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Abstract

Background: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to determine whether the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib prolongs survival in non-small-cell lung cancer after the failure of first-line or second-line chemot-herapy.

Methods: Patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer, with performance status from 0 to 3, were eligible if they had recei-ved one or two prior chemothe-rapy regimens. The patients were stratified according to center, per-formance status, response to prior chemotherapy, number of prior regimens, and prior platinum-based therapy and were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive oral erlotinib, at a dose of 150 mg daily, or placebo.

Results: The median age of the 731 patients who underwent ran-domization was 61.4 years; 49 per-cent had received two prior chemotherapy regimens, and 93 percent had received platinum-based chemotherapy.The response rate was 8.9 percent in the erloti-nib group and less than 1 percent in the placebo group (P<0.001); the median duration of the

res-ponse was 7.9 months and 3.7 months, respectively. Progression-free survival was 2.2 months and 1.8 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.61, adjusted for stratifica-tion categories; P<0.001). Overall survival was 6.7 months and 4.7 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; P<0.001), in favour of erloti-nib. Five percent of patients dis-continued erlotinib because of toxic effects.

Conclusions: Erlotinib can pro-long survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after first-line or second-line chemotherapy.

Comentario

El cáncer de pulmón no microcíti-co representa el 80% de todos los cánceres de pulmón que es la pri-mera causa de muerte por cáncer. En enfermedad metastásica, el trata-miento de primera línea con com-binaciones de platino con fármacos de tercera generación consigue un aumento moderado de la supervi-vencia. Los tratamientos de qui-mioterapia de segunda línea con docetaxel ó pemetrexed pueden también paliar síntomas y prolongar la supervivencia. Sin embargo, a pesar de la introducción de trata-mientos de quimioterapia más ópti-mos, la supervivencia a 5 años de

los pacientes diagnosticados de cán-cer de pulmón es inferior al 15%. Así pues, son necesarias nuevas estrategias que ayuden a mejorar estos resultados.

Erlotinib, es un fármaco oral que es un inhibidor de la porción tirosín kinasa de receptor del factor del crecimiento epidérmico (EGFR). En los estudios fase I se definió la dosis máxima tolerada de erlotinib en 150 mg/día. En estudios fase II realizados en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón no microcítico previa-mente tratados con combinaciones de platino, erlotinib obtenía entre 10-12% de respuestas y 35-40% de estabilizaciones. Las toxicidades más relevantes asociadas a erlotinib fueron rash y diarrea.

En el presente estudio, 731 pacien-tes con cáncer no microcítico de pulmón avanzado y progresión a una o dos líneas de quimioterapia se randomizaron (2:1) a placebo versus erlotinib. La respuesta a erlotinib fue de 8.9%. Se observa-ron mejorías significativas en el tiempo de deterioro de síntomas como tos, disnea y dolor en los pacientes que recibieron erlotinib. Las toxicidades más significativas asociadas a erlotinib fueron rash (76% pacientes; 9% grado 3-4) y diarrea (55% pacientes; 6% grado 3-4). La supervivencia fue superior

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Enriqueta Felip. Servicio de Oncología. Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona

Cáncer de pulmón no microcítico avanzado

Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer

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para los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con erlotinib (6,7 meses) comparado con los que recibieron placebo (4,7 meses). En los análisis exploratorios uni-variados, el efecto beneficioso de erlotinib sobre la supervivencia se observó en casi todos los subgru-pos. Sin embargo, la prolongación más significativa de supervivencia se observó en aquellos pacientes no fumadores y en aquellos que tenían tumores con expresión de EGFR.

Dos estudios randomizados, que han analizado el papel de erloti-nib en combinación con qui-mioterapia en el tratamiento de primera línea de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón avanzado no han demostrado aumento de las respuestas ni mejoría de la supervivencia cuando se añadía erlotinib al tratamiento citotó-xico (estudios TRIBUTE y TALENT).

En resumen, erlotinib es el primer inhibidor de EGFR en demostrar una mejoría de supervivencia cuando se compara con placebo

en pacientes con cáncer de pul-món no microcítico que han pro-gresado a primera ó segunda línea de tratamiento de quimioterapia. 1. Hidalgo M, Siu LL,

Neumunai-tis J. et al. Phase I and pharma-cologic study of OSI-774, an epidermal growth factor recep-tor tyrosine kinase inhibirecep-tor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3267-79.

2. Perez-Soler R, Chachoua A, Hammond LA, et al. Determi-nants of tumor response and survival with erlotinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 3238-47.

3. Amador ML, Oppenheimer D, Perea S, et al. An epidermal growth factor receptor intron 1 polymorphism mediates res-ponse to epidermal growth fac-tor recepfac-tor inhibifac-tors. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 9139-43.

4. Felip E, Rojo F, Heller A, et al. Phase II pharmacodynamic trial of erlotinib in advanced

non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: preliminary results. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 645 (abstr. 7100).

5. Shepherd FA, Rodrigues Perei-ra J, Ciuleanu T, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 123-32.

6. Gatzemeier U, Pluzanska A, Szczesna A, et al. Results of a phase III trial of erlotinib (OSI-774) combined with cis-platin and gemcitabine (CG) chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 617 (abstr. 7010).

7. Herbst RS, Prager D, Hermann R, et al.TRIBUTE: A phase III trial of erlotinib hydrochloride (OSI-774) combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 5892-99.

Abstract

Purpose: Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) confer a strong sensitivity to gefitinib, a selective

tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR.

Experimental design: We exa-mined EGFR mutations at exons 18, 19, and 21 in tumor tissue from 68 gefitinib-treated,

che-morefractory, advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients from the United States, Europe, and Asia and in a highly gefiti-nib-sensitive non-small cell lung cancer cell line and correlated

Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the

epider-mal growth factor receptor are associated with improved survival

in gefitinib-treated chemorefractory lung adenocarcinomas

Taron M, Ichinose Y, Rosell R, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11:5878-85.

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Abstract

Background: A clinical trial that compared erlotinib with a placebo for non-small-cell lung cancer demonstrated a survival benefit for erlotinib. We used tumor-biopsy samples from par-ticipants in this trial to investiga-te whether responsiveness to erlotinib and its impact on survi-val were associated with expres-sion by the tumor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and EGFR gene amplification and mutations.

Methods: EGFR expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in non-small-cell lung cancer spe-cimens from 325 of 731 patients in the trial; 197 samples were analyzed for EGFR mutations; and 221 samples were analyzed for the number of EGFR genes.

Results: In univariate analyses, sur-vival was longer in the erlotinib group than in the placebo group when EGFR was expressed (hazard ratio for death, 0.68; P=0.02) or there was a high number of copies of EGFR (hazard ratio, 0.44; P=0.008). In multivariate analyses, adenocarcinoma (P=0.01), never having smoked (P<0.001), and expression of EGFR (P=0.03) were associated with an objective respon-se. In multivariate analysis, survival after treatment with erlotinib was not influenced by the status of EGFR expression, the number of EGFR copies, or EGFR mutation. Conclusions: Among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who receive erlotinib, the presen-ce of an EGFR mutation may increase responsiveness to the agent, but it is not indicative of a survival benefit.

Comentario

Es fundamental identificar los pacientes que pueden obtener beneficio clínico con los inhibido-res tirosín kinasa de EGFR. En abril de 2004, dos grupos indepen-dientes publicaron que mutaciones de EGFR se observaban en la mayoría de pacientes que respon-dían a gefitinib. A partir de aquel momento otros grupos investiga-dores han validado estos resulta-dos. Las mutaciones de EGFR más frecuentes son deleciones del exon 19 en el 45% de los pacientes y mutaciones puntuales en el exon 21 en el 40% de los pacientes (pre-dominantemente L858R). Las mutaciones de EGFR conllevan un cambio conformacional que incrementa la sensibilidad de las células tumorales a los inhibidores tirosín kinasa de EGFR. Hay una clara asociación entre adenocarci-nomas y mutaciones de EGFR. their presence with response and

survival. In addition, in a sub-group of 28 patients for whom the remaining tumor tissue was available, we examined the rela-tionship among EGFR muta-tions,CA repeats in intron 1 of EGFR, EGFR and caveolin-1 mRNA levels, and increased EGFR gene copy numbers. Results: Seventeen patients had EGFR mutations, all of which were in lung adenocarcinomas. Radiographic response was

obser-ved in 16 of 17 (94.1%) patients harboring EGFR mutations, in contrast with 6 of 51 (12.6%) with wild-type EGFR (P < 0.0001). Probability of response increased significantly in never smokers, patients receiving a greater num-ber of prior chemotherapy regi-mens, Asians, and younger patients. Median survival was not reached for patients with EGFR mutations and was 9.9 months for those with wild-type EGFR (P = 0.001). EGFR mutations tended

to be associated with increased numbers of CA repeats and incre-ased EGFR gene copy numbers but not with EGFR and caveolin-1 mRNA overexpression (P = not significant).

Conclusions: The presence of EGFR mutations is a major deter-minant of gefitinib response, and targeting EGFR should be consi-dered in preference to chemothe-rapy as first-line treatment in lung adenocarcinomas that have demonstrable EGFR mutations.

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Erlotinib in lung cancer - molecular and clinical predictors of

outcome

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Abstract

Purpose: This meta-analysis was performed to compare the activity, efficacy and toxicity of platinum-based versus non-pla-tinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Methods: Randomized phase II and III clinical trials comparing first-line palliative platinum-based chemotherapy with the same regi-men without platinum or with platinum replaced by a nonplati-num agent were identified by electronic searches of Medline, Embase, and Cancerlit, and hand

searches of relevant abstract books and reference lists. Response rates, 1-year survival, and toxicity were analyzed. Subgroups of trials using third-generation agents were compared.

Results: Thirty-seven assessable trials were identified including El incremento del número de

copias de EGFR en muestras tumorales determinado por análi-sis de FISH parece también un buen marcador predictivo de res-puesta y supervivencia a los inhi-bidores tirosín kinasa de EGFR. Las mutaciones de EGFR y de K-ras parecen mutuamente exclusi-vas en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón. Algunos investigadores sugieren que mutaciones de K-ras pueden ser marcadores primarios de resistencia a inhibidores tirosín kinasa de EGFR. Estudios recien-tes han identificado una segunda mutación en el momento de pro-gresión en pacientes con muta-ción de EGFR y respuesta inicial a gefitinib ó erlotinib. Esta muta-ción secundaria (T790M), se identificó sólo en el tumor obte-nido en el momento de la progre-sión, y abre la puerta a tratamientos diseñados que pue-dan revertir los efectos de esta mutación.

1. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsive-ness of non-small cell lung can-cer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2129-39.

2. Paez JG, Janne PA, Lee JC, et al. EGFR mutations in lung can-cer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 2004; 304: 1458-61. 3. Pao W, Miller V, Zakowski M, et

al. EGF receptor mutations are common in lung cancer from „never smokers” and are asso-ciated with sensitivity of tumors to gefitinib and erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 13306-11.

4. Taron M, Ichinose Y, Rosell R, et al. Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor are associated with improved survival in

gefitinib-treated chemorefractory lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 5878-85.

5. Cappuzzo F, Hirsch FR, Rossi E, et al. Epidermal growth fac-tor recepfac-tor gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 643-55. 6. Tsao MS, Sakurada A, Cutz JC,

et al. Erlotinib in lung cancer: molecular and clinical predic-tors of outcome. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 133-44.

7. Kobayashi S, Boggon TJ, Daya-ram T, et al. EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2005; 325: 786-92. 8. Pao W, Miller VA, Politi KA, et

al. Acquired resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib is associated with a second mutation in the EGFR kinase domain. PLoS Med 2005; 2: 57-61.

Platinum-based versus non-platinum-based chemotherapy in

advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of the

published literature

D'Addario G, Pintilie M, Leighl NB, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23:2926-36

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7,633 patients. A 62% increase in the odds ratio (OR) for response was attributable to platinum-based therapy (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.46 to 1.8; P < .0001).The 1-year sur-vival rate was increased by 5% with platinum-based regimens (34% v 29%; OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.35; P = .0003). No sta-tistically significant increase in 1-year survival was found when platinum therapies were compared to third-generation-based combi-nation regimens (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.28; P = .17). The toxicity of platinum-based regi-mens was significantly higher for hematologic toxicity, nephrotoxi-city, and nausea and vomiting, but not for neurotoxicity, febrile neu-tropenia rate, or toxic death rate. Conclusion: Response is signifi-cantly higher with platinum-con-taining regimens. One-year survival was not significantly pro-longed when platinum-based the-rapies were compared with third-generation-based combina-tion regimens. Toxicity is gene-rally higher for platinum-based regimens.

Comentario

Las guías clínicas de ASCO publi-cadas en enero 2004 comentan “la quimioterapia en pacientes con cáncer no de pulmón no microcí-tico avanzado debe ser una com-binación basada en platino” (Pfister DG, et al American Society of Clinical Oncology Treatment of Unresectable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Guideli-ne: Update 2003. J Clin Oncol; 2004 22: 330-353). Sin embargo, como consecuencia del presente meta-análisis, podemos concluir

que no hay diferencias de supervi-vencia entre los dobletes con pla-tino y sin plapla-tino cuando estos últimos incluyen fármacos de ter-cera generación. Por lo tanto, las decisiones de tratamiento deben realizarse teniendo en cuenta otras consideraciones como coste, efec-tos secundarios ó esquema de administración.

En conclusión, un doblete sin pla-tino que contenga fármacos de tercera generación puede ser una alternativa en el tratamiento de primera línea de pacientes con enfermedad metastásica y buen estado general.

En ASCO 2005 se han presentado resultados preliminares de un estudio español, fase III de trata-miento individualizado utilizando dobletes de docetaxel con cisplati-no ó gemcitabina en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón no micro-cítico avanzado. Pacientes con estadio IV se randomizaron a tra-tamiento estándar (Brazo control [A]: docetaxel/cisplatino) ó brazo experimental (Brazo B: individua-lizado) en el que los pacientes recibían tratamiento en función de los niveles de ERCC1 en muestras tumorales (B1 niveles bajos de ERCC1: docetaxel/cis-platino; B2 niveles altos de ERCC1: docetaxel/gemcitabina). La randomización fue 1 brazo control: 2 brazo experimental. Se presentaron resultados prelimina-res de los primeros 264 pacientes incluidos. El número de ciclos de quimioterapia administrados fue similar entre los tres brazos de tra-tamiento (control = 5; B1 = 6; B2 = 5). La toxicidad hematológica y no hematológica no varió en fun-ción de los niveles de ERCC1. En

el brazo control (docetaxel/cispla-tino) las respuestas fueron del 40.4%, mientras que las respues-tas en el brazo experimental fue-ron del 56.6% en el grupo de niveles bajos de ERCC1 (B1 docetaxel/cisplatino) y del 37.7% en el grupo de niveles altos de ERCC1 (B2 docetaxel/gemcita-bina). La respuesta radiológica fue estadísticamente superior en los pacientes con niveles bajos de ERCC1 tratados con doceta-xel/cisplatino que en el grupo control (p=0.02).

Es el primer estudio en el que en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón diseminado se analiza el papel de la quimioterapia individualizada. En la actualidad se está finalizando el reclutamiento de este estudio, y se analizarán los datos de supervi-vencia libre de progresión y super-vivencia global.

1. Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Chemot-herapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1995; 311:899-909.

2. Le Chevalier T, Brisgand D, Douillard JI, et al. Randomized study of vinorelbine and cispla-tin versus vinorelbine alone in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a European multicenter trial including 612 patients. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12:360-7.

3. Rosell R, Gatzemeier U, Bet-ticher D, et al. Phase III ran-domised trial comparing paclitaxel/carboplatin with paclitaxel/cisplatin in patients

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with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a cooperative mul-tinational trial. Ann Oncol 2002, 13:1539-49.

4. Kelly K, Crowley J, Bunn PA, et al. Randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a sothwest oncoloy group trial. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:3210-8.

5. Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CH, et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:92-8.

6. Fossella F, Pereira JR, von Pawel J, et al: Randomized,

multina-tional, phase III study of doce-taxel plus platinum combina-tion versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3016-24 7. Pfister DG, Johnson DH,

Azzo-li CG, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer guideline: Update 2003. J Clin Oncol; 2004, 22: 330-53.

8. Alberola V, Camps C, Provencio M, et al. Cisplatin plus gemcita-bine versus a cisplatin-based triplet versus nonplatinum sequential doublets in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a Spanish Lung Cancer Group phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol; 2003, 21: 3207-13.

9. Smit EF, Van Meerbeeck JP, Lianes P, et al. Three-arm ran-domized study of two cispla-tin-based regimens and paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase III trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group., EORTC 08975. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3909-17.

10.Rosell R, Cobo M, Isla D, et al. ERCC 1 m RNA-based randomized phase III trial of docetaxel (doc) doublets with cisplatin (cis) or gemcitabine (gem) in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (p). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2005 (abstract 7002).

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Cáncer de pulmón no microcítico avanzado

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