acs bicbcs

\b;? <.>6\ gk

\b:? <.>6\ gk

\b;? ;6.<<\p

\b:? ;6.<7\p

\b;? ;:\

\b:? ;:\

Xuetc 2 Xuetc 2

\catkof bf gb fe

\catkof bf gb fe acs fxtrf`cs bf acs fxtrf`cs bf acs bicbcs

acs bicbcs

\b;? >.62\ bg

\b:? >.<;\ bg

\b;? 9.6\p

\b:? 9.6\p

\b;? ;8\

\b:? ;8\

Xuetc 6 Xuetc 6

\catkof bf gb fe ak

\catkof bf gb fe ak gkrnk

gkrnk 9.;6\ 9.;6\ gb gb ;:.64\p ;:.64\p ;8.4:\;8.4:\

(7)

>>

Xuetc <

\catkof bf gk fe ak

\catkof bf gk fe ak gkrnk

gkrnk

2.9>\

2.9>\ gk gk <.<>\p <.<>\p <\<\

Xuetc >

\catkof pigc gce

\catkof pigc gce csgiacsgcpic csgiacsgcpic

9.;:

9.;: \ \ 4.>6\p4.>6\p

;.: XVFERF ZFGRILIGKBCZ BF CEBK GC@XAFRK

Wce guktrc rfgtiligkbcrfs bf `fbik cebk gcefgtkbcs fe ak lcr`k iebigkbk fe fa Wce guktrc rfgtiligkbcrfs bf `fbik cebk gcefgtkbcs fe ak lcr`k iebigkbk fe fa girguitc.

girguitc.

Fe fstf rfgtiligkbcr aks l÷rùaks y fa tipc bf kpaigkgicefs sce aks ìs`ks quf fe fa Fe fstf rfgtiligkbcr aks l÷rùaks y fa tipc bf kpaigkgicefs sce aks ìs`ks quf fe fa ketfricr, kuequf bfjf`cs tfefr fe gufetk quf ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk sfrë 8,< vcatics ketfricr, kuequf bfjf`cs tfefr fe gufetk quf ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk sfrë 8,< vcatics ielfricr pufs ka dkjfr bcs bicbcs gcebugifebc ak gkàbk bf tfesi÷e sfrë kdcrk bf ielfricr pufs ka dkjfr bcs bicbcs gcebugifebc ak gkàbk bf tfesi÷e sfrë kdcrk bf 8,<+8,<. Wie f`jkrnc, ak vfetkok quf prfsfetk fs quf fa trkeslcr`kbcr ec efgfsitk 8,<+8,<. Wie f`jkrnc, ak vfetkok quf prfsfetk fs quf fa trkeslcr`kbcr ec efgfsitk tc`k ietfr`fbik y quf ak tfesi÷e ievfrsk sf rfpkrtf fetrf bcs bicbcs fe gkbk tc`k ietfr`fbik y quf ak tfesi÷e ievfrsk sf rfpkrtf fetrf bcs bicbcs fe gkbk sfìgigac, ec scjrf uec s÷ac gc`c fe fa girguitc ketfricr

sf`igigac, ec scjrf uec s÷ac gc`c fe fa girguitc ketfricr Xuetc 9

Xuetc 9

\catkof bf gb y gk

\catkof bf gb y gk gce liatrc bf ;88¶l gce liatrc bf ;88¶l

;:.;6\gb

;:.;6\gb :.;6\ gk.

:.;6\ gk.

;<.7\p gb

;.:6\p gk

;6.29;\

Xuetc ;8 Xuetc ;8

\catkof bf p.p bf

\catkof bf p.p bf rizc gce

rizc gce csgiacsgcpic.

csgiacsgcpic.

4\p

4\p gb gb ;<.:9;\;<.:9;\

Xuetc ;;

\catkof bf gb y gk

\catkof bf gb y gk gce liatrc bf

gce liatrc bf

;888¶l fe ak

;888¶l fe ak gkrnk.

gkrnk.

;2.7:\ gb.

.77\ gk.

Xuetc ;:

\catkof p.p bf

\catkof p.p bf rizkbc gce fa rizkbc gce fa csgiacsgcpic.

csgiacsgcpic.

;7.:<

;7.:< \pp \pp >.27 >.27 \\

(8)

44

Kr`kr fa

Kr`kr fa girguitc bf rfgtiligkbcr bf cebk gc`paftk y `fbir ac girguitc bf rfgtiligkbcr bf cebk gc`paftk y `fbir ac sinuifetf?sinuifetf?

;. @fbir vcatkof KG fe fa pri`kric y sfguebkric bfa trkeslcr`kbcr rfgtiligkbcr.

:. \catkof bf BG fe pri`kric y sfguebkric bfa trkslcr`kbcr.

7. @fbir vcatkof bf KG fe gkbk uec bf acs bicbcs.

2. @fbir vcatkof bf GB fe acs fxtrf`cs bf acs bicbcs.

6. @fbir fa vcatkof bf BG fe ak gkrnk 6. @fbir fa vcatkof bf BG fe ak gkrnk

<. @fbir fa vcatkof bf KG fe ak gkrnk

>. @fbir vcatkof pigc gce fa csgiacsgcpic.

4. Bijuokr lcr`k bf cebk bf vcatkof fe ak gkrnk.

(9)

99

9.

9. @fbir vcatkof bf KG @fbir vcatkof bf KG y BG gce ue liay BG gce ue liatrc bf ;88¶l (gce @uatàtrc bf ;88¶l (gce @uatà`ftrc).`ftrc).

;8. @fbir vcatkof bf X.X bf rizc gce csgiacsgcpic.

;;. @fbir vcatkof bf GK y BG gce liatrc bf ;888¶l.

;:.

;:. @fbir vcatkof @fbir vcatkof bf X.X bf X.X bf rizkbc gce bf rizkbc gce fa csgiacsgcpic.fa csgiacsgcpic.

Lcr`k bf cebk bf rizkbc.

(10)

;8;8

Xuetc 9 Xuetc 9

@fbir gk y gb gce

@fbir gk y gb gce liatrc bf ;88¶L liatrc bf ;88¶L

;:.;6\gb

;:.;6\gb :.;6\gk :.;6\gk

;:.6:\

;.96\ gk

;.96\ gk Xuetc ;8

Xuetc ;8

\catkof bf p.p bf

\catkof bf p.p bf rizc gce

rizc gce csgiacsgcpic.

csgiacsgcpic.

>.96\

>.96\ 4.88\ 4.88\ p.p p.p 4.:<\4.:<\

Xuetc ;;

\catkof bf gk y gb

\catkof bf gk y gb gce liatrc bf

gce liatrc bf

;888¶l

;2.7:\ gb

;2.7:\ gb .77\ îk .77\ îk

;2.76\

.76\

Xuetc ;:

\catkof pigc k pigc

\catkof pigc k pigc bf rizkbc gce fa bf rizkbc gce fa csgiacsgcpic.

csgiacsgcpic.

.;7:\

.;7:\ p.p p.p .:;6 .:;6 \\ y/c Ec`iekafs y/c Ec`iekafs Xuetc ;

Xuetc ;

\catkof bf gk fe fa

\catkof bf gk fe fa pri`kric y

Xri`kric?

;::.4\

Wfguebkric?

;;.>\

Xri`kric?

;:2.;>\p

;:2.;>\p Wfguebkric?

Wfguebkric?

;:.;2\p

Xri`kric?

;:>\

Wfguebkric?

;:\

Xuetc : Xuetc :

\catkof bf gb fe fa

\catkof bf gb fe fa pri`kric y

Xri`kric?

8\

Wfguebkric?

Wfguebkric?8\8\

Xri`kric?

8\

Wfguebkric?

Wfguebkric?8\8\

Xri`kric?

8\

Wfguebkric?

Wfguebkric?8\8\

Xuetc 7 Xuetc 7

\catkof bf gk fe

\catkof bf gk fe acs bicbcs

acs bicbcs

\b;? <.>6\

\b:? <.>6\

\b7? <.::\

\b2? <.::\

\b;? <.:8\p

\b:? <.:;\p

\b7? <.:8\p

\b2? <.::\p

\b;? ;:\

\b:? ;:\

\b7? ;:\

\b2? ;:\

Xuetc 2 Xuetc 2

\catkof bf gb fe

\catkof bf gb fe acs fxtrf`cs bf acs fxtrf`cs bf acs bicbcs

acs bicbcs

\b;? 2.62\

\b:? 2.<;\

\b7? 2.<;\

\b2? 2.6>\

\b;? 6.>4\p

\b:? 6.<9\p

\b7? 6.26\p

\b2? 6.42\p

\b;? ;8\

\b:? ;8\

\b7? ;8\

\b2? ;8\

Xuetc 6 Xuetc 6

\catkof bf gb fe ak

\catkof bf gb fe ak gkrnk

gkrnk

9.;6\ ;8.64\p ;8.4:\

Xuetc <

\catkof bf gk fe ak

\catkof bf gk fe ak gkrnk

gkrnk

2.9>\

2.9>\ 6.:7\p 6.:7\p <\<\

Xuetc >

\catkof pigc gce fa

\catkof pigc gce fa csgiacsgcpic.

csgiacsgcpic.

4.>6\

4.>6\ p p 4.9:\4.9:\

(11)

;;;;

XZ

XZ KGRIGK : KGRIGK :

CRZKW KXAIGKGICEFW CRZKW KXAIGKGICEFW :.;

:.; BCJAKBCZ BCJAKBCZ BF BF \CARKOF\CARKOF

Ve girguitc `uatipaigkbcr bf tfesi÷e fstë lcr`kbc pcr bivfrscs rfgtiligkbcrfs bf Ve girguitc `uatipaigkbcr bf tfesi÷e fstë lcr`kbc pcr bivfrscs rfgtiligkbcrfs bf

`fbik cebk y gcebfeskbcrfs bispufstcs fspfgika`fetf pkrk fetrfnkr uek tfesi÷e

`ÿatipac bf ak rfgijibk fe su fetrkbk.

Fe fa gksc bf ue bcjakbcr, ak tfesi÷e fe ak skaibk sfrë, fe priegipic, fa bcjaf bf ak Fe fa gksc bf ue bcjakbcr, ak tfesi÷e fe ak skaibk sfrë, fe priegipic, fa bcjaf bf ak tfesi÷e `ëxi`k bf ak sfûka bf fetrkbk

tfesi÷e `ëxi`k bf ak sfûka bf fetrkbk

Gukebc aafnk fa sf`igigac efnktivc, fa pri`fr bicbc gcebugf pufs qufbk Gukebc aafnk fa sf`igigac efnktivc, fa pri`fr bicbc gcebugf pufs qufbk pcakrizkbc birfgtk`fetf y sf gkrnk fa pri`fr gcebfeskbcr k ak tfesi÷e `ëxi`k bf pcakrizkbc birfgtk`fetf y sf gkrnk fa pri`fr gcebfeskbcr k ak tfesi÷e `ëxi`k bf fetrkbk= burketf fstf tif`pc ec gcebugf fa sfnuebc bicbc.

fetrkbk= burketf fstf tif`pc ec gcebugf fa sfnuebc bicbc.

Fe fa sfìgigac pcsitivc ec gcebugirë fa pri`fr bicbc, pufs qufbk pcakrizkbc Fe fa sfìgigac pcsitivc ec gcebugirë fa pri`fr bicbc, pufs qufbk pcakrizkbc ievfrsk`fetf y sf gc`pcrtkrë gc`c ue girguitc kjifrtc, sifebc fa sfnuebc bicbc fa ievfrsk`fetf y sf gc`pcrtkrë gc`c ue girguitc kjifrtc, sifebc fa sfnuebc bicbc fa quf pfrìtirë ak gcebuggi÷e yk quf fstë pcakrizkbc birfgtk`fetf y quf pfrìtirë ak gcebuggi÷e yk quf fstë pcakrizkbc birfgtk`fetf y gcesfgufetf`fetf sf gkrnkrë fa sfnuebc gcebfeskbcr (quf fs bcebf sf tc`k ak gcesfgufetf`fetf sf gkrnkrë fa sfnuebc gcebfeskbcr (quf fs bcebf sf tc`k ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk). Fstk tfesi÷e bf gkrnk sfrë ak su`k bf ak tfesi÷e fe ak fetrkbk tfesi÷e bf skaibk). Fstk tfesi÷e bf gkrnk sfrë ak su`k bf ak tfesi÷e fe ak fetrkbk

`ës ak bfa pri`fr gcebfeskbcr, sifebc ksà ak tfesi÷e tctka fe ak skaibk fa bcjaf bf

`ës ak bfa pri`fr gcebfeskbcr, sifebc ksà ak tfesi÷e tctka fe ak skaibk fa bcjaf bf ak sfûka `ëxi`k bf fetrkbk.

ak sfûka `ëxi`k bf fetrkbk.

\\ss ka kaibk0 ibk0:x :x\fetrkbk \fetrkbk `ë `ëxxi`k i`k

Wi sfnui`cs bispceifebc bicbcs y gcebfeskbcrfs irf`cs dkgifebc quf ak tfesi÷e Wi sfnui`cs bispceifebc bicbcs y gcebfeskbcrfs irf`cs dkgifebc quf ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk sfk fa tripaf, guëbrupac, ftg. bf ak sfûka katfrek bf fetrkbk.

bf skaibk sfk fa tripaf, guëbrupac, ftg. bf ak sfûka katfrek bf fetrkbk.

(12)

;:;:

GIZ

GIZ GVIR GVIRC C ZZ FG FG CZRKBCZ C AI CZRKBCZ C AI@ @IR IRKBCZF KBCZF WW

Aiìtkbcrfs bf tfesi÷e c rfgcrtkbcrfs sce girguitcs quf f`pafke gc`c faf`fetc Aiìtkbcrfs bf tfesi÷e c rfgcrtkbcrfs sce girguitcs quf f`pafke gc`c faf`fetc luebk`fetka fa bicbc. Wu ìsi÷e fs rfgcrtkr ak sfûka bf fetrkbk fe ue gifrtc luebk`fetka fa bicbc. Wu ìsi÷e fs rfgcrtkr ak sfûka bf fetrkbk fe ue gifrtc sfetibc sfnÿe sf bispcenk fa bicbc y uek tfesi÷e gcetieuk kuxiaikr. Xcbf`cs sfetibc sfnÿe sf bispcenk fa bicbc y uek tfesi÷e gcetieuk kuxiaikr. Xcbf`cs bistienuir bcs tipcs bf rfgcrtkbcrfs? Zfgcrtkbcrfs k ue eivfa y rfgcrtkbcrfs k bcs bistienuir bcs tipcs bf rfgcrtkbcrfs? Zfgcrtkbcrfs k ue eivfa y rfgcrtkbcrfs k bcs eivfafs.

eivfafs.

Ai`itkbcrfs k ue eivfa Ai`itkbcrfs k ue eivfa Fof`pac ;

Fof`pac ;

(13)

;7;7

W

W f`ig f`igiigac pcs gac pcs iitiv tivc bf c bf ak ak tfes tfesii÷e bf ÷e bf fetrkbk? fetrkbk?

Gukebc ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `fecr quf ak tfesi÷e bf ak jktfràk, fa bicbc Gukebc ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `fecr quf ak tfesi÷e bf ak jktfràk, fa bicbc qufbk pcakrizkbc ievfrsk`fetf (girguitc kjifrtc), gce ac guka ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk qufbk pcakrizkbc ievfrsk`fetf (girguitc kjifrtc), gce ac guka ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk fs inuka k ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk (\s0\f).

fs inuka k ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk (\s0\f).

Gukebc ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `kycr quf ak tfesi÷e bf ak jktfràk, fa bicbc Gukebc ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `kycr quf ak tfesi÷e bf ak jktfràk, fa bicbc qufbk pcakrizkbc birfgtk`fetf (gcrtcgirguitc), sifebc kdcrk ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk qufbk pcakrizkbc birfgtk`fetf (gcrtcgirguitc), sifebc kdcrk ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk inuka k ak bf ak jktfràk (\s06v).

inuka k ak bf ak jktfràk (\s06v).

W

W f`ig f`igiigac efn gac efn kt ktiv ivc bf c bf ak ak tfes tfesii÷e bf ÷e bf fetrkbk? fetrkbk?

Rketc si ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `kycr c `fecr quf ak tfesi÷e bf ak jktfràk, fa Rketc si ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `kycr c `fecr quf ak tfesi÷e bf ak jktfràk, fa bicbc sf fegcetrkrë pcakrizkbc ievfrsk`fetf (girguitc kjifrtc) y ak tfesi÷e fe ak bicbc sf fegcetrkrë pcakrizkbc ievfrsk`fetf (girguitc kjifrtc) y ak tfesi÷e fe ak skaibk sfrë inuka k ak bf ak fetrkbk (\s0\f).

skaibk sfrë inuka k ak bf ak fetrkbk (\s0\f).

ZFKAI_KZ FA GIZGVIRC ZFGCZRKBCZ K BCW EI\FAFW ZFKAI_KZ FA GIZGVIRC ZFGCZRKBCZ K BCW EI\FAFW

(14)

;2;2

W

W f`ig f`igiigac pcs gac pcs iitiv tivc bf c bf ak ak tfes tfesii÷e bf ÷e bf fetrkbk? fetrkbk?

Gukebc ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `fecr quf ak tfesi÷e bf aks jktfràks, acs bicbcs Gukebc ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `fecr quf ak tfesi÷e bf aks jktfràks, acs bicbcs qufbke pcakrizkbcs ievfrsk`fetf y ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk fs inuka k ak tfesi÷e bf qufbke pcakrizkbcs ievfrsk`fetf y ak tfesi÷e bf skaibk fs inuka k ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk (\s0\f).

fetrkbk (\s0\f).

Gukebc ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk sfk `kycr quf ak bf aks jktfràks, fa bicbc ; sf Gukebc ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk sfk `kycr quf ak bf aks jktfràks, fa bicbc ; sf pcakrizk ievfrsk`fetf y fa bicbc : birfgtk`fetf, ksà quf ak tfesi÷e fe ak skaibk pcakrizk ievfrsk`fetf y fa bicbc : birfgtk`fetf, ksà quf ak tfesi÷e fe ak skaibk sfrë ak bf ak jktfràk : (\s06v).

sfrë ak bf ak jktfràk : (\s06v).

W

W f`ig f`igiiggac ac efn efn kt ktiivc bf vc bf ak ak tfes tfesii÷e bf ÷e bf fetrkbk? fetrkbk?

Wi ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `fecr quf aks bf aks jktfràks, acs bicbcs ; y : Wi ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk fs `fecr quf aks bf aks jktfràks, acs bicbcs ; y : qufbkrëe pcakrizkbcs ievfrsk`fetf y ak tfesi÷e fe ak skaibk sfrë ak bf fetrkbk qufbkrëe pcakrizkbcs ievfrsk`fetf y ak tfesi÷e fe ak skaibk sfrë ak bf fetrkbk (\s0\f).

(\s0\f).

Fe fa gksc bf quf ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk sfk `kycr, fa bicbc ; qufbk pcakrizkbc Fe fa gksc bf quf ak tfesi÷e bf fetrkbk sfk `kycr, fa bicbc ; qufbk pcakrizkbc birfgtk`fetf y fa bicbc : ievfrsk`fetf= ak tfesi÷e fe ak

birfgtk`fetf y fa bicbc : ievfrsk`fetf= ak tfesi÷e fe ak skaibk sfrë ak bf ak skaibk sfrë ak bf ak jktfràkjktfràk

; (\s06v).

:.7 L

:.7 LIO IO K K B BCZ CZ B BF F EI EI\\FF AA

Ac quf dkgf fa girguitc liokbcr bf eivfa fs knrfnkr uek gc`pcefetf bf gcrrifetf Ac quf dkgf fa girguitc liokbcr bf eivfa fs knrfnkr uek gc`pcefetf bf gcrrifetf gcetieuk k ak sfûka k ak lcr`k bf ak sfûka crinieka quf dk sibc rfspftkbk y ac quf gcetieuk k ak sfûka k ak lcr`k bf ak sfûka crinieka quf dk sibc rfspftkbk y ac quf dk sugfbibc fs ue bfspakzk`ifetc vfrtigka bf bigdk sfûka.

dk sugfbibc fs ue bfspakzk`ifetc vfrtigka bf bigdk sfûka.

Fa pri`fr sfìgigac efnktivc bfa vcatkof bf fetrkbk fa bicbc sf fegifebf. Fa Fa pri`fr sfìgigac efnktivc bfa vcatkof bf fetrkbk fa bicbc sf fegifebf. Fa gkpkgitcr bf gkrnk k \p gce ak pcakribkb quf sf ùfstrk fe ak linurk. Ainfrk`fetf gkpkgitcr bf gkrnk k \p gce ak pcakribkb quf sf ùfstrk fe ak linurk. Ainfrk`fetf bfspués bfa

bfspués bfa pigc efnktivc fa pigc efnktivc fa bicbc sf kpknk. Ak bicbc sf kpknk. Ak gcestketf bf tgcestketf bf tif`pc ZAG sfif`pc ZAG sf dkgf bfaijfrkbk`fetf `ugdc `kycr quf fa pfricbc R bf ak sfûka bf fetrkbk. Xcr dkgf bfaijfrkbk`fetf `ugdc `kycr quf fa pfricbc R bf ak sfûka bf fetrkbk. Xcr fstk rkz÷e fa gkpkgitcr pfr`kefgf gksi gc`paftk`fetf gkrnkbc burketf fa tif`pc fstk rkz÷e fa gkpkgitcr pfr`kefgf gksi gc`paftk`fetf gkrnkbc burketf fa tif`pc bf kpknkbc bfa bicbc. Fe pri`frk kprcxi`kgi÷e fa gkpkgitcr kgtÿk gc`c uek bf kpknkbc bfa bicbc. Fe pri`frk kprcxi`kgi÷e fa gkpkgitcr kgtÿk gc`c uek jktfràk.

jktfràk.

(15)

;6;6

(16)

;<;<

XZKGRIGK 7 XZKGRIGK 7 XCAKZI_KGICE XCAKZI_KGICE

7.; X

7.; XCA CA K K ZZ I_K I_K G GIC ICE B E BF F VE RZ VE RZ K KEW EW IW IW RC RCZZ

Ietrcbuggi÷e

Ietrcbuggi÷e Fa

Fa trkesistcr ueipcakr trkesistcr ueipcakr fs ue faf`fetc guyk rfsistfegik ietfrek pufbf vkrikr fe fs ue faf`fetc guyk rfsistfegik ietfrek pufbf vkrikr fe luegi÷e bf ak sfûka bf fetrkbk kpaigkbk= fstk vkrikgi÷e prcvcgkbk dkgf quf sfk luegi÷e bf ak sfûka bf fetrkbk kpaigkbk= fstk vkrikgi÷e prcvcgkbk dkgf quf sfk gkpkz bf rfnuakr ak gcrrifetf quf girguak pcr fa girguitc fe fa quf sf fegufetrk gkpkz bf rfnuakr ak gcrrifetf quf girguak pcr fa girguitc fe fa quf sf fegufetrk gcefgtkbc.

gcefgtkbc.

Fstë lcr`kbc pcr ak uei÷e bf trfs pkstiaaks sf`igcebugtcrks (E c X) ueibks fetrf Fstë lcr`kbc pcr ak uei÷e bf trfs pkstiaaks sf`igcebugtcrks (E c X) ueibks fetrf sà, sifebc ak gfetrka bilfrfetf k aks bf acs fxtrf`cs= bf fstf `cbc, pcbf`cs sà, sifebc ak gfetrka bilfrfetf k aks bf acs fxtrf`cs= bf fstf `cbc, pcbf`cs fegcetrkr trkesistcrfs EXE c XEX. Ak pkstiaak gfetrka fs ak

fegcetrkr trkesistcrfs EXE c XEX. Ak pkstiaak gfetrka fs ak jksfjksf y fs ak `ës y fs ak `ës pfqufûk bf tcbks, y aks bf acs fxtrf`cs sce fa fìscr y fa gcafgtcr (`kycr quf ak pfqufûk bf tcbks, y aks bf acs fxtrf`cs sce fa fìscr y fa gcafgtcr (`kycr quf ak bfa fìscr).

bfa f`iscr).

Fa fìscr fstë lufrtf`fetf bcpkbc bf pcrtkbcrfs, y su ìsi÷e fs ieyfgtkracs fe ak Fa fìscr fstë lufrtf`fetf bcpkbc bf pcrtkbcrfs, y su ìsi÷e fs ieyfgtkracs fe ak jksf. Ak jksf fstë ainfrk`fetf i`puriligkbk (`fecs bcpkbk), y fs pcr kquà pcr jksf. Ak jksf fstë ainfrk`fetf i`puriligkbk (`fecs bcpkbk), y fs pcr kquà pcr bcebf pkske acs pcrtkbcrfs quf prcgfbfe bfa fìscr gkìec bfa gcafgtcr= bf fstk bcebf pkske acs pcrtkbcrfs quf prcgfbfe bfa fìscr gkìec bfa gcafgtcr= bf fstk

`kefrk sf grfk uek gcrrifetf. Fa gcafgtcr fstë `ës bcpkbc quf ak jksf, pfrc

`fecs quf fa f`iscr, sifebc éstf quife rfgcnf acs pcrtkbcrfs quf vifefe bfa

`fecs quf fa f`iscr, sifebc éstf quife rfgcnf acs pcrtkbcrfs quf vifefe bfa f`iscr y ec dk rfgcnibc ak jksf.

f`iscr y ec dk rfgcnibc ak jksf.

Fe tcbc trkesistcr

Fe tcbc trkesistcr sf gu`paf, rfspfgtc sf gu`paf, rfspfgtc k tfesicefs y k tfesicefs y gcrrifetfs, gcrrifetfs, acac sinuifetf?

sinuifetf?

\g

\gj j + + \jf \jf 0 0 \g \gf f Ig Ig + + Ij Ij 0 0 If If

(17)

;>;>

Kbf`ës, gc`c ue pkrë`ftrc `uy i`pcrtketf, tfef`cs quf?

J

J (jftk (jftk c dlf) 0 Ig c dlf) 0 Ig//Ij Ij

Y fs ak nkekegik bf gcrrifetf gcafgtcr-jksf gukebc ak rfsistfegik bf gkrnk Y fs ak nkekegik bf gcrrifetf gcafgtcr-jksf gukebc ak rfsistfegik bf gkrnk fs euak.

fs euak.

Xcakrizkgi÷e Xcakrizkgi÷e

Gcesistf fe gcesfnuir aks tfesicefs kbfgukbks fe gkbk puetc bfa girguitc, aks Gcesistf fe gcesfnuir aks tfesicefs kbfgukbks fe gkbk puetc bfa girguitc, aks gcrrifetfs bfsfkbks y fa puetc bf rfpcsc (c trkjkoc) [. Rcbc ac ketfricr i`paigk gcrrifetfs bfsfkbks y fa puetc bf rfpcsc (c trkjkoc) [. Rcbc ac ketfricr i`paigk gcefgtkr acs trkesistcrfs k gifrtks rfsistfegiks quf, pcr `fbic bf aks gkàbks bf gcefgtkr acs trkesistcrfs k gifrtks rfsistfegiks quf, pcr `fbic bf aks gkàbks bf tfesi÷e prcbugibks fe faaks, acnrkrëe fstkjafgfr acs vkacrfs prftfebibcs, ksà gc`c tfesi÷e prcbugibks fe faaks, acnrkrëe fstkjafgfr acs vkacrfs prftfebibcs, ksà gc`c su fstkjiaibkb. Rcbc fstc sf dkrë k pkrtir bf tfesicefs gcetieuks.

su fstkjiaibkb. Rcbc fstc sf dkrë k pkrtir bf tfesicefs gcetieuks.

Zfgtk bf gkrnk fstëtigk Zfgtk bf gkrnk fstëtigk

Wfrë uek rfgtk situkbk fe fa pri`fr gukbrketf quf gcrtkrë k aks gurvks Ig 0 l (\gf) Wfrë uek rfgtk situkbk fe fa pri`fr gukbrketf quf gcrtkrë k aks gurvks Ig 0 l (\gf) --gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr luegi÷e bf ak tfesi÷e gcafgtcr-f`iscr--.

--gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr luegi÷e bf ak tfesi÷e gcafgtcr-f`iscr--.

Xkrk cjtfefr acs bcs puetcs quf bfliefe ak rfgtk, paketfkrf`cs ak fgukgi÷e bf ak Xkrk cjtfefr acs bcs puetcs quf bfliefe ak rfgtk, paketfkrf`cs ak fgukgi÷e bf ak

`kaak bf gcafgtcr fe fa girguitc quf fstf`cs kekaizkebc, dkrf`cs Ig 0 8 y

`kaak bf gcafgtcr fe fa girguitc quf fstf`cs kekaizkebc, dkrf`cs Ig 0 8 y cjtfebrf`cs \gf (puetc bf gcrtf gce fa fof dcrizcetka y `ëxi`k tfesi÷e quf sf cjtfebrf`cs \gf (puetc bf gcrtf gce fa fof dcrizcetka y `ëxi`k tfesi÷e quf sf pufbf kpaigkr). K gcetieukgi÷e dkgf`cs \gf 0 8 y cjtfebrf`cs Ig (puetc bf gcrtf pufbf kpaigkr). K gcetieukgi÷e dkgf`cs \gf 0 8 y cjtfebrf`cs Ig (puetc bf gcrtf gce fa fof vfrtigka y `ëxi`k gcrrifetf quf ecs pufbf prcpcrgicekr).

gce fa fof vfrtigka y `ëxi`k gcrrifetf quf ecs pufbf prcpcrgicekr).

Xuetc bf trkjkoc Xuetc bf trkjkoc

Wif`prf fstë situkbc fe ak rfgtk bf gkrnk y bfetrc bf kanuek gurvk, fspfgiligkebc Wif`prf fstë situkbc fe ak rfgtk bf gkrnk y bfetrc bf kanuek gurvk, fspfgiligkebc uek gifrtk gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr Ig y uek bftfr`iekbk tfesi÷e gcafgtcr-f`iscr \gf.

uek gifrtk gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr Ig y uek bftfr`iekbk tfesi÷e gcafgtcr-f`iscr \gf.

Xkrk cjtfefr fa puetc bf trkjkoc [ paketfkrf`cs trfs fgukgicefs? Ak bf ak `kaak Xkrk cjtfefr fa puetc bf trkjkoc [ paketfkrf`cs trfs fgukgicefs? Ak bf ak `kaak bf jksf, ak bf ak `kaak bf gcafgtcr y pcr ÿati`c ak fgukgi÷e bfa trkesistcr Ig 0 J x bf jksf, ak bf ak `kaak bf gcafgtcr y pcr ÿati`c ak fgukgi÷e bfa trkesistcr Ig 0 J x Ij.

Ij.

Xcstfricr`fetf vfrf`cs kpaigkgicefs bf ac ketfricr fe bivfrscs girguitcs bf Xcstfricr`fetf vfrf`cs kpaigkgicefs bf ac ketfricr fe bivfrscs girguitcs bf kpaigkgi÷e.

kpaigkgi÷e.

(18)

;4;4

_ceks bf trkjkoc _ceks bf trkjkoc

Bfpfebifebc bf ak pcsigi÷e bfa puetc bf trkjkoc, pcbf`cs bistienuir trfs zceks?

_cek bf gcrtf, zcek kgtivk y zcek bf skturkgi÷e.

_cek

_cek bf gcr bf gcrtf tf

Fe fstk

Fe fstk zcek sif`prf zcek sif`prf tfebrf`cs tfebrf`cs Ij 0 Ij 0 8, 8, Ig 0 Ig 0 8, 8, \gf 0 \gf 0 \gg. Fa \gg. Fa trkesistcr sftrkesistcr sf gc`pcrtk prëgtigk`fetf gc`c ue girguitc kjifrtc.

gc`pcrtk prëgtigk`fetf gc`c ue girguitc kjifrtc.

* _

* _cek kgtiv cek kgtivk k

Kquà

Kquà fs fs bcebf bcebf fa fa trkesistcr trkesistcr sufaf sufaf trkjkokr, trkjkokr, sifebc sifebc ak ak zcek zcek fe fe bcebf bcebf fa fa trkesistcrtrkesistcr k`pailigk, gu`paiéebcsf Ig 0 J Ij, \gf 0 8,<v (8,:v pkrk fa gksc bf trkesistcrfs bf k`pailigk, gu`paiéebcsf Ig 0 J Ij, \gf 0 8,<v (8,:v pkrk fa gksc bf trkesistcrfs bf nfr`keic).

nfr`keic).

**

_cek _cek bf bf ss kt ktur urkgi kgi÷e ÷e

Fa trkesistcr sf gc`pcrtk kprcxi`kbk`fetf gc`c ue gcrtcgirguitc. \gf 0 8,:v, Fa trkesistcr sf gc`pcrtk kprcxi`kbk`fetf gc`c ue gcrtcgirguitc. \gf 0 8,:v, Ijskt 5

Ijskt 5 Ij, Ij, Igskt 0 Igskt 0 J Ijskt, J Ijskt, Ig 0 Ig 0 IgsktIgskt Gcelinurkgicefs jësigks Gcelinurkgicefs jësigks Wce aks sinuifetfs?

Wce aks sinuifetfs?



 F`iscr gc`ÿe? F`iscr gc`ÿe? Ak fetrkbk Ak fetrkbk fs pcr fs pcr ak jksf ak jksf y ak y ak skaibk pcr skaibk pcr fa gcafgtcr.fa gcafgtcr.



 Jksf Jksf gc`ÿe? gc`ÿe? Fetrkbk Fetrkbk pcr pcr f`iscr f`iscr y y skaibk skaibk pcr pcr gcafgtcr.gcafgtcr.



 Gcafgtcr Gcafgtcr gc`ÿe? gc`ÿe? Fetrkbk Fetrkbk pcr pcr jksf jksf y y skaibk skaibk pcr pcr f`iscr.f`iscr.

(19)

;9;9

Xcakrizkgi÷e pcr biviscr bf tfesi÷e fe jksf (kutc pcakrizkgi÷e) Xcakrizkgi÷e pcr biviscr bf tfesi÷e fe jksf (kutc pcakrizkgi÷e)

Fa `fgkeis`c faégtrigc bf fstf girguitc fs `uy fligkz y sf bfskrrcaak bfa sinuifetf Fa `fgkeis`c faégtrigc bf fstf girguitc fs `uy fligkz y sf bfskrrcaak bfa sinuifetf

`cbc? Wi supcef`cs ue ku`fetc bf Ig, ak gkàbk bf tfesi÷e fe Zf ku`fetk y

`cbc? Wi supcef`cs ue ku`fetc bf Ig, ak gkàbk bf tfesi÷e fe Zf ku`fetk y gcetrkrrfstk fa ku`fetc bf ak gcrrifetf Ig pcrquf sf prcbugf ue bfsgfesc fe ak gcetrkrrfstk fa ku`fetc bf ak gcrrifetf Ig pcrquf sf prcbugf ue bfsgfesc fe ak

tfesi÷e bf pcakrizkgi÷e bf jksf \jf.

Z; y Z: sce aks rfsistfegiks quf dkgfe vkrikr fa puetc bf trkjkoc [ y Z; y Z: sce aks rfsistfegiks quf dkgfe vkrikr fa puetc bf trkjkoc [ y gcesfgufetf`fetf ak zcek bf trkjkoc.

gcesfgufetf`fetf ak zcek bf trkjkoc.

Cjtfegi÷e bfa puetc [?

Fgukgi÷e bf gcrrifetfs?

If 0 Ig+Ij If 0 Ig+Ij

@kaak bf gcafgtcr?

\gg \gg-\gf 0 -\gf 0 IgZ IgZ g+ g+(Ig+ (Ig+Ij)Z Ij)Zff

Fgukgi÷e bf tfesi÷e fe jksf?

\jj 0 \jj 0 \g \gg Z g Z :/ :/(Z (Z ;+ ;+ZZ :) :) ZZ j 0 j 0 ZZ ;Z ;Z:/ :/(Z (Z ;+ ;+ZZ :) :)

@kaak bf jksf?

\jj-\jf 0 \jj-\jf 0 IjZ IjZ j+ j+(Ig+Ij)Z (Ig+Ij)Z ff

Fgukgi÷e bfa trkesistcr?

Ig 0 Ig 0 JJ Ij Ij

(supcef`cs (supcef`cs J J 0 0 ;;8);;8)

Wf pufbfe rfkaizkr girguitcs bf pcakrizkgi÷e fe acs quf aks pcsijafs bfsvikgicefs Wf pufbfe rfkaizkr girguitcs bf pcakrizkgi÷e fe acs quf aks pcsijafs bfsvikgicefs bf acs pkrë`ftrcs bf acs trkesistcrfs tfenke `fecr i`pcrtkegik. Rcbcs faacs sf bf acs pkrë`ftrcs bf acs trkesistcrfs tfenke `fecr i`pcrtkegik. Rcbcs faacs sf jkske fe ak prfsfegik bf rfkai`fetkgicefs bf gcetieuk y fa `focr fof`pac fs fa jkske fe ak prfsfegik bf rfkai`fetkgicefs bf gcetieuk y fa `focr fof`pac fs fa girguitc bf ak linurk 2 quf fs, pcr ctrk pkrtf, fa `ës utiaizkbc fe girguitcs gce girguitc bf ak linurk 2 quf fs, pcr ctrk pkrtf, fa `ës utiaizkbc fe girguitcs gce trkesistcrfs bisgrftcs.

trkesistcrfs bisgrftcs.

Aks rfsistfegiks Z

Aks rfsistfegiks Z;; y y ZZ:: sf gcecgfe gc`c rfsistfegiks bf pcakrizkgi÷e, Z sf gcecgfe gc`c rfsistfegiks bf pcakrizkgi÷e, ZFF fs ak fs ak rfsistfegik bf f`iscr y ak rfsistfegik Z

rfsistfegik bf f`iscr y ak rfsistfegik Z_A_A fs ak rfsistfegik bf gkrnk. Bkbc quf ak fs ak rfsistfegik bf gkrnk. Bkbc quf ak pctfegik bf ak jktfràk sf bistrijuyf fetrf fa trkesistcr y ak gkrnk fe fa girguitc bf ak pctfegik bf ak jktfràk sf bistrijuyf fetrf fa trkesistcr y ak gkrnk fe fa girguitc bf ak linurk :, fs fvibfetf quf fxistf uek pérbibk bf pctfegik ka iegauir uek rfsistfegik linurk :, fs fvibfetf quf fxistf uek pérbibk bf pctfegik ka iegauir uek rfsistfegik fe fa f`iscr fe fa girguitc bf ak linurk 2.

fe fa f`iscr fe fa girguitc bf ak linurk 2.

(20)

:8:8

Kdcrk

Kdcrk ak ak pctfegik pctfegik bf bf ak ak jktfràk jktfràk dk dk bf bf bistrijuirsf bistrijuirsf fetrf fetrf ak ak gkrnk gkrnk ZZ_A_A (Z(Z_A_AÞIÞI_G_G^:^:), fa), fa trkesistcr (\

trkesistcr (\GFGFÞIÞIGG) y ak rfsistfegik bf f`iscr (Z) y ak rfsistfegik bf f`iscr (ZFFÞIÞIFF::), pcr ac quf fa vkacr bf fstk dk), pcr ac quf fa vkacr bf fstk dk bf sfr pfqufûc.

bf sfr pfqufûc.

Fa girguitc sf kekaizk `focr si sf sujstituyf Z

Fa girguitc sf kekaizk `focr si sf sujstituyf Z_;_; y y ZZ_:_: pcr su fquivkafetf Rdfvfeie, pcr su fquivkafetf Rdfvfeie, gc`c sf rflafok fe ak linurk 6. Kdcrk Z

gc`c sf rflafok fe ak linurk 6. Kdcrk ZJJ 0 0 ZZ;;//Z//Z:: y y \\JJJJ 0 0 \\GGGG x x ZZ::/(Z/(Z;;+Z+Z::). Aks). Aks fgukgicefs bf aks `kaaks sfrëe?

fgukgicefs bf aks `kaaks sfrëe?

Fstks fgukgicefs fe gceouetc gce aks fgukgicefs (7) rfsufavfe tketc fa prcjaf`k Fstks fgukgicefs fe gceouetc gce aks fgukgicefs (7) rfsufavfe tketc fa prcjaf`k birfgtc gc`c fa ievfrsc. Dkjrë bf gcesibfrkrsf tk`jiée quf I

birfgtc gc`c fa ievfrsc. Dkjrë bf gcesibfrkrsf tk`jiée quf IFF 0 I 0 IGG + I + IJJ. Fe fa gksc. Fe fa gksc bfa prcjaf`k ievfrsc sf pufbf cjtfefr uek scaugi÷e kprcxi`kbk si sf bfsprfgik fa bfa prcjaf`k ievfrsc sf pufbf cjtfefr uek scaugi÷e kprcxi`kbk si sf bfsprfgik fa flfgtc Fkray y sf supcef \

flfgtc Fkray y sf supcef \_JF_JF 0 8.>\. Fe fstf gksc? 0 8.>\. Fe fstf gksc?

Fe fa gksc bfa prcjaf`k birfgtc fxistfe ielieitks scaugicefs pkrk gkbk puetc bf Fe fa gksc bfa prcjaf`k birfgtc fxistfe ielieitks scaugicefs pkrk gkbk puetc bf cpfrkgi÷e y dkgfe lkatk `ës gritfrics pkrk bflieir ueàvcgk`fetf acs vkacrfs bf aks cpfrkgi÷e y dkgfe lkatk `ës gritfrics pkrk bflieir ueàvcgk`fetf acs vkacrfs bf aks rfsistfegiks. Xkrk cjtfefr fscs gritfrics dkgf lkatk gcecgfr aks fxprfsicefs bf aks rfsistfegiks. Xkrk cjtfefr fscs gritfrics dkgf lkatk gcecgfr aks fxprfsicefs bf aks i`pfbkegiks bf fetrkbk y bf skaibk bfa girguitc, pufstc quf sce lkgtcrfs i`pfbkegiks bf fetrkbk y bf skaibk bfa girguitc, pufstc quf sce lkgtcrfs bftfrìeketfs bfa luegicekìfetc bfa k`pailigkbcr y kbf`ës ùy bfpfebifetfs bf bftfrìeketfs bfa luegicekìfetc bfa k`pailigkbcr y kbf`ës ùy bfpfebifetfs bf ak fafggi÷e bf aks rfsistfegiks. \frf`cs fstks fxprfsicefs `ës kbfaketf. Ctrc ak fafggi÷e bf aks rfsistfegiks. \frf`cs fstks fxprfsicefs `ës kbfaketf. Ctrc lkgtcr bftfrìeketf fe aks rfsistfegiks bf pcakrizkgi÷e fs ak fstkjiaibkb bfa lkgtcr bftfrìeketf fe aks rfsistfegiks bf pcakrizkgi÷e fs ak fstkjiaibkb bfa girguitc.

girguitc.

Rfef`cs fe priegipic ak fstkjiaibkb térìgk, quf sf gcesinuf dkgifebc ak Rfef`cs fe priegipic ak fstkjiaibkb térìgk, quf sf gcesinuf dkgifebc ak rfsistfegik bf fìscr nrkebf y Z

rfsistfegik bf f`iscr nrkebf y Z_J_J (pkrkafac bf Z (pkrkafac bf Z_;_; y y ZZ_:_:) ac `ës pfqufûk pcsijaf,) ac `ës pfqufûk pcsijaf, kÿe gukebc fstcs bcs lkgtcrfs fstrcpfkrëe bf lcr`k i`pcrtketf aks gkrkgtfràstigks kÿe gukebc fstcs bcs lkgtcrfs fstrcpfkrëe bf lcr`k i`pcrtketf aks gkrkgtfràstigks bfa k`pailigkbcr.

bfa k`pailigkbcr.

(21)

:;:;

Ctrk gufsti÷e fs ak fstkjiaibkb bfa girguitc lrfetf k ue pcsijaf gk`jic bfa Ctrk gufsti÷e fs ak fstkjiaibkb bfa girguitc lrfetf k ue pcsijaf gk`jic bfa trkesistcr. Ecs ietfrfsk quf ak gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr I

trkesistcr. Ecs ietfrfsk quf ak gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr IGG sfk ac `ës iebfpfebifetf sfk ac `ës iebfpfebifetf pcsijaf bf IW y bf JL, bf lcr`k quf aks bispfrsicefs bf fstcs pkrë`ftrcs tfenke pcsijaf bf IW y bf JL, bf lcr`k quf aks bispfrsicefs bf fstcs pkrë`ftrcs tfenke fa `àei`c flfgtc fe fa puetc bf cpfrkgi÷e.

fa `àei`c flfgtc fe fa puetc bf cpfrkgi÷e.

Ak pri`frk fgukgi÷e bf (6) pufbf fsgrijirsf bf ak lcr`k?

Bcebf sf dk supufstc quf pcr fstkr fe zcek kgtivk I

Bcebf sf dk supufstc quf pcr fstkr fe zcek kgtivk IJJ11I11IGG y pcr ac tketc I y pcr ac tketc IGGIIFF. Fstë. Fstë gakrc quf si qufrf`cs ue vkacr bf I

gakrc quf si qufrf`cs ue vkacr bf IGG bftfrìekbc ÿeigk`fetf pcr acs pkrë`ftrcs bftfrìekbc ÿeigk`fetf pcr acs pkrë`ftrcs fxtfrecs y ec pcr fa trkesistcr bfjfràk`cs gcesfnuir quf acs térìecs Z

fxtfrecs y ec pcr fa trkesistcr bfjfràk`cs gcesfnuir quf acs tér`iecs Z_J_JII_J_J y y \\_JF_JF sfke bfsprfgikjafs lrfetf k Z

sfke bfsprfgikjafs lrfetf k ZFFIIGG. Xkrk faac efgfsitk`cs ue vkacr nrkebf bfa. Xkrk faac efgfsitk`cs ue vkacr nrkebf bfa pri`fr tér`iec bf ak fgukgi÷e (>) y gcesfgufetf`fetf bf Z

pri`fr tér`iec bf ak fgukgi÷e (>) y gcesfgufetf`fetf bf ZFF. Fs bfgir Z. Fs bfgir Z::5Z5Z;;, Z, ZJJ pfqufûc y Z

pfqufûc y Z_F_F nrkebf. nrkebf.

Xcr aks rkzcefs bf pérbibk bf fligifegik fe pctfegik bfa k`pailigkbcr ec sf pufbf Xcr aks rkzcefs bf pérbibk bf fligifegik fe pctfegik bfa k`pailigkbcr ec sf pufbf dkgfr Z

dkgfr ZFF bf`ksikbc nrkebf lrfetf k Z bf`ksikbc nrkebf lrfetf k ZAA. Ràpigk`fetf sf fsgcnf ue vkacr pkrk Z. Ràpigk`fetf sf fsgcnf ue vkacr pkrk ZFF bfa crbfe bfa ;8% bf Z

bfa crbfe bfa ;8% bf ZAA. Ak bftfr`iekgi÷e fxkgtk bf Z. Ak bftfr`iekgi÷e fxkgtk bf ZJJ vfebrë gksi sif`prf vfebrë gksi sif`prf fafnibk pcr ak i`pfbkegik bf fetrkbk.

fafnibk pcr ak i`pfbkegik bf fetrkbk.

Bf

Bf kgufrbc kgufrbc k k ac ac vistc vistc ketfricr`fetf?ketfricr`fetf?

@ktfrika y fquipc utiaizkbc?

-Vek lufetf bf ;:\

-Nfefrkbcr bf luegicefs -Nfefrkbcr bf luegicefs -Csgiacsgcpic

-Csgiacsgcpic

-Rrkesistcr JG62>

-2 Zfsistfegiks bf?

-<>8 cd`s -<>8 cd`s -;:8 cd`s -;:8 cd`s -::m

-::m -;<8m -;<8m

(22)

::::

BFWKZZCAAC?

GKAGVACW

GKAGVACW EC@IEKA EC@IEKA ZFKAZFKA

Jftk

Jftk J J 0 0 :88 :88 J J 0 0 :2>:2>

\gg0\gf

\gg0\gf + + ig ig (Zg+Zf)(Zg+Zf)

;:0 4 + 6`K (Zg+Zf)

;:-4/6`K 0 Zg + Zf

;:-4/6`K 0 Zg + Zf Zg + Zf 0 488 cd`s Zg + Zf 0 488 cd`s Zg

Zg 0 0 <>8 <>8 cd`s cd`s Zg Zg 0 0 <>8 <>8 cd`scd`s Zf

Zf 0 0 ;:8 ;:8 cd`s cd`s Zf Zf 0 0 ;:8 ;:8 cd`scd`s Zj 0 Zg(J+;)/;8

Zj 0 Zg(J+;)/;8

Zj 0<>8(:24)/;8 0 ;<.<;<M Zj 0<>8(:24)/;8 0 ;<.<;<M

\JJ 0 \jf + If Zf

\JJ 0

\JJ 0 8.> 8.> + 6`K + 6`K (;:8)(;:8)

\JJ 0 ;.7 \

Z; 0 Zj/;-(\JJ/\gg) Z; 0 Zj/;-(\JJ/\gg)

Z; 0;<.</;-(;.7/;:) 0 Z; 0;<.</;-(;.7/;:) 0

;4.<7M

Z; 0 ::Mcd`

Z: 0 \gg/\JJ (Zj) Z: 0 \gg/\JJ (Zj)

Z: 0 ;:/;.7 (;<.<M) 0 Z: 0 ;:/;.7 (;<.<M) 0

;67.7>M

Z: 0 ;<8Mcd`

Z; 0 Zj/;-(\JJ/\gg) Z; 0 Zj/;-(\JJ/\gg)

Z; 0;<.</;-(;.7/;:) 0 Z; 0;<.</;-(;.7/;:) 0

;4.<7M

Z; 0 ::Mcd`

Z: 0 \gg/\JJ (Zj) Z: 0 \gg/\JJ (Zj)

Z: 0 ;:/;.7 (;<.<M) 0 Z: 0 ;:/;.7 (;<.<M) 0

;67.7>M

Z: 0 ;<8Mcd`

(23)

:7:7

XZKGRIGK 2 XZKGRIGK 2

K@XAILIGKBCZ GCE RZKEWIWRCZ JOR K@XAILIGKBCZ GCE RZKEWIWRCZ JOR

Fa priegipka prcjaf`k quf ecs fegcetrk`cs fs ak lkatk bf vkacrfs bf acs faf`fetcs Fa priegipka prcjaf`k quf ecs fegcetrk`cs fs ak lkatk bf vkacrfs bf acs faf`fetcs pksivcs bf pcakrizkgi÷e, pcr ac tketc gkrfgf`cs bf ue puetc bf pkrtibk k pkrtir bfa pksivcs bf pcakrizkgi÷e, pcr ac tketc gkrfgf`cs bf ue puetc bf pkrtibk k pkrtir bfa guka pcbk`cs ir gkaguakebc acs bf`ës vkacrfs sineiligktivcs bfa girguitc. Xcr ac guka pcbk`cs ir gkaguakebc acs bf`ës vkacrfs sineiligktivcs bfa girguitc. Xcr ac tketc ac quf sf dkrë fs sfnuir fa `étcbc gaësigc bf keëaisis bf girguitcs tketc ac quf sf dkrë fs sfnuir fa `étcbc gaësigc bf keëaisis bf girguitcs trkesistcrizkbcs quf trkjkoke gc`c k`pailigkbcrfs pcr tketc supcebrf`cs quf trkesistcrizkbcs quf trkjkoke gc`c k`pailigkbcrfs pcr tketc supcebrf`cs quf fstëe trkjkokebc fe su zcek kgtivk pkrk ksà rfkaizkr su `isi÷e, bf fstk lcr`k fstëe trkjkokebc fe su zcek kgtivk pkrk ksà rfkaizkr su `isi÷e, bf fstk lcr`k bfspfokrf`cs acs vkacrfs `ks sineiligktivcs pkrk ecsctrcs (nkekegik, rfsistfegik bfspfokrf`cs acs vkacrfs `ks sineiligktivcs pkrk ecsctrcs (nkekegik, rfsistfegik bf

bf fetrkbk…) y acs bfokrf`cs fe luegi÷e bf acs pkrë`ftrcs bfa girguitc, bf fstkfetrkbk…) y acs bfokrf`cs fe luegi÷e bf acs pkrë`ftrcs bfa girguitc, bf fstk

lcr`k pcbrf`cs vfr gc`c sf rfakgiceke uecs gce ctrcs y ksà vfr guka pufbf sfr ak lcr`k pcbrf`cs vfr gc`c sf rfakgiceke uecs gce ctrcs y ksà vfr guka pufbf sfr ak scaugi÷e `ks ÷pti`k.

scaugi÷e `ks ÷pti`k.

Dky quf dkgfr uek cjsfrvkgi÷e, fa vkacr bf ak lufetf bf katfrek fs bf :8 `\ y Dky quf dkgfr uek cjsfrvkgi÷e, fa vkacr bf ak lufetf bf katfrek fs bf :8 `\ y fstf vkacr bf tfesi÷e fs fa quf gkf fe ak gcefxi÷e jksf fìscr bfa trkesistcr pcr ac fstf vkacr bf tfesi÷e fs fa quf gkf fe ak gcefxi÷e jksf fìscr bfa trkesistcr pcr ac tketc sif`prf fstkrf`cs vicakebc ak gcebigi÷e bf pfqufûk sfûka quf fstkjafgf tketc sif`prf fstkrf`cs vicakebc ak gcebigi÷e bf pfqufûk sfûka quf fstkjafgf quf \JF (@KT) ec bfjf bf scjrfpkskr acs ;8 ìaivcatics pkrk quf fa trkesistcr quf \JF (@KT) ec bfjf bf scjrfpkskr acs ;8 ìaivcatics pkrk quf fa trkesistcr trkjkof fe uek zcek guksi aiefka bf lcr`k quf ec dkyk bistcrsi÷e.

trkjkof fe uek zcek guksi aiefka bf lcr`k quf ec dkyk bistcrsi÷e.

Aufnc pkrti`cs bf ak jksf bf quf gce fstk gcelinurkgi÷e sif`prf vk`cs k tfefr Aufnc pkrti`cs bf ak jksf bf quf gce fstk gcelinurkgi÷e sif`prf vk`cs k tfefr uek bistcrsi÷e `ës c `fecs sineiligktivk bfjibc ka fafvkbc vkacr bf pigc bf ak uek bistcrsi÷e `ës c `fecs sineiligktivk bfjibc ka fafvkbc vkacr bf pigc bf ak lufetf bf katfrek.

lufetf bf katfrek.

Dfgdks fstks gcesibfrkgicefs pkskrf`cs k rfkaizkr fa keëaisis gaësigc bf fstf Dfgdks fstks gcesibfrkgicefs pkskrf`cs k rfkaizkr fa keëaisis gaësigc bf fstf k`pailigkbcr.

k`pailigkbcr.

Ak gcelinurkgi÷e k`pailigkbcrk `ës uskbk bfa trkesistcr jipcakr fs ak bf fìscr Ak gcelinurkgi÷e k`pailigkbcrk `ës uskbk bfa trkesistcr jipcakr fs ak bf fìscr gc`ÿe. Wf bfecìek ksà pcrquf ak sfûka bf fetrkbk sf ietrcbugf fetrf jksf y gc`ÿe. Wf bfecìek ksà pcrquf ak sfûka bf fetrkbk sf ietrcbugf fetrf jksf y fìscr y ak sfûka bf skaibk sf cjtifef fetrf gcafgtcr y fìscr, bf `cbc quf fa fìscr y ak sfûka bf skaibk sf cjtifef fetrf gcafgtcr y fìscr, bf `cbc quf fa fìscr fs fa puetc gc`ÿe bf rflfrfegik pkrk k`jks sfûkafs.

f`iscr fs fa puetc gc`ÿe bf rflfrfegik pkrk k`jks sfûkafs.

Fe ak sinuifetf linurk sf ùfstrk ak rfb bf pcakrizkgi÷e bfa trkesistcr fe uek ftkpk Fe ak sinuifetf linurk sf ùfstrk ak rfb bf pcakrizkgi÷e bfa trkesistcr fe uek ftkpk bf fìscr gc`ÿe tka gc`c sf fstubi÷ fe fa kpkrtkbc tf÷rigc bf fstk prëgtigk.

bf f`iscr gc`ÿe tka gc`c sf fstubi÷ fe fa kpkrtkbc tf÷rigc bf fstk prëgtigk.

(24)

:2:2

Zfgufrbf quf aks rfsistfegiks Z

Zfgufrbf quf aks rfsistfegiks Z_;_;, , ZZ_:_:, , ZZ_G_G y y ZZ_F_F lioke fa puetc bf cpfrkgi÷e bfa lioke fa puetc bf cpfrkgi÷e bfa trkesistcr. Ak lufetf \

trkesistcr. Ak lufetf \ss ietrcbugf ak sfûka quf vk k sfr k`pailigkbk y fa ietrcbugf ak sfûka quf vk k sfr k`pailigkbk y fa gcebfeskbcr G

gcebfeskbcr G_;_; kgtÿk gc`c ue gcebfeskbcr bf kgcpac quf i`pibf quf ak kgtÿk gc`c ue gcebfeskbcr bf kgcpac quf i`pibf quf ak ietrcbuggi÷e bf ak lufetf bf pfqufûk sfûka (\

ietrcbuggi÷e bf ak lufetf bf pfqufûk sfûka (\ss) katfrf fa puetc bf pcakrizkgi÷e) katfrf fa puetc bf pcakrizkgi÷e bftfr`iekbc `fbiketf aks rfsistfegiks (k flfgtcs bf ak tfesi÷e bf gcetieuk fstf bftfr`iekbc `fbiketf aks rfsistfegiks (k flfgtcs bf ak tfesi÷e bf gcetieuk fstf gcebfeskbcr fs ue girguitc kjifrtc).

gcebfeskbcr fs ue girguitc kjifrtc).

Fa gcebfeskbcr G

Fa gcebfeskbcr G:: tifef ak liekaibkb bf cguatkr ak rfsistfegik Z tifef ak liekaibkb bf cguatkr ak rfsistfegik ZFF k flfgtcs bf ak k flfgtcs bf ak k`pailigkgi÷e bf ak sfûka, fs bfgir, quf k ak lrfgufegik bf ak sfûka prëgtigk`fetf k`pailigkgi÷e bf ak sfûka, fs bfgir, quf k ak lrfgufegik bf ak sfûka prëgtigk`fetf fstë gcrtcgirguitkebc k Z

fstë gcrtcgirguitkebc k ZFF gce fa cjoftivc bf ku`fetkr ak nkekegik, `ifetrks quf gce fa cjoftivc bf ku`fetkr ak nkekegik, `ifetrks quf fe gcetieuk fs gc`c si lufrk ue girguitc kjifrtc y pcr tketc ak rfsistfegik Z

fe gcetieuk fs gc`c si lufrk ue girguitc kjifrtc y pcr tketc ak rfsistfegik Z_F_F kgtÿk kgtÿk

`focrkebc ak fstkjiaibkb bfa puetc bf cpfrkgi÷e y pcr tketc bf ak nkekegik lrfetf k

`focrkebc ak fstkjiaibkb bfa puetc bf cpfrkgi÷e y pcr tketc bf ak nkekegik lrfetf k vkrikgicefs bf acs pkrë`ftrcs bfa trkesistcr.

vkrikgicefs bf acs pkrë`ftrcs bfa trkesistcr.

Keëaisis fe gcetieuk Keëaisis fe gcetieuk

Xrcgfbfrf`cs kdcrk k rfkaizkr fa keëaisis fe gcetieuk bf ak `kaak bf skaibk bfa Xrcgfbfrf`cs kdcrk k rfkaizkr fa keëaisis fe gcetieuk bf ak `kaak bf skaibk bfa k`pailigkbcr pkrk cjtfefr ak rfgtk bf gkrnk, y visukaizkr su bfpfebfegik gce acs k`pailigkbcr pkrk cjtfefr ak rfgtk bf gkrnk, y visukaizkr su bfpfebfegik gce acs faf`fetcs pksivcs guyc vkacr bfsgcecgf`cs

faf`fetcs pksivcs guyc vkacr bfsgcecgf`cs

Kpaigkebc ak afy bf Mirgdcll bf acs vcatkofs tfef`cs?

IG 0 -( \gg - \gf )/Zg. Bcebf bfsgcecgf`cs fa vkacr bf ak rfsistfegik bf IG 0 -( \gg - \gf )/Zg. Bcebf bfsgcecgf`cs fa vkacr bf ak rfsistfegik bf f`iscr.

f`iscr.

(25)

:6:6

k. j.

g?

Ka rfkaizkr fa keë

Ka rfkaizkr fa keëaisis fe gcrrifetf gcetieuk, saisis fe gcrrifetf gcetieuk, sf fai`ieke tcbks aks luff fai`ieke tcbks aks lufetfs bf sfûkaetfs bf sfûka katfrek y sustituirf`cs acs gc`pcefetfs pcr su fquivkafetf pkrk gcetieuk.

katfrek y sustituirf`cs acs gc`pcefetfs pcr su fquivkafetf pkrk gcetieuk.

Fe gcrrifetf gcetieuk, fa girguitc bf fetrkbk fofrgf ue gcetrca scjrf fa girguitc bf Fe gcrrifetf gcetieuk, fa girguitc bf fetrkbk fofrgf ue gcetrca scjrf fa girguitc bf skaibk. Ak kpaigkgi÷e pcr fxgfafegik, pcsijaf`fetf sf fegufetrk fe fa gcegfptc bf skaibk. Ak kpaigkgi÷e pcr fxgfafegik, pcsijaf`fetf sf fegufetrk fe fa gcegfptc bf k`pailigkgi÷e? jkoc bftfr`iekbks gcebigicefs pcbf`cs gcesfnuir quf ak gcrrifetf k`pailigkgi÷e? jkoc bftfr`iekbks gcebigicefs pcbf`cs gcesfnuir quf ak gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr sfk prcpcrgiceka k ak gcrrifetf bf jksf.

bf gcafgtcr sfk prcpcrgiceka k ak gcrrifetf bf jksf.

Xkrk tfr`iekr gce eufstrc keëaisis bfjf`cs supcefr quf kdcrk kpaigk`cs uek Xkrk tfr`iekr gce eufstrc keëaisis bfjf`cs supcefr quf kdcrk kpaigk`cs uek sfûka ka girguitc y vfrf`cs g÷`c vkràk fa puetc [

sfûka ka girguitc y vfrf`cs g÷`c vkràk fa puetc [

Fe ak linurk vf`cs ue fof`pac, bcebf sf `ufstrk fa puetc [ fe kusfegik bf sfûka Fe ak linurk vf`cs ue fof`pac, bcebf sf `ufstrk fa puetc [ fe kusfegik bf sfûka y g÷`c vkràk gce ak kpaigkgi÷e bf uek sfûka bf fetrkbk.

y g÷`c vkràk gce ak kpaigkgi÷e bf uek sfûka bf fetrkbk.

(26)

:<:<

Fs i`pcrtketf vfriligkr jife fa aunkr bf ujigkgi÷e bfa puetc [, bkbc quf si Fs i`pcrtketf vfriligkr jife fa aunkr bf ujigkgi÷e bfa puetc [, bkbc quf si qufrf`cs quf fa trkesistcr cpfrf fe ak zcek kgtivk y pcakrizk`cs k éstf fe ue qufrf`cs quf fa trkesistcr cpfrf fe ak zcek kgtivk y pcakrizk`cs k éstf fe ue puetc [ gfrgkec k ak zcek bf skturkgi÷e, gcrrf`cs fa rifsnc bf quf gukebc af puetc [ gfrgkec k ak zcek bf skturkgi÷e, gcrrf`cs fa rifsnc bf quf gukebc af kpaigk`cs uek sfûka bf fetrkbk, [ sf bfspakgf dkgik ak zcek bf skturkgi÷e, kpaigk`cs uek sfûka bf fetrkbk, [ sf bfspakgf dkgik ak zcek bf skturkgi÷e, bfokebc ak zcek kgtivk. Xkrk fvitkr fstf prcjaf`k gcevifef kekaizkr sif`prf ketfs bfokebc ak zcek kgtivk. Xkrk fvitkr fstf prcjaf`k gcevifef kekaizkr sif`prf ketfs ak vkrikgi÷e bf [ fe eufstrc trkesistcr y vfriligkr quf ec skank bf ak rfni÷e bcebf ak vkrikgi÷e bf [ fe eufstrc trkesistcr y vfriligkr quf ec skank bf ak rfni÷e bcebf qufrf`cs quf trkjkof.

qufrf`cs quf trkjkof.

Keëaisis bf Gcrrifetf Katfrek Keëaisis bf Gcrrifetf Katfrek

Acs trkesistcrfs tifefe ue `cbfac fquivkafetf quf pfrìtf kpaigkr acs `étcbcs Acs trkesistcrfs tifefe ue `cbfac fquivkafetf quf pfrìtf kpaigkr acs `étcbcs trkbigicekafs bf keëaisis bf girguitcs (`kaaks, ecbcs). Fstcs `cbfacs sf cjtifefe trkbigicekafs bf keëaisis bf girguitcs (`kaaks, ecbcs). Fstcs `cbfacs sf cjtifefe bfa fstubic bf aks fgukgicefs quf rinfe fa gc`pcrtkìfetc bf acs trkesistcrfs.

bfa fstubic bf aks fgukgicefs quf rinfe fa gc`pcrtk`ifetc bf acs trkesistcrfs.

Fxistfe vkrics `cbfacs pkrk siùakr fa gc`pcrtkìfetc bfa trkesistcr fe katfrek, éa Fxistfe vkrics `cbfacs pkrk siùakr fa gc`pcrtkìfetc bfa trkesistcr fe katfrek, éa

`ës pcpuakr fs fa `cbfac fe

`ës pcpuakr fs fa `cbfac fe pkrë`ftrcs d pkrë`ftrcs d..

Xkrk rfkaizkr fa fstubic fe katfrek, gcrtcgirguitkrf`cs aks lufetfs bf tfesi÷e bf Xkrk rfkaizkr fa fstubic fe katfrek, gcrtcgirguitkrf`cs aks lufetfs bf tfesi÷e bf vcatkof gcetieuc, gcesibfrkrf`cs acs gcebfeskbcrfs gcrtcgirguitcs, (nrke

vcatkof gcetieuc, gcesibfrkrf`cs acs gcebfeskbcrfs gcrtcgirguitcs, (nrke gkpkgibkb), y utiaizkrf`cs fa `cbfac bf pfqufûk sfûka bfa trkesistcr. Fstc sf gkpkgibkb), y utiaizkrf`cs fa `cbfac bf pfqufûk sfûka bfa trkesistcr. Fstc sf

`ufstrk fe fa fsquf`k bf ak linurk?

(27)

:>:>

Bf eufvc kpaigkebc ak afy bf Mirgdcll bf acs vcatkofs fe ak `kaak bf skaibk Bf eufvc kpaigkebc ak afy bf Mirgdcll bf acs vcatkofs fe ak `kaak bf skaibk cjtfef`cs ak fgukgi÷e bf ak rfgtk bf gkrnk fe katfrek. Fstk rfgtk bf gkrnk bfjf cjtfef`cs ak fgukgi÷e bf ak rfgtk bf gkrnk fe katfrek. Fstk rfgtk bf gkrnk bfjf bf pkskr pcr fa puetc bf trkjkoc (Igq, \gfq) pcr tketc ak fgukgi÷e quf ecs qufbk bf pkskr pcr fa puetc bf trkjkoc (Igq, \gfq) pcr tketc ak fgukgi÷e quf ecs qufbk fs?

fs?

(ZgZA/ (Zg+ZA))(\gf-\gfq)0Ig-Igfq (ZgZA/ (Zg+ZA))(\gf-\gfq)0Ig-Igfq

Cpfrkebc y si`pailigkebc pcbf`cs gc`pkrkr fa vkacr kjscautc bf aks bcs Cpfrkebc y si`pailigkebc pcbf`cs gc`pkrkr fa vkacr kjscautc bf aks bcs pfebifetfs.

pfebifetfs.

(28)

:4:4

Aak`krf`cs @kg k ak pfebifetf fe katfrek y @bg k ak bf gcetieuk cjtfeifebc acs Aak`krf`cs @kg k ak pfebifetf fe katfrek y @bg k ak bf gcetieuk cjtfeifebc acs sinuifetfs rfsuatkbcs @kg0

sinuifetfs rfsuatkbcs @kg0 ;+;/ZG ;+;/ZG Y @bg0;/ZG, Y @bg0;/ZG, bf fstk gc`pkrkgi÷e bf fstk gc`pkrkgi÷e pcbf`cspcbf`cs ielfrir quf ak pfebifetf bf katfrek sif`prf vk k sfr `kycr quf ak bf gcetieuk ielfrir quf ak pfebifetf bf katfrek sif`prf vk k sfr `kycr quf ak bf gcetieuk pkrk gukaquifr vkacr bf ak rfsistfegik bf gcafgtcr.

pkrk gukaquifr vkacr bf ak rfsistfegik bf gcafgtcr.

Fstc ecs aafvk k pfeskr quf pcr fa akbc bfrfgdc bfa puetc bf trkjkoc \gfq ak quf Fstc ecs aafvk k pfeskr quf pcr fa akbc bfrfgdc bfa puetc bf trkjkoc \gfq ak quf ecs vk k ai`itkr ketfs fs ak pfebifetf KG.

ecs vk k ai`itkr ketfs fs ak pfebifetf KG.

Xrcgfbfrf`cs k gkaguakr acs pkrë`ftrcs bf pfqufûk sfûka, fs bfgir, ak Xrcgfbfrf`cs k gkaguakr acs pkrë`ftrcs bf pfqufûk sfûka, fs bfgir, ak i`pfbkegik bf fetrkbk y bf skaibk, ak nkekegik fe tfesi÷e, y ak rfsistfegik bf jksf i`pfbkegik bf fetrkbk y bf skaibk, ak nkekegik fe tfesi÷e, y ak rfsistfegik bf jksf bfa trkesistcr.

bfa trkesistcr.

Fa vkacr bf ak i`pfbkegik bf fetrkbk bfa k`pailigkbcr fs _ie0 (Z;//Z://rpi), Fa vkacr bf ak i`pfbkegik bf fetrkbk bfa k`pailigkbcr fs _ie0 (Z;//Z://rpi), (rpi0dif) ak i`pfbkegik bf skaibk vkaf _cut0ZG, ak nkekegik fs ue pkrë`ftrc (rpi0dif) ak i`pfbkegik bf skaibk vkaf _cut0ZG, ak nkekegik fs ue pkrë`ftrc akjcricsc bf gkaguakr quf bfpfebf bf ak bf aks rfsistfegiks bf gcafgtcr y bf gkrnk akjcricsc bf gkaguakr quf bfpfebf bf ak bf aks rfsistfegiks bf gcafgtcr y bf gkrnk bf jftk

bf jftk y bf y bf rpi rpi su fgukgi÷e su fgukgi÷e fs?fs?

N\0-(Jij (ZG//ZA))/rpi bf fstk fxprfsi÷e sf bfbugf quf ak nkekegik sf dkgf `ks N\0-(Jij (ZG//ZA))/rpi bf fstk fxprfsi÷e sf bfbugf quf ak nkekegik sf dkgf `ks nrkebf gukebc

nrkebf gukebc ZG ZG sf dkgf sf dkgf pfqufûk.pfqufûk.

Cpti`izkgi÷e bfa bisfûc Cpti`izkgi÷e bfa bisfûc

Vek vfz dkaakbks aks fxprfsicefs bf acs pkrë`ftrcs fe pfqufûk sfûka eufstrc Vek vfz dkaakbks aks fxprfsicefs bf acs pkrë`ftrcs fe pfqufûk sfûka eufstrc pr÷xi`c pksc sfrë fa bf cjtfefr ak `ëxi`k fxgursi÷e bf ak sfûka sie bistcrsi÷e pr÷xi`c pksc sfrë fa bf cjtfefr ak `ëxi`k fxgursi÷e bf ak sfûka sie bistcrsi÷e pkrk faac bfjf`cs bf rfgurrir k aks rfgtks bf gkrnk fe katfrek bfa girguitc quf sce pkrk faac bfjf`cs bf rfgurrir k aks rfgtks bf gkrnk fe katfrek bfa girguitc quf sce aks quf ecs gkrkgtfrizke fa gc`pcrtk`ifetc bfa trkesistcr

aks quf ecs gkrkgtfrizke fa gc`pcrtk`ifetc bfa trkesistcr

Aks bcs rfgtks aks rfprfsfetkrf`cs fe ak linurk?

(29)

:9:9

Fe fstk nrëligk acs puetcs `ës sineiligktivcs pkrk ecsctrcs sce fa vcatkof gcafgtcr Fe fstk nrëligk acs puetcs `ës sineiligktivcs pkrk ecsctrcs sce fa vcatkof gcafgtcr f`iscr bf pcakrizkgi÷e \gf[, fa vkacr \gf: fe fa quf Ig08, fs bfgir fa vkacr bf f`iscr bf pcakrizkgi÷e \gf[, fa vkacr \gf: fe fa quf Ig08, fs bfgir fa vkacr bf tfesi÷e G-F fe quf fa trkesistcr sf gcrtk bfjibc k ak tfesi÷e bf katfrek y gcetieuk.

tfesi÷e G-F fe quf fa trkesistcr sf gcrtk bfjibc k ak tfesi÷e bf katfrek y gcetieuk.

Xcr ÿati`c ecs ietfrfsk fa tfrgfr vkacr quf ai`itk ak fxgursi÷e bf ak sfûka, fs bfgir, Xcr ÿati`c ecs ietfrfsk fa tfrgfr vkacr quf ai`itk ak fxgursi÷e bf ak sfûka, fs bfgir, fa vkacr bf tfesi÷e G-F fe quf fa trkesistcr fetrk fe skturkgi÷e, fstc sf prcbugf fa vkacr bf tfesi÷e G-F fe quf fa trkesistcr fetrk fe skturkgi÷e, fstc sf prcbugf gukebc ak gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr tifef ue vkacr bf IG0\GG/ZG aak`f`cs k fstf gukebc ak gcrrifetf bf gcafgtcr tifef ue vkacr bf IG0\GG/ZG aak`f`cs k fstf vkacr \GF; quf fstë situkbc k ak izquifrbk bfa puetc bf trkjkoc.

vkacr \GF; quf fstë situkbc k ak izquifrbk bfa puetc bf trkjkoc.

Xcr ac tketc gce fstcs bktcs sustitui`cs fe ak fgukgi÷e bf ak rfgtk bf gkrnk fe Xcr ac tketc gce fstcs bktcs sustitui`cs fe ak fgukgi÷e bf ak rfgtk bf gkrnk fe katfrek y bfspfok`cs \gf; y \gf: qufbkebc aks sinuifetfs fxprfsicefs fe bcebf katfrek y bfspfok`cs \gf; y \gf: qufbkebc aks sinuifetfs fxprfsicefs fe bcebf df`cs sustituibc ZA0;M.

df`cs sustituibc ZA0;M.

\GF;0\GF[

\GF;0\GF[ ‗ ‗ (\GF[/ (;+ZG)) (\GF[/ (;+ZG))

\GF:0-(\GF[+\GG)/ (;+ZG) + \GF[

Jife, bf `c`fetc tfef`cs acs puetcs quf ai`itke ak fxgursi÷e bf ak sfûka, sie Jife, bf `c`fetc tfef`cs acs puetcs quf ai`itke ak fxgursi÷e bf ak sfûka, sie f`jkrnc, ec gcecgf`cs su vkacr yk quf bfpfebfe bfa vkacr bf ak rfsistfegik bf f`jkrnc, ec gcecgf`cs su vkacr yk quf bfpfebfe bfa vkacr bf ak rfsistfegik bf gcafgtcr y bfa puetc bf pcakrizkgi÷e quf acs bfsgcecgf`cs. Bf tcbc fstc sf pufbf gcafgtcr y bfa puetc bf pcakrizkgi÷e quf acs bfsgcecgf`cs. Bf tcbc fstc sf pufbf bfbugir quf fxistfe ue vkacr bf ZG y \GF[ quf dkgfe quf ak kegdurk bf fstf bfbugir quf fxistfe ue vkacr bf ZG y \GF[ quf dkgfe quf ak kegdurk bf fstf

`krnfe sfk `ëxi`c pcr ac guka tfebrf`cs quf fstubikr ak fxprfsi÷e |\GF:-\GF;|

Guyc

Guyc vkacr vkacr fs? fs? |\GF:-\GF;|0\GG/ |\GF:-\GF;|0\GG/ (;+ZG)(;+ZG)