Search for supersymmetry in events with a photon, a lepton, and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √s=8 TeV

Contents lists available atScienceDirect

Physics Letters B

www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb

Search for supersymmetry in events with a photon, a lepton, and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √

s = ^{8 TeV}

.CMS Collaboration

^

CERN,Switzerland

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t ra c t

Articlehistory:

Received5August2015

Receivedinrevisedform13March2016 Accepted15March2016

Availableonline19March2016 Editor:M.Doser

Keywords:

CMS Physics Supersymmetry

Asearchforsupersymmetryinvolvingeventswithatleastonephoton,oneelectronormuon,andlarge missingtransversemomentumhasbeenperformedbytheCMSexperiment.Thedatasamplecorresponds toanintegratedluminosityof19.7 fb⁻¹ofpp collisionsat√

s=^{8 TeV,producedattheCERNLHC.No} excessofeventsisobservedbeyondexpectationsfromstandardmodelprocesses.Theresultofthesearch isinterpretedinthecontextofageneralmodelofgauge-mediatedsupersymmetrybreaking,wherethe charged andneutralwinosarethenext-to-lightestsupersymmetricparticles.Withinthismodel,winos withamassupto360 GeVare excludedatthe95%confidencelevel.Twosimplifiedmodelsinspired bygauge-mediatedsupersymmetrybreakingarealsoexamined,andusedtoderiveupperlimitsonthe productioncrosssectionsofspecificsupersymmetricprocesses.

©^{2016CERNforthebenefitoftheCMS}Collaboration.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Thisisanopenaccess articleundertheCCBYlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).FundedbySCOAP³.

1. Introduction

The extension of the standard model (SM) of particle physics throughtheconceptofsupersymmetry(SUSY)[1],whichimposes asymmetrybetweenfermionsandbosons,canofferasolutionto someoftheissuesnot accommodatedintheSM, suchastheex- istenceofdarkmatter intheuniverseortheextremefinetuning requiredto controlradiative correctionstothe Higgsbosonmass (hierarchy problem)[2–4]. Theminimal supersymmetricstandard model(MSSM)[5–7]providesacalculableframeworkwithafully known particle content, introducing a superpartner for each SM particle.Forexample,squarks,gluinos,andgravitinosaretheSUSY partnersofquarks,gluons, andgravitons,respectively. TheMSSM hasguidedthesearchprogramforphysicsbeyondtheSMatfacili- tiessuchastheFermilabTevatronandCERNLHC.Existingsearches havenotyetfoundevidenceforSUSY,butalargeparameterspace oftheMSSMremainstobeexplored.

Within the MSSM, scenarios based on gauge-mediated SUSY breaking(GMSB)[8–18]areofparticularinterestbecauseoftheir ability to naturally circumvent the so-called SUSY flavour prob- lem[19].The framework ofgeneral gaugemediation (GGM) [20]

offers a cleardefinition ofGMSB and establishes its key aspects.

For example, GMSB predicts the gravitino (G) to be the light- estsupersymmetricparticle(LSP).Thecombinationofthisfeature andthe weakness ofthe coupling ofG to other MSSM particles

 E-mailaddress:[email protected].

has specific consequences in collider phenomenology. Under the assumptionthatR-parity[6]isconserved,SUSYparticlesarepair- produced at theLHC. Exceptfordirect LSP pair production,each SUSYparticleinitiatesadecaychainthatyieldsthenext-to-lightest supersymmetric particle (NLSP). Branching fraction for the SUSY particledecayinvolvingG isnegligibleexceptfortheNLSP,leaving thedecayoftheNLSPtoitsSMpartnerandtheG aseffectivelythe onlygravitinoproductionmechanism.Thegravitinoescapesdetec- tion,leadingtomissingmomentumintheevent.Thesignatureof a GMSB signal is thus strongly dependent onthe identity of the NLSP. In mostGMSB models,the NLSP is takento be a bino- or wino-likelightestneutralino,whereabinoandwinoarethesuper- partnersoftheSMU(1)andSU(2)gauge fields,respectively.Pre- vious searchesforaGMSBsignal typicallyexploitedthediphoton signature [21–29],inwhicheach ofthetwo bino-likeneutralinos decays promptly intoa photon and a gravitino. Similar scenarios with nonprompt NLSP decays havealso been considered [30,31].

Thusfar,noevidenceforGMSBSUSYhasbeenobserved,resulting in upperlimitsonthe productioncrosssectionsgivenasa func- tionoftheSUSYparticlemasses,theNLSPlifetime,orothermodel parameters.

ThispaperpresentsasearchforSUSYwiththeCMSexperiment at the LHC, and targets GGM models with wino-like NLSPs. The datasample correspondstoan integratedluminosityof19.7 fb⁻¹ ofpp collisiondatacollectedin2012at√

s=^{8 TeV.In}particular, we study the wino co-NLSP model [32], in which nearly mass- degeneratechargedandneutralwinosaresignificantlylighterthan the other electroweakinosandconstitute the lightest SUSYparti- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.03.039

0370-2693/©^{2016CERNforthebenefitoftheCMS}Collaboration.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).FundedbySCOAP³.

Fig. 1. Diagramsshowingtheproductionanddecaysofwino-likeco-NLSPs(χ₁^±and



χ1⁰)leadingtofinalstateswitha photon,anelectronormuon,andmissingmomen- tumfromundetectedgravitinosG (a)withoutand(b)withinvolvementofcoloured SUSYparticles.

clesaside fromthegravitino.AlthoughthelifetimeoftheNLSPis effectivelyafreeparameterinGGMphenomenology,apromptde- cayofwinosisassumedinthisanalysis.Asignatureofatleastone photon (

γ

),oneelectronormuon (),andlargemissingtransverse momentum(^p^miss_T ^{)is usedinthissearch.The photonis assumed} to be emitted by a neutralino NLSP, and the leptons by either a charged orneutral NLSP decaying to a W or Z boson, respec- tively.This signaturesuppresses manySMbackgrounds, obviating theneedforadditionalrequirementssuch asassociated jetactiv- ity.The diagramsin Fig. 1provide examplesof thedecay chains studiedinthisanalysis. Thepresentsearch issensitive tothe di- rectelectroweakinoproductionmodeofFig. 1(a),wherethewinos areproduced without involving colouredSUSY particles, butalso tostrongproductionmodessuchasthegluino(g)pair-production processshowninFig. 1(b).Similarsearcheswereconductedbythe ATLAS [33] and CMS [34,35] experiments using LHC pp collision dataat√

s=7 or 8 TeV,aswellastheCDFexperiment[36]atthe Tevatronusing pp collisiondata at √

s=¹.8 TeV. None of these analyses sees an excessof eventsover the respectiveSM predic- tions.Thewinoco-NLSPmodelhasalsobeenprobedthroughthe signatures of three leptons or two leptons and two jets [37,38], whichtarget thedecayofthe neutralinoNLSP toa gravitino and aZ bosonratherthanto agravitinoandaphoton.None ofthese analysesobservedasignificantexcessofeventsovertheir respec- tiveSMpredictions.

2. CMSdetector

The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconduct- ingsolenoidof 6 minternal diameter,providing amagnetic field of3.8 T.Withinthesolenoidvolumeare asilicon pixelandstrip tracker,aleadtungstatecrystalelectromagneticcalorimeter(ECAL), anda brassandscintillator hadroncalorimeter(HCAL),eachcon- sistingofabarrelandtwoendcapsections.Muonsare measured ingas-ionizationdetectorsembeddedinthesteelflux-returnyoke outsidethesolenoid. Extensive forward calorimetrycomplements thecoverage provided by the barrelandendcap detectors.A de- taileddescription ofthe CMSdetector,together withadefinition

ofthecoordinatesystemandtherelevantkinematicvariables,can befoundinRef.[39].

InthebarrelsectionoftheECAL,anenergyresolutionofabout 1% is achievedforunconverted andlate-converting photonswith transverseenergyET≈^{10 GeV.Theremainingbarrelphotonshave} aresolutionofabout1.3%uptoa pseudorapidity|

η

_|<1.0,rising toabout2.5%for|

η

|=¹.4[40].

The electron momentum is determined by combiningthe en- ergymeasurementintheECALwiththemomentummeasurement inthetracker.Themomentumresolutionforelectronswithtrans- versemomentumpT≈45 GeV fromZ→^{e+e−decaysrangesfrom} 1.7% fornon-showeringelectrons inthe barrelregion to4.5% for showeringelectronsintheendcaps[41].

Muonsare measured in therange |

η

|<2.4,with detectorel- ements based on three technologies: drift tubes, cathode strip chambers, andresistiveplatechambers.Through the matchingof tracksegments measuredinthemuondetectorswithtracksmea- suredinthetracker,atransversemomentumresolutionof1.3–2.0%

isachievedforbarrelmuonswith20<pT<100 GeV.Intheend- caps, theresolutionincreasesup toaround6%. The p_T resolution inthebarrelisbetterthan10%formuonswithtransversemomen- tumupto1 TeV[42].

Physics objects are defined using the particle-flow (PF) algo- rithm[43,44],whichreconstructsandidentifiesindividualparticles through an optimized combination ofinformation from different elements oftheCMSdetector.The PFcandidates areclassifiedas photons, charged hadrons, neutral hadrons, electrons, or muons.

Finally, the CMS detectoris nearly hermetic, permitting accurate measurementsof^pmiss_T ^.

3. Datacollectionandeventselection

The search is conducted in the electron–photon (e

γ

) and muon–photon (

μγ

) channels. Thedata samplesare collected us- ing a dedicated trigger foreach channel, asdescribed below. An event is considered to be in the e

γ

(

μγ

) channel if it contains at leastone high-energy photon and an electron (muon). Events that simultaneously satisfy the criteriafor the two search chan- nels,representingabout0.1%oftheselected events,are classified as

μγ

candidates becausemuon objects arelessoftenthe result ofhadronmisidentificationthanareelectronobjects.

The trigger forthe e

γ

channel requires at least two isolated photon-likeobjects, withET thresholdsof36and22 GeVforthe highest and second-highest ET photon, respectively. The trigger doesnot vetophoton objectsthat canbe matched toa track, al- lowing events witha photon andan electron to also satisfy the trigger. The

μγ

channel uses a muon–photon trigger with a pT thresholdof22 GeVforboththephotonandmuonobjects.Toen- surea fully efficienttrigger anda similar selection efficiency for the two channels, the subsequent analysis requires ET>40 GeV forthe photon and pT>25 GeV for the electron ormuon. With these requirements, the trigger efficiency for the signal models described in Section 7is found to be 93–98% for both channels, dependingonthemodelandSUSYmassvalues.

Photoncandidatesarereconstructedfromclustersofenergyin the ECAL[40].The momentum vector ofthe photon points from the primary pp interactionvertex to the center of the ECALen- ergycluster,undertheassumptionthatthephotonoriginatesfrom theprimary vertex,whichisdefinedasthevertexwiththehigh- est 

p²_T ofassociated tracks. Only photonsfromclusters inthe pseudorapidityrange|

η

_|<1.44 areincludedinthisanalysis.These clusters were selected as photon candidates by a set of criteria that are designed to achieve a 90% identification efficiency for truephotons. Foraclusterto beidentifiedasaphoton, itsshape mustbeconsistentwiththatexpectedfromaphoton,andtheen-

ergy detected in the HCAL behind the cluster cannot exceed 5%

of the ECAL energy. To further suppress the misidentification of hadronsasphotons, aPF-basedisolation requirementisimposed.

Thetransverse componentofthe momentumsumofeach ofthe PFphotons, chargedhadrons, andneutral hadronswithin a cone ofR≡√

(

η

)²+ (φ)²=⁰.3 aroundthedirectionofthepho- ton candidate (where φ is the azimuth measured in radians) is requirednottoexceedfixedvaluesdefinedtoachieveadesirable balancebetweentheidentificationefficiencyandmisidentification rate.The photonobject thatisbeingidentified isnotincluded in theisolationsums,andchargedhadronsare includedonlyifthey areassociatedwiththeprimaryvertex.The pTsumsarecorrected forcontributions fromadditionalpp interactions (pileup).Todis- tinguishphotoncandidatesfromisolatedelectrons,photonobjects are vetoedifa matchingtracksegment fromthe innertrackeris identified.

Electron (muon) candidates must lie in the pseudorapidity range |

η

|<2.5(2.4). For electrons, the transition region 1.44<

|

η

_|<1.56 betweenthe barrelandtheendcapdetectorsisvetoed because thereconstruction efficiency in thisregion is difficultto model.Electronobjectsare reconstructed byassociating acluster ofenergy deposited in the ECALwith a reconstructed track.The electronselection[45]isbasedontheshowershape,thematching ofatracktothecluster,andisolation,wheretheisolationvariable is calculatedfrom themomenta of PFphotons, charged hadrons, andneutralhadronswithin acone ofR=⁰.3 aroundthe elec- tron direction, corrected for the effects of pileup. The isolation sumisrequirednotto exceedafixed fractionoftheelectron p_T, wheretheselectioncriteriaaredefinedtoobtain an80%electron identificationefficiency.The muon selection [42],targeting a90%

efficiencyfortruemuons, utilizesthe quality ofthetrackfit,the numberofdetectorhitsusedinthetracking,andtheisolation.The isolationrequirementformuonsissimilartothatforelectrons,but usesalargerconesizeR=⁰.4.Electronsandmuonsmustorig- inatefrom a primary vertex, withrespective distances of closest approachforelectrons(muons)oflessthan0.2 mm(2 mm)inthe transverseplaneand<1 mm (<5 mm)alongthebeamdirection.

Thereconstructionofjetsand^pmiss_T ^{isalsobasedonthePFob-} jects.Allreconstructed PFcandidates areclusteredintojetsusing theanti-kTclusteringalgorithm[46,47],withadistanceparameter of0.5.JetobjectsareusedtocalculatetheHTvariable,definedas thescalar p_T sum ofjets. Tobe considered inthe H_T sum,a jet musthaveacalibratedandpileup-corrected[48] pT valuegreater than30 GeV,|

η

_|<2.5,andbeconsistentwithanoriginatthepri- maryvertex[49].Inaddition,itmustbe nocloserthanR=⁰.5 tothephotonorleptoncandidates.Themissingmomentum ^pmiss_T isgivenbythenegativeofthevectorpTsumofallPFobjects,with jet-energycorrectionsapplied.Themagnitudeof p^miss_T isreferred toasE^miss_T .

To suppress the background from final-state radiation events with an on-shell W (Z) boson that decays to 

νγ

(

γ

), the highest-ET photon in an event must be separated by R>0.8 from the highest-p_T electron or muon. Additionally, for the e

γ

channel, theinvariant massof theelectron–photon system isre- quiredto differby morethan 10 GeVfromthe nominalZ boson mass [50], to reduce background fromelectrons misidentified as photons.

Afterapplyingtheselection requirementsdescribedabove,the obtained event yields are compared to expectations from SM backgroundprocesses. The signal region ofinterest is definedby E^miss_T >120 GeV and MT>100 GeV, where transverse mass MT is definedby M_T=

2E^miss_T p^_T[¹−^cosφ (,^pmiss_T )]^{, with p}_T ^the transverse momentum ofthe highest-p_T lepton and φ (,^pmiss_T ) theazimuthalanglebetweentheleptonand^pmiss_T ^.TheMTrequire-

Table 1

Summaryofeventselectionrequirementsandobservednumberofeventsafterap- plyingthelistedselectionrequirementsinsuccessiveorder.Thesymbols meγ and mZ denotethe invariantmassoftheelectron–photonsystemandthenominal Z bosonmass,respectively.

Selection requirement eγchannel μγ channel

Trigger 26 733 051 19 456 571

≥^{1 accepted}γ 2 718 364 243 664

≥^{1 accepted}(=^e,μ) 70 736 32 173

R(γ, ) >0.8 68 168 30 232

|meγ−mZ| >10 GeV 29 169 –

E^miss_T >120 GeV, MT>100 GeV 110 152

mentreducesbackgroundsfromprocessesthatproduceW bosons.

Table 1showstheobservednumberofeventsatdifferentstagesof the selection process. Becauseof a higherselection efficiencyfor muons, after implementing theselection requirements, thenum- berofobservedeventsinthe

μγ

channelislargerthaninthee

γ

channel.

4. Backgroundestimation

Three sources ofSM backgroundare considered: misidentified photons,misidentifiedleptons,andelectroweakbackgrounds.

4.1. Misidentified-photonbackground

The backgroundfrommisidentifiedphotonsarisesfromevents inwhichaphotonobjectdoesnotcorrespondtoagenuineprompt photon. The dominant background processesin this category are Drell–Yandielectron(qq→

γ

^∗→^e+e−)andW(→ 

ν

)+^{jets pro-} duction, inwhichan electron orjet, respectively,is misidentified asaphoton.Minorcontributionsarisefromtt eventswithleptonic top quark decays,forboth thee

γ

and

μγ

channels. Eventswith tt productionalsocontributetothebackgroundifajetismisiden- tified as a photon. An electron can be misidentified asa photon ifitfailstoregistertrackseedsduetodetectorinefficienciessuch as non-operational sensors in the tracker.A jet can be misiden- tified as a photon if a large fraction of its energy is carried by mesonsdecayingtophotons,suchas

π

⁰→

γ γ

.Thesetwotypesof backgroundare estimatedfromdatausingweighted controlsam- ples. The method proceedsin two steps. First, a control sample enriched inparticlesthatareproneto bemisidentifiedasphoton candidates,i.e.,electronsorneutralhadrons,isselectedbyinvert- ing certaincriteriainthephotonidentification, whilekeepingthe other selection requirements identical to those for signal candi- dates.Thiscontrol sampleiscalledtheproxysample.Thesecond stepistodeterminethetransferfactorN^misid/N^proxy,whereN^misid istheestimateofthenumberofmisidentifiedeventsinthesignal candidatesampleandN^proxyisthenumberofeventsintheproxy sample.Theproxysampleisthenscaledbythetransferfactor.The definitionoftheproxysampleistunedtomakeitskinematicprop- ertiessimilartothoseofeventswithmisidentifiedphotons.Thus, this two-step procedure takes the set of misidentified events in a control region where the SUSY signal contribution is expected to be negligible, e.g. in events with small E^miss_T , and utilizes it to model the distribution of the misidentified background for a given kinematic variable. In particular, from the extrapolation of theobservedeventsinthecontrolregion,themethodpredictsan expectationforthenumberofeventsandcorrespondingkinematic distributioninthesignalregion.Adetailedvalidationofthisback- groundestimationisperformedbyapplyingthemethodtoMonte Carlo(MC)simulationsamples,andcomparingtheoutcomeofthis proceduretotheknowngeneratedMCcontent.Goodagreementis foundinallsuchtests.

The proxysample for eventswith an electron-to-photon mis- identificationisconstructedby invertingtheelectron-seedvetoin thephoton identification, which turns thephoton candidate into anelectronproxy.Thetransferfactorforthisproxysample isde- terminedbycountingZ→^{e+e−decaysinaseparatecontrolsam-} ple,definedby E^miss_T <70 GeV.TheratioN^misid_Z /N^proxy_Z constitutes thetransferfactor,whereN_Z^misidisthenumberofZ→^e+e−events inthe control sample withan e⁺ ore⁻ misidentified asa pho- ton,whileN^proxy_Z isthenumberofZ→^{e+e−eventsinthecontrol} sample withthe proxycondition applied.The control sample for thee

γ

channelistakenfromthedatasetcollectedwiththesame diphotontriggerasthesignalcandidates,whilethesampleforthe

μγ

channel isfromadatasetbasedonatriggerthat requiresat leastoneisolatedelectron.Toensurethatthesamplesdominantly consistofZ→^{e+e−decays,eventswithone} high-purityelectron object(“tag”)are selectedfromtherespectivedatasets.Thepho- ton candidate and the electron-proxy object are called “probes”.

Foreachsample ofprobecandidates,afitisperformedtothein- variantmass distribution of the tag–probe system to extract the numberofZ→^{e+e−decays.}

The“tag-and-probe” methoddescribed above [51] is executed inbinsofthreevariables:thetransversemomentumoftheprobe object(p^probe_T ),thetrackmultiplicityoftheprimaryvertex(Ntrack), andthenumberofreconstructedinteractionverticesintheevent (N_vtx). Toaccount forthe correlationsin thedistributions ofthe three variables, the dependence of the transfer factor on these quantities is modelled by a three-dimensional parametric func- tion,whichisthenusedtoassignanevent-by-eventweighttothe proxysample.Thetransferfactorisadecreasingfunctionofp^probe_T andN_track,andan increasingfunctionofNvtx.Foramedianvalue ofNvtx, itsvalue variesfrom0.04 foreventswithlow p^probe_T and low N_track,to 0.007 forhigh p^probe_T and high N_track. The relative uncertaintyinthetransferfactoristypicallyoforder10%,whichis dominatedbysystematicuncertaintiessuch asthosearisingfrom thetag-and-probefittingprocedureandtheparametrizationofthe transferfactor.ThedependenceofthetransferfactoronNvtxisap- proximatelylinear,withavaluethat changesfromabout0.005to 0.012forN_vtx valuesbetween5(lowpileup)and25(highpileup).

The estimation of the jet-to-photon misidentification back- ground follows the same procedure of defining a proxy sample andscalingitwiththetransferfactor.Theproxysampleforevents witha jet-to-photon misidentificationisconstructed by inverting therequirementsonthevariabledescribingtheECALclustershape (

σ

_{ηη in}Ref.[41])andononeoftheisolationvariablesinthepho- tonselection.Thetransferfactorforthehadronic-proxysampleis determinedthrough anassessment ofthefractionofeventswith jet-to-photonmisidentificationamongthephotoncandidates.This fractionisdenotedasthe“hadron fraction”.Thismeasurementis performedinalow-E^miss_T controlsamplefromafittothedistribu- tionof

σ

ηη basedontwotemplates,onerepresentingpurephotons and one modelling the events with jet-to-photon misidentifica- tion.Thefitisperformedwithphotoncandidatesinmuon–photon events, where a very small contamination of misidentified elec- tronsisexpectedinthephotonsample.Thepurephotontemplate isobtainedfromZ→

μμγ

databytaggingtwomuonsandrequir- ingthethree-body

μμγ

invariantmasstobe consistentwiththe Z bosonmass.Thetemplatethatmodelseventswithjet-to-photon misidentificationisobtainedbyinvertingtheisolationrequirement onthesignal-photoncandidates.The hadronfractionismeasured inp_T binsofthephotoncandidateanddecreases,ingeneral,asa functionofpT.Inthee

γ

channel,itsvaluevariesfrom0.25±⁰.03 atpT=^{40 GeV to0}.08±⁰.02 atpT=^{120 GeV.Inthe}

μγ

channel, thecorrespondingvaluesare0.30±⁰.03 and0.09±⁰.02.Theun- certaintiesaredominantlyduetopossiblemismodellingofthefit

templates.Thesmalldifferenceinthehadronfractionofthepho- ton candidatesbetweenthee

γ

and

μγ

channelsoriginatesfrom smalldifferencesintriggerrequirementsonthephotonobjectbe- tween thediphotonandmuon–photon triggersused toselectthe e

γ

and

μγ

datasets.

The pT distribution ofthephoton objectsis multipliedby the hadron fractionsdetermined asdescribedabove. Inthe e

γ

chan- nel, the estimated pT distribution of misidentified electrons is subtracted first. The resulting distribution provides the estimate of the p_T shape for the events withjet-to-photon misidentifica- tion.Ratherthanformingtheratioofthisdistributionwiththe pT distribution of the proxy sample, both distributions are parame- terizedindividuallybysimpleanalyticfunctions.Theratioofthese twoparameterizationsconstitutesthetransferfactorforthejet-to- photonmisidentification.

4.2. Misidentified-leptonandelectroweakbackgrounds

The misidentified-lepton and electroweak (EWK) backgrounds areevaluated together,asdescribedbelow.Amisidentifiedlepton is defined as a reconstructed lepton that doesnot arise directly fromW orZ bosondecays,norfrom

τ

decaysthatoriginatefrom a W orZ boson. Misidentified-lepton eventsarise primarily from thedecayofheavy-flavourquarksandfromhadronsmisidentified as leptons, withother sources such as decays-in-flightconstitut- ing a much smaller contribution. Events where both the lepton andphoton are misidentified, whichconstitute up to 30% of the total misidentified-photon background,are already accounted for by the procedure described in Section 4.1. The SM electroweak backgroundisdominatedby eventswithV

γ

(V=^W, Z) produc- tion. In particular, W

γ

eventshave the same signature assignal events: an energetic photon, a lepton, and significant E^miss_T . The EWKbackgroundincludesraremultibosoneventsandeventswith tt

γ

production, whichwe collectively referto asthe “rare EWK”

background. RareEWK events provideonly a minor contribution totheoverallbackgroundbutarerelevantinthehigh-E_T^misssignal region.

Similartothedetermination ofthemisidentified-photon back- ground, proxy samplesare formed and scaled by transfer factors toestimate thecontributionofmisidentifiedleptons tothesignal region.Eacheventintheproxysamplecontains atleastonecan- didatephotonandatleastone misidentified-leptonproxy,butno candidate lepton. Proxy objects that model misidentified leptons are selectedbyinverting theisolation conditioninthe leptonse- lection. Forelectrons,thetrack-clustermatchingrequirementsare alsoinvertedtofurtherenrichtheproxysamplewithhadronicob- jects. The calculation of the transfer factor used to evaluate the misidentified-leptonbackgroundisdescribedbelow.

The modellingof theEWK backgroundis based onMC simu- lation. Samplesof W

γ

, Z

γ

, tt

γ

, andWW

γ

events, listed in the order of decreasing overall background contributions, are gener- ated with up to two additional partons using the MadGraph 5 1.3[52]eventgenerator.The pythia 6.4[53]programisusedtode- scribethe partonshower andhadronization.The pythia program is further used to generate samples of WZ

γ

events, which pro- duceanevensmallerbackgroundcontributionthanWW

γ

events.

All samples use the CTEQ6L1 [54] parton distribution functions (PDF). Simulated minimum-bias events are overlaid on the main hard-scatteringeventsto simulatepileup.Thegeneratedparticles areprocessedthroughthefullCMSdetectorsimulationframework basedonthe Geant4[55]package,andaresubjectedtothesame event selection procedure as the data, including the trigger re- quirements.Differencesbetweensimulationanddatainthepileup profile, trigger efficiency, and object identification efficiency are correctedbyreweighting theMCeventsbyfactorsthat liewithin

a few percent of unity. The tt

γ

, WW

γ

, and WZ

γ

samples are normalized to the integrated luminosity of the data using cross sectionscalculated withthe eventgenerators, which are validto leadingorder(LO) inquantumchromodynamics.Forthett

γ

sam- ple,anext-to-leadingorder(NLO)-to-LOscalefactorof2.0[56] is appliedto thecrosssection toaccount forhigher-ordercontribu- tions.

For the V

γ

background, calculated cross sections are used to fix the ratio between the W

γ

and Z

γ

components, but the overall normalization of the combined sample is derived from data to mitigate potential uncertainties in the theoretical calcu- lation. This is accomplished through a two-component template fit describing the V

γ

and misidentified-lepton backgrounds. The templates originate from two background samples obtained us- ing the event selection criteria for the V

γ

MC sample and for the misidentified-lepton proxy sample. Distributions of the vari- ableφ (,^pmiss_T )fromthetwobackgroundsamplesinthecontrol region40<E^miss_T <70 GeV areemployed astemplates.Thelower bound E^miss_T =^{40 GeV is applied to reduce the} contribution of Z

γ

events. Expected contributions fromthe misidentified-photon background and rare EWK backgrounds are subtracted from the data distribution before the fit. The fit provides scale factors for thetemplate histogramsthat are useddirectly astransferfactors for the V

γ

and the misidentified-lepton proxy samples. Besides avoidinga reliance onthe value ofthe theoretical V

γ

crosssec- tion,whichisobservedtounderestimatethemeasuredproduction rateofW

γ

events[57,58],thismethodhasthebenefitthatitdoes notdoublecountthecontributionsofbackgroundeventswithboth amisidentified photon andlepton.Thisclass ofeventsis already accountedforin themisidentified-photon background sample, as mentionedabove.

Fig. 2showstheresultsofthetemplatefit,whichisperformed in the e

γ

and

μγ

channels independently. The resulting scale factors for the V

γ

background in the e

γ

and

μγ

channels are 1.59±⁰.27 and1.47±⁰.16,respectively,whicharesimilartoeach other asexpected. The uncertainties inthe scalefactors are esti- matedthroughtoyMCstudiesrepeatingthefitafterchangingthe contributionsofthesubtractedmisidentified-photonandrareEWK componentsbytheiruncertainties.

5. Systematicuncertainties

Table 2 summarizesthe sources ofsystematic uncertainty for thebackgroundpredictionsandthesignal yields.Foreachsource,

Fig. 2. Resultsoftheφ(,p^miss_T )templatefitforeventswith40<E^miss_T <70 GeV, usedtodeterminetheVγandmisidentified-leptonbackgroundforthe(a)eγ and (b)μγchannels.

the size of the uncertainty is given (in percentage) relative to the numberof eventsin the corresponding backgroundorsignal sample. For the background, the size of the uncertainty relative to the total number of background events is also shown. If the relative uncertainties differ significantly among backgroundsam-

Table 2

Summaryofsystematicuncertainties.Thethirdcolumngivestheuncertaintyrelativetothenumberofevents inthe correspondingbackgroundorsignalsample.Thefourthcolumnshows,for thebackgroundterms,the uncertaintyrelativetothetotalnumberofbackgroundeventsinthesignalregion.

Name Sample Relative uncertainty (%)

Sample Total

Rare background rate Rare EWK 50 19

Vγscale factor Vγ 14 6

Proxy sample shape Misidentifiedγ& 20–27 5

Trigger and identification efficiency Rare EWK 8 3

JES EWK 0–6 2

Vγshape Vγ 5 2

Integrated luminosity Rare EWK 2.6 1

JER EWK 0–2 1

JES Signal 0–22 –

JER Signal 0–17 –

Trigger and identification efficiency Signal 8 –

Initial-state radiation Signal 0–5 –

Integrated luminosity Signal 2.6 –

Renormalization scale and PDF Signal 4–41 –

plesbecause ofstatisticalfluctuationsdueto thelimitednumber of events available for the evaluation of the systematic uncer- tainties, the range from the minimum to the maximum relative uncertaintyisshown. The dominantexperimentaluncertainty for thebackground prediction is dueto the normalizationscale fac- torsapplied tothe rareEWK andV

γ

samples.Forthe rareEWK sample, a 50% uncertainty isassigned asa conservative approxi- mationofthe uncertaintyintheNLO-to-LOcross sectionratioof tt

γ

production,whichisthedominantcomponentinthissample.

Also, for the rare EWK sample, we evaluate the uncertaintydue totheluminosity determination [59].Normalization uncertainties inthebackgroundestimatesofeventswithmisidentifiedphotons orleptonsare absorbedintheuncertaintyof theV

γ

scalefactor throughtheuncertaintyestimationintheφ (,p^miss_T )templatefit describedabove.Subdominantsystematicuncertaintiesarisefrom potentialmismodellingoftheshapesoftheV

γ

andproxysamples formisidentifiedphotonsandleptons.

Forsimulation-basedbackgroundestimates,differenceswithre- specttothedatainthejetenergyscale(JES)andresolution(JER) areconsideredassystematicuncertainties.Theuncertaintyassoci- atedwiththeJESisevaluatedbyvaryingthescaleby±¹

σ

,where

σ

isthehalf-widthofthe68%confidenceintervalaroundthenom- inalvalue, andrecalculatingthe E^miss_T , M_T,and H_T values inthe V

γ

and rare EWK samples, and similarly for the JER term. The shiftin theexpected eventyield inthe signal region istaken as theestimateofthesystematicuncertainty.

Table 2alsoliststhesystematicuncertaintiesconsideredforthe signalMC samples thatare usedfor theinterpretationof there- sultof thissearch. The uncertainties due to the JES andJER are evaluated using the procedure described above. In addition, for thesignalsamples,uncertaintiesinthedescription ofinitial-state radiation as well as the renormalization scale and PDF [60] are considered.

6. Results

Fig. 3 shows the observed distributions of M_T, E_T^miss, photon E_T (Eγ

T), and H_T in the e

γ

and

μγ

channels, together withthe backgroundexpectations obtainedas described in Section 4. The ratio of the observed number of events to the total background expectationisdisplayed inthe lower partofeach panel. The MT distributionincludesalleventsthatsatisfytheeventselectioncri- teriaofTable 1exceptfortherestrictionson MTandE^miss_T .Events inthe E^miss_T distributionmust additionallysatisfy MT>100 GeV, andevents inthe Eγ

T and H_T distributions E^miss_T >120 GeV and MT>100 GeV. Theuncertainty bandsshown forthebackground estimatesarethestatisticalandsystematictermsaddedinquadra- ture.ThedataareseentoagreewiththeSMpredictionwithinthe uncertainties.

Fig. 4 shows a compilation of event yields compared to the total background expectations. To enhance the sensitivity to dif- ferent SUSY scenarios, the signal region is further explored in bins of Eγ

T ([⁴⁰,80] ^and>80 GeV), HT ([⁰,100]^,[¹⁰⁰,400]^{, and}

>400 GeV), and E^miss_T (Low, Mid, and High, corresponding to [¹²⁰,200]^, [²⁰⁰,300]^,and >300 GeV, respectively). The data are found to be consistent withthe background predictionin all re- gions.Thus nosignificantexcess ofeventsbeyondthe SMexpec- tationisobserved.

7.Interpretation

Theresultsofthesearchare interpretedintermsofcrosssec- tion upper limits on a GMSB model andtwo distinct simplified models. For each parameter point of the three models, a large

numberofhard-scatteringsimulationeventsaregenerated.These events are processed with a detailedfast simulation of the CMS detectorresponse[61].Alarge numberof minimum-biasinterac- tionsaresuperimposed onthehard-scatteringprocessinorderto reproducethepileupprofileobservedindata.Theeventselection appliedto thesimulatedsignaleventsis identicalto thatapplied to data, including the trigger requirements. The resulting event yields are weighted by correctionfactors toaccount forselection efficiencydifferencesbetweendataandsimulation.

For each mass point of the signal models, a 95% confidence level(CL)crosssectionupperlimitisobtainedutilizingthe“LHC- style” CL_s prescription [62–64], which calculates frequentist CL_s limitsusingtheone-sidedprofiledlikelihoodasateststatistic.The SMbackgroundprediction,signal expectation,andobservednum- berofeventsineachsignal-regionbinofthee

γ

and

μγ

channels asshowninFig. 4arecombinedintoonestatisticalinterpretation, turningtheanalysisintoamultichannelcountingexperiment.

7.1. InterpretationinaGMSBmodel

AGMSB modelwithwino co-NLSPs[32],which containsboth electroweakandstrongproductionastheprimarySUSYproduction process,isexamined. AllSUSYparticlesexceptforthegluinoand winos are consideredin thelimit ofvery large massvaluessuch that they do not participateinthe interactions. In thislimit, the lightestcharginoandneutralinobecomepurelywino-like.Thereis no restrictionon the decays,butthe gluino always undergoes at leastathree-bodydecayandthechargedwinodecaystoaW bo- sonandthegravitino.Theneutralwinodecaystoa gravitinoand eitheraphotonoraZ boson,withbranchingfractionsdictatedby theweakmixingangleandthewinomass.Inthegeneratedscans, the gluino mass (M_g) ranges from 715 to 1415 GeV in 50 GeV steps,andthewinomass (M_W) from205 GeVto[^Mg−^{10 GeV}]^, alsoin50 GeVsteps.

The SUSY particle spectra and branching fractions are deter- mined using the SuSpect 2.41 [65] and sdecay 1.3 [66] programs.

pythia6.4 is employed for the SUSY particle generation, decays, and the subsequent parton showers. The cross section for each mass point is determined to NLO accuracy in quantum chromo- dynamicsusing the prospino 2.1 [67] program.This crosssection result, alongwithits uncertainty,isused toderive 95%CL exclu- sionlimitsontheSUSYparticlemasses.

Fig. 5 shows the observed 95% CL cross section upper limits with the exclusion contours overlaid. In the figure, the dashed curves are the median and ±^{1 standard deviation (}

σ

) expected exclusioncontoursassumingthenominalcrosssectionsforthesig- nalmodel.Thesolidcurvesrepresenttheobservedexclusionwith thesignalcrosssectionsatthenominaland±¹

σ

values.Allmass points onthebottomleft sideofthe contoursareexcluded. Note thattheapproximateonestandarddeviationdiscrepancybetween the expectedand observed exclusioncontours toward larger val- ues of M_W is dueto an upward fluctuation observed ina single binofthe signal regionwith Eγ

T >80 GeV, E^miss_T >300 GeV,and anintermediatebininHTfrom100to400 GeV.

In thisinclusiveGMSBmodel, electroweakproductionwill al- waystakeplacewhenthewinoislight,independentofthegluino mass. Thus the exclusion curve becomes horizontal for M_W ≈ 360 GeV.Notethatforthisandforall otherinstances inthispa- perwhereanumericalresultisquotedforamasslimit,theresult isbasedon thetheoreticalpredictionforthecrosssection minus its 1

σ

uncertainty. The expecteddistributions forsignal inFig. 3 correspond to the GMSB model for the mass point (M_g,M_W)= (915,405)GeV.Thismasspointhascompetingcontributionsfrom strongandelectroweakSUSYproductionandexhibitsanon-trivial behaviorinH_T ascanbeseeninFig. 3(g)and(h).

Fig. 3. Distributionsof(a,b)MT,(c,d)E^miss_T ,(e,f)E_T^γ,and(g,h)HTcomparedwiththestackedbackgroundexpectationsforthe(a,c,e,g)eγand(b,d,f,h)μγchannels.

Seetextfordetailsoftheeventselectionsappliedtothesedistributions.Therightmostbinofeachplotshowstheoverflow,withcontentsthatarenotnormalizedbythe binwidth.ExpectedsignaldistributionsfromaGMSBmodelforarepresentativemasspoint(M_g,M_W)= (⁹¹⁵,405)GeV areoverlaid.Thelowerpartofeachpanelshows theratioofthedatatothepredictedbackground.Theuncertaintybandsrepresentthestatisticalandsystematictermsaddedinquadrature.

Fig. 4. Eventyieldsinallsignalregionbins,comparedwiththecombinedSMback- groundpredictions.Thenumbersinbracketsindicatetherangeofthebinsinthe signalregionvariables E^miss_T ,HT,and E^γ_T.FortheE^miss_T bins,Low,Mid,andHigh correspondtotheintervals[120,200],[200,300],and>300 GeV,respectively.

Fig. 5. Observedandexpected95%confidencelevelupperlimitsonthecrosssection andcorrespondingexclusionlimitsfortheGMSBmodel.

7.2. Interpretationinsimplifiedmodels

In a simplified model [68–70], a limited set of hypothetical particlesanddecaychainsareintroducedtodescribeagiventopo- logicalsignaturesuchasthe

γ

finalstatestudiedinthisanalysis.

Theproductionanddecayamplitudesoftheseparticlesareparam- eterizedintermsoftheparticlemasses.

ThetwosimplifiedmodelsconsideredaredenotedtheTChiWg and T5Wg models. The TChiWg model is initiated by the direct productionofhypotheticalparticles

χ

^±and

χ

⁰,whosedecaysare restrictedtoW^±G and

γ

G,respectively.The gravitinoG isnearly massless as in GMSB models. Thus, thismodel can be identified with electroweak production in the GMSB wino co-NLSP model, depicted by the diagram in Fig. 1(a), differing only in the decay branching fractions.The particles

χ

^± and 

χ

⁰ are therefore iden- tifiedwithgauginosintheremainder ofthispaper.A massrange of100≤^Mχ≤^{800 GeV is}considered,where Mχ is_ thedegener- atemass ofthegauginos.The generation ofeventsfortheT5Wg model,corresponding to thediagram in Fig. 1(b),starts with the pair production of gluinos. The two gluinos undergo three-body decaysg→^qq

χ

^± andg→^qq

χ

⁰, followedby thedecays of the



χ

^± and

χ

⁰ as discussed above. The T5Wg samples are gener- atedinamassregion 700≤^Mg≤1400 GeV and25 GeV≤^Mχ≤ [^Mg−^{25 GeV}]^{. No other non-SM particle is involved in either} model.

Eventsforbothmodelsaregeneratedwiththe MadGraph 51.3 program,withuptotwofinal-statepartonsinadditiontothehard interaction.The eventsarethen interfacedto pythia 6.4,which is used todescribe theSUSY decaychainsandpartonshowers. The neutralino–charginoandthegluinopairproductioncrosssections are calculatedto NLO andNLO+^NLL(next-to-leading logarithm) accuracy[60],respectively,andusedtoderive95%exclusionlimits.

Fig. 6(a)showsthecomputed95% CLcrosssection upperlimit fortheTChiWgmodelasafunctionofM_χ ,togetherwiththetheo- reticalcrosssection.Assuminga100%branchingfractionfor

χ

⁰→

γ

G,the massrange100<Mχ_<540 GeV isexcluded, wherethe lowerlimitcorrespondstothelowestMχ included_ inthescan.As- suminga morephysicallymotivatedbranchingfractionthrougha rescaling ofthetheoretical crosssection by the weakmixingan- gle,theexclusionrangeis100<Mχ_<340 GeV.Thelatterresultis similartothelimitM_W <360 GeV obtainedfromtheGMSBmodel withawino-likeNLSP.

Fig. 6. Observedandexpected95%confidencelevelupperlimitsonthe(a)TChiWgand(b)T5Wgsimplifiedmodels.FortheT5Wgmodel,the95%confidencelevelexclusion contourisalsoshown.

TheproductioncrosssectionoftheT5Wgmodelisdetermined solelyby M_g. Nevertheless,the M_g−^Mχ mass differenceaffects the HT and E^miss_T spectra, resulting in nontrivial exclusion-limit contours in the M_χ –Mg plane. The 95% CL cross section upper limitsand exclusioncontours forthe T5Wg model are shownin Fig. 6(b).ForM_χ>200 GeV,pairproductionofgluinosisexcluded forgluinomassesbelow1 TeV.For500<M_χ<700 GeV,gluinos belowapproximately1.1 TeVareexcluded.

8. Summary

This paper presents a search for the anomalous production of events with a photon, an electron or muon, and large miss- ingtransversemomentumproducedinproton–protoncollisionsat

√s=^{8 TeV.The data are examined inbins of thephoton trans-} verseenergy,themagnitudeofthemissingtransversemomentum, andHT,thescalarsumofjetenergies.The standardmodelback- groundis evaluated primarily using control samples in the data, with simulation used to evaluate backgrounds from electroweak processes.No excessofeventsabovethestandardmodelexpecta- tionis observed.Theresults ofthesearch are interpretedas95%

confidence level upper limits on the production of new-physics eventsinthecontext ofagauge-mediated supersymmetrybreak- ing(GMSB)model.TheGMSBmodelisexcludedforwinomasses below360 GeV. Resultsarealsointerpretedinthecontextoftwo simplifiedmodels inspired byGMSB, denotedTChiWg andT5Wg.

TheTChiWgmodelisexcludedforgauginomassesbelow540 GeV or,ifthecrosssectionsare scaledby theweakmixingangle,be- low340 GeV.TheT5Wgmodelwithgauginomassabove200 GeV isexcludedforgluinomassesbelow1 TeV.

Acknowledgements

WecongratulateourcolleaguesintheCERNacceleratordepart- ments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technicalandadministrativestaffs atCERN andatother CMSin- stitutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort.

Inaddition,wegratefullyacknowledgethecomputingcentersand personneloftheWorldwideLHCComputingGridfordeliveringso effectivelythe computinginfrastructureessential to ouranalyses.

Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construc- tionandoperation oftheLHCandthe CMSdetectorprovidedby thefollowingfundingagencies:BMWFWandFWF(Austria);FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil);

MES(Bulgaria);CERN;CAS,MOST,andNSFC(China);COLCIENCIAS (Colombia);MSESandCSF(Croatia);RPF(Cyprus);MoER,ERCIUT andERDF(Estonia);Academy ofFinland,MEC,andHIP(Finland);

CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany);

GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India);

IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM(Malaysia); CINVESTAV, CONACYT,SEP,andUASLP-FAI(Mexico);MBIE(NewZealand);PAEC (Pakistan);MSHEandNSC(Poland);FCT(Portugal);JINR(Dubna);

MON,RosAtom,RASandRFBR(Russia);MESTD(Serbia);SEIDIand CPAN(Spain);SwissFundingAgencies(Switzerland);MST(Taipei);

ThEPCenter,IPST,STARandNSTDA(Thailand);TUBITAKandTAEK (Turkey);NASUandSFFR(Ukraine); STFC(United Kingdom);DOE andNationalScienceFoundation (USA).

Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie pro- gram and the European Research Council and EPLANET (Euro- pean Union); the Leventis Foundation;the AlfredP. Sloan Foun- dation;theAlexandervonHumboldtFoundation;theBelgianFed- eral Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherchedansl’Industrieetdansl’Agriculture(FRIA-Belgium);the

AgentschapvoorInnovatiedoorWetenschapenTechnologie(IWT- Belgium); the MinistryofEducation, Youth andSports(MEYS) of theCzechRepublic;theCouncilofScienceandIndustrialResearch, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; theCompagniadi SanPaolo (Torino);the Consorzioper la Fisica (Trieste); MIURproject20108T4XTM (Italy); theThalisand Aristeia programscofinanced byEU-ESF andtheGreek NSRF;the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund;theRachadapisekSompot FundforPostdoctoral Fellowship, ChulalongkornUniversity(Thailand);andtheWelchFoundation.

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