EWASS 2015

EWASS 2015

Special Session 2 – Observational anomalies challenging the Lambda-CDM cosmological model La Laguna, Tenerife – Monday, June 22nd

The cosmic dipole of the

expansion center universe

ECM paper XX by L. Lorenzi

1973 :The historic RFR effect

(Rubin, Ford, Rubin 1973, ApJ Letters, 183, L111)

Two hemispheres I and II: Two values of 𝐻 =

𝐷

⟹

𝐻

≈ 20% 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 ≈ 0.02

2015 : A new RFR effect

𝑧 = 𝑧

+ 𝑢 𝑧

∙ cos 𝛾 (1)

cos 𝛾 = sin 𝛿

sin 𝛿 + cos 𝛿

cos 𝛿 cos(𝛼 − 𝛼

) (2)

being

𝑉𝐶(𝛼

≈ 9

; 𝛿

≈ +30° 𝑜𝑟 𝑙

≈ 195°; 𝑏

≈ +40°)

the center of a huge void, extending ~100° across the sky at 𝑧 ≈ 0.03 − 0.08 (Bahcall & Soneira 1982, ApJ 262, 419)

𝒛_𝟎 ≡ 𝒛 is the central redshift, corresponding to z at 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸 = 𝟎 and coinciding with the mean redshift 𝑧 of a defined z-bin whose single redshifts are corrected only for the Sun’s motion in the Local Group. Hemisphere I has 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸 > 𝟎, II has 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸 < 𝟎.

The z-dipole (1) is confirmed even as a new RFR effect, in accordance with ECM !

The expansion center model

(ECM papers series: I → XX : Lorenzi 1999a → 2015c)

ECM ^{: 𝑧} ₀ ^{= 𝑥}

3

1+𝑥

1−𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑧 ₀ ) 𝑢(𝑧 ₀ )=−0.0605 ∙ 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 ⁻

2 3

being 𝑧

≡ 𝑧 ; 𝑥 =

𝑐

< 1 ; 𝑟 = −𝑐(𝑡 − 𝑡

) ; 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑧 ; 𝑧 =

𝜆

with λ = 𝑐𝑑𝑡 et 𝜆

= 𝑐𝑑𝑡

The values 𝑯_𝟎 = 𝟕𝟎 ± 𝟑 𝒌𝒎 𝒔^−𝟏𝑴𝒑𝒄^−𝟏 and −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟓 ≅ − ^{𝑯𝟎𝑹𝟎}

𝒄 , with 𝑹_𝟎 ≅ 𝟐𝟔𝟎_−𝟏𝟒^+𝟐𝟑 𝑀𝑝𝑐 , were obtained in

the 1999 ECM paper II, through a calibration on 83 individual galaxies at z < 0.02 and 𝑧 =0.0066 with single redshifts corrected only for the Sun’s motion in the Local Group.

(data by Sandage & Tammann 1975a, ApJ 196 ,313)

Check of the z-dipole

The expansion center model reconfirmed

Successful experimental check of the z-dipole (1), according to ECM, at

𝒛_𝟎 ≡ 𝒛 = 0.0046, 0.0066, 0.0121, 0.015, 0.174, 0.5, 1.00, 1.05, 1.10 (papers I,II,V,VI,X,XV,XVIII,XIX) SCP Union & Union2.1 supernovae (Kowalski et al. 2008 – Suzuki et al. 2010)

papers X-XV : A crucial dipole test at 𝐳 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 ⟹ 𝒖 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟖 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 (𝒖_𝑬𝑪𝑴= −𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟖)

paper XVIII : A new RFR effect at 𝐳 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 ⟹ 𝒖 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 (𝒖_𝑬𝑪𝑴 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟏) 308 galaxies & 130 groups (Aaronson et al. 1982 – Faber et al. 1989)

paper XIX : A new RFR effect at 𝐳 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟎 ⟹ 𝒖 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒 (𝒖_𝑬𝑪𝑴 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟐) paper XIX : A new RFR effect at 𝐳 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟏 ⟹ 𝒖 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 (𝒖_𝑬𝑪𝑴= −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏)

The fictitious velocity of the z-dipole

𝑧 = 𝑧 ₀ + ∆𝑧 ₀

𝜆 ; Δ𝑧₀ = 𝑢 𝑧₀ ∙ cos 𝛾 ; 1 + 𝑧₀ = ^𝑇

𝑇₀

∆𝑧₀ =

𝑧₀

𝑧₀+∆𝑧₀

𝑑𝑧₀ = −𝑇

𝑇₀

𝑇₀+∆𝑇₀𝑑𝑇₀

𝑇₀² = − 𝑇

𝑇₀ ∙ ∆𝑇₀ 𝑇₀ + ∆𝑇₀

∆𝒛

𝟏 + 𝒛 = 𝒖 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜸

𝟏 + 𝒛 = − ∆𝑻

𝑻

≡ 𝒗

𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜸 ⟹

At γ = 0 , experimentally one finds:

𝑧

≡ 𝑧 = 1.00 ⟹ 𝑢 = −0.078 ⟹ 𝒗

= −𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟔 ± 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝒎 𝒔

𝑧

≡ 𝑧 = 0.0121 ⟹ 𝑢 = −0.0021 ⟹ 𝒗

= −𝟔𝟐𝟑 ± 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒎 𝒔

𝑧

≡ 𝑧 = 0.00460 ⟹ 𝑢 = −0.00082 ⟹ 𝒗

= −𝟐𝟒𝟖 ± 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝒎 𝒔

𝑣 _𝑓 = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑢(𝑧 ₀ )

1 + 𝑧 ₀ + 𝑢(𝑧 ₀ ) ∙ cos 𝛾

with hemispheric asymmetry ∆𝑣_𝑓 = 𝑣_{𝑓 𝐼𝐼} − 𝑣_{𝑓 𝐼} > 0

𝒗

= a fictitious velocity !

The CMB dipole: A new approach

«The Local Group is a typical, small group of nebulae which is isolated in the genertal field»

(Hubble 1936)

«… the Local Group is more compact and isolated from its surroundings than previously believed»

(Courteau & van der Bergh 1999)

The z-dipole is obtained by correcting the observed z only for the motion of the Sun in the Local Group.

(1999 ECM paper I)

A possible solution of the CMB dipole:

The first component is due to the velocity of the Sun in the LG assumed motionless relative to the Hubble flow;

the second component is a z-dipole at z ≫ 1 (or CMB dipole2) able to generate a fictitious vector of about 627 km/s towards the apex A at 𝑙 ≅ 276°, 𝑏 ≅ +30° , which is assumed as coinciding with the expansion center at the remote epoch 𝑡_𝑙𝑠 of the last scattering, being 𝑡_𝑙𝑠 ≪ 𝑡_𝑉𝐶 ≈ 4 𝐺𝑦𝑟 .

An exploratory ECM solution of the CMB dipole2

𝑣 _𝑓 = −627 𝑘𝑚 𝑠 ⁻¹ ⟹ 𝑧 ₀ ≅ 0.012 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ₀ ≅ 54801

𝑧₀ ≅ 0.012 is ruled out as it is against the observed z-dipole

𝒛

≅ 𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟏 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟓

By applying the ECM standard value of 𝐻₀, that is 𝐻₀ = 70 ± 3 𝑘𝑚 𝑠⁻¹ = 2.27 ± 0.10 × 10⁻¹⁸ 𝑠⁻¹, one finds at 𝑥 = 0.999987835:

𝒓

= 𝒄𝒙

𝟑𝑯

= 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟔𝟔

𝑴𝒑𝒄 ⟹ Note that the ratio

𝑡₀ 𝐸𝐶𝑀

≅ 1.2 × 10

has the same order of magnitude as the relativistic one, that is

𝑡₀ 𝑅

≅ 2.7 × 10

.

𝑡 _𝑙𝑠 = 1 − 𝑥 3𝐻 _{0 𝑠}

𝒕 _𝒍𝒔 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟔 _−𝟐.𝟒 ^+𝟐.𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 ^𝟑 𝒚𝒓

z-dipole ≡ cosmic dipole:

proof of the cosmic deceleration towards the expansion center VC.

One important consequence of this deceleration is the shifting of the age of the Universe to Dirac’s value:

The ECM confirmed implies: 𝑥 =

𝐻

=

𝑐

< 1

𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝒕 _𝟎 = ^𝟏

𝟑 𝑯 _{𝟎 𝒔} ^−𝟏 _−𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟕 ± 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑮𝒚𝒓

Conclusions

Cosmic dipole ⟹ New cosmic scenario

(cf. paper XVII : A briefing on the expansion center universe)

The Cosmological Principle should be finally confuted by the observed cosmic dipole, whose origin is simply interpreted as due to the cosmic deceleration of the Local Group towards the expansion center VC.

Consequently the acceleration deduced in the Lambda-CDM model

should be a model dependent result contrary to observational cosmology.

References

aAaronson, M. et al. 1982, ApJ Suppl. Series 50, 241 (AA1) Bahcall, N.A.and Soneira, R.M. 1982, ApJ 262, 419 (B&S)

Courteau, S. and van der Bergh, S. 1999, Astronom. J., 118, 337 Faber, S.M. et al. 1989, ApJ Suppl. Series 69, 763 (G7)

Hubble, E.P. 1936, «The realm of the nebulae» (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press) Kowalski, M. et al. 2008, arXiv:0804.4142v1 – ApJ 686, 749 (SCP Union)

Lorenzi, L. 1993, in 1995 MemSAIt 66, 1, 249

1999ab, arXiv:astro-ph/9906290v1 and arXiv:astro-ph/9906292v1

in 2000 MemSAIt, 71, 1163 and 1183 (papers I-II: reprinted in 2003, MemSAIt, 74) 2014a, International Journal of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science

Vol. 1, No. 1, 2014, pp. 1-5 (paper XVII with references of the cited papers I-II-V-VI-X-XV) 2015ab (papers XVIII-XIX: parallel papers to the paper XX presented at EWASS 2015)

Rubin, V.C., Ford, W.K. And Rubin, J.S. 1973, ApJ Letters 183, L111 (RFR) Sandage, A. and Tammann, G.A. 1975a, ApJ 196, 313 (S&T)

Suzuki, N. et al. 2011, arXiv:1105.3470v1 (SCP Union2.1) ^Aaaaaa

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