Study of the dijet mass spectrum in pp→W+jets events at √s=7 TeV

Study of the Dijet Mass Spectrum in pp ! W þ jets Events at ffiffiffi p s

¼ 7 TeV

S. Chatrchyan et al.*

(CMS Collaboration)

(Received 16 August 2012; published 21 December 2012)

We report an investigation of the invariant mass spectrum of the two jets with highest transverse momentum inpp ! W þ 2-jet and W þ 3-jet events to look for resonant enhancement. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5:0 fb
¹collected with the CMS detector at ffiffiffi

ps

¼ 7 TeV. We find no evidence for the anomalous structure reported by the CDF Collaboration, and establish an upper limit of 5.0 pb at 95% confidence level on the production cross section for a generic Gaussian signal with mass near 150 GeV. Additionally, we exclude two theoretical models that predict a CDF-like dijet resonance near 150 GeV.

DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.251801 PACS numbers: 12.15.Ji, 12.38.Qk, 13.85.Rm, 14.80.
j

The CDF Collaboration reported evidence for an excess in the mass range 120–160 GeV in the invariant mass (m_jj) spectrum of the two leading transverse-momentum (p_T) jets produced inp
p ! W þ 2-jet events with a cross sec- tion of 4 pb [1]. The D0 Collaboration carried out a similar analysis but did not confirm the CDF result, instead setting a 95% confidence level (C.L.) upper limit of 1.9 pb on the cross section [2]. This Letter details the search for a bump- like enhancement in them_jjspectrum in events with aW boson using 5:0 fb
¹ of data collected from pp collisions at ffiffiffi

ps

¼ 7 TeV with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) during 2010 and 2011.

We search for a resonance with a width consistent with detector resolution as reported by CDF. We further inves- tigate three representative models, a technicolor
T from the decay of a technicolorT[3], a leptophobicZ⁰ decay- ing to two jets [4], and the standard model (SM) Higgs boson (mH ¼ 150 GeV) produced in association with a W boson (referred to asWH production) and decaying to a pair of jets. For the unknown state with detector resolution, we follow the convention used at the Tevatron of using the conservativeWH simulation for analysis-dependent quan- tities like efficiencies and acceptances. TheWH produc- tion cross section at the LHC is negligible compared to contributions from other SM processes, which overwhelm any contribution to this analysis fromWH ! ‘jj decays form_H  125 GeV [5,6].

A detailed description of the CMS experiment can be found in Ref. [7]. The central feature of the CMS detector is a superconducting solenoid, of 6 m internal diameter, that produces an axial magnetic field of 3.8 T. Located

within the field volume is the silicon pixel and strip tracker extending up to jj ¼ 2:5, as well as a lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) and a brass and scintillator hadronic calorimeter (HCAL), both extend- ing up to jj ¼ 3. Outside the field volume in the forward region (3 < jj < 5) is an iron and quartz-fiber hadronic calorimeter. Muons are measured in gas-ionization detec- tors embedded in the steel return yoke outside the solenoid, in the pseudorapidity range jj < 2:4. The CMS coordi- nate system has its origin at the center of the detector, with thez axis pointing along the direction of the counterclock- wise proton beam. The azimuthal angle is denoted as , the polar angle as , and the pseudorapidity is defined as

 ¼
ln½tanð=2Þ.

We employ selection criteria similar to those used at the Tevatron [1,2], but modified to adapt to the higher background rates and different experimental conditions at the LHC. We also place more stringent requirements on the jet kinematics, as suggested in Ref. [8], to enhance a signal compared to the irreducible W plus jets background.

Events are selected with one well-identified and isolated lepton (muon or electron), large missing transverse energy 6E_T, and exactly two or exactly three high-p_Tjets. The data were collected with a suite of single-lepton triggers, mostly with ap_Tthreshold of 24 GeV for muons and 25–32 GeV for electrons. The trigger efficiency for the selected muons (electrons) is about 94% (90%). We reconstruct muon candidates in the region jj < 2:1 by combining informa- tion from the silicon tracker and the muon detectors by means of a global fit. We identify electron candidates within jj < 1:44 and 1:57 < jj < 2:5 as clustered en- ergy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter that are matched to tracks. Muon and electron candidates need to fulfill quality criteria established for the measurement of the inclusive W and Z cross sections [9]. In addition, all leptons must be well-separated from hadronic activity in the event. Jets within an- cone of radius 0.3 around a lepton candidate are removed.

*Full author list given at the end of the article.

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri- bution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

The muon (electron) transverse momentum must exceed 25 (35) GeV, and 6E_Tmust be greater than 25 (30) GeV in the muon (electron) analysis. The transverse mass M_T of eachW candidate must be greater than 50 GeV, where

M_T ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p^‘_T6E_T½1
cosð_‘
_6ETÞ

q

and_‘and_6ETare the azimuthal angles of the lepton and 6ET, respectively. Events with more than one identified lepton are vetoed.

We reconstruct jets and 6E_T[9,10] with the particle-flow algorithm [11], which combines information from several subdetectors. The jet finding uses the anti-k_T clustering algorithm [12] with a distance parameter of 0.5. We require j_jetj < 2:4 to ensure that they lie within the tracker acceptance, and a minimum jet pT of 30 GeV. Jets must satisfy identification criteria that eliminate jet candidates originating from noisy channels in the hadron calorimeter [13]. Jet-energy corrections are applied to account for the nonlinear response of the calorimeters to the particle ener- gies and other instrumental effects. These corrections are based on in situ measurements using dijet,  þ jet, and Z þ jet data samples [14]. Overlapping minimum-bias events from other pp collisions (pileup) and the underlying event can contribute additional energy to the reconstructed jets. The median energy density due to pileup is evaluated in each event and the corresponding energy is subtracted from each jet [15]. In addition, tracks that do not originate from the primary vertex are not considered for jet cluster- ing [16]. We verify that the procedures successfully remove the dependence of jet response on the number of interactions in a single event. The jetpTresolution varies from 15% atp_T¼ 40 GeV to 6% at p_T¼ 400 GeV [14].

We evaluate the mass resolution_jjfor a selected jet pair using simulation and verify it using hadronic W decays in data. We findjj to be 10% ofmjj for masses around 150 GeV.

We require k~p_T^j1þ ~p_T^j2k > 45 GeV and jðj1; j2Þj <

1:2, where the jets are numbered in order of decreasing p_T. We retain events with exactly two or exactly three jets satisfying pT> 30 GeV and with the leading jet having pT> 40 GeV and pointing more than 0.4 rad in azimuth from the direction of the 6ET. The selected jets and the lepton from theW decay must originate from the same pri- mary vertex. Additionally, we impose 0:3 <p_T^j2=mjj<0:7 to take advantage of the Jacobian nature of resonant dijet production as observed in simulation studies compared with nonresonantW plus jets production.

W production with two or more jets dominates the selected sample. Smaller contributions come from top- pair and single-top decays, Drell-Yan events with two or more jets, multijet production, andWW and WZ diboson production where oneW decays into leptons and the other W or Z decays into quarks.

The shapes of the m_jj distributions for background processes are modeled using samples of simulated events.

The MADGRAPH5 1.3.30 [17] event generator produces parton-level events with aW boson and up to four partons on the basis of matrix-element (ME) calculations. (The Tevatron experiments used the ALPGEN generator [18].) The ME-parton shower matching scale is taken to be 20 GeV [19], and the factorization and renormalization scales are set to q² ¼ M²_Wþ p²_T;W. Samples of t
t and Drell-Yan events are also generated with MADGRAPH. Single-top production is modeled with POWHEG 1.0 [20].

Multijet and diboson samples (WW, WZ, ZZ) are gener- ated with PYTHIA 6.422 [21]. PYTHIA provides the parton shower simulation in all cases, with parameters of the underlying event set to the Z2 tune [22]. The set of parton distribution functions used is CTEQ6LL [23]. A GEANT4- based simulation [24] of the CMS detector is used in the production of all Monte Carlo (MC) samples. Multiple proton-proton interactions within a bunch crossing are simulated, and the triggers are emulated. All simulated events are reconstructed and analyzed with the same software as data.

We generate signal samples for the WH model using

PYTHIA, with parameters corresponding a SM Higgs boson with mH ¼ 150 GeV. We use ^PYTHIA for technicolor generation as well. We generate leptophobic Z⁰ with

MADGRAPH. The authors of Refs. [3,4] provided values for masses and other parameters of the technicolor andZ⁰ models that would best correspond to the signal observed by CDF.

We determine the contributions of the known SM pro- cesses to the observed m_jj spectrum by means of an extended unbinned maximum-likelihood fit in the range between 40 GeV and 400 GeV. We fit separately in four event categories, f ; eg  f2-jet; 3-jetg, because the back- ground compositions differ. Themjj signal region, 123 to 186 GeV, corresponding to 2jj, is excluded from this fit in order to arrive at an unbiased estimate of a possible resonant enhancement in this region.

TableIlists the SM processes included in the fit. TheW plus jets normalization is a free fit parameter because it is by far the dominant background. We allow the

TABLE I. Treatment of background m_jj shapes and normal- izations in a fit to the data. The background normalizations are constrained within the fit to Gaussian distributions with the listed central values and widths.

Process Shape Constraint on normalization W plus jets MC and data Unconstrained

Diboson MC 61:2 pb  10%ðNLOÞ [25]

t
t MC 163 pb  7%ðNLOÞ [26]

Single-top MC 84:9 pb  5%ðNNLLÞ [27–29]

Drell-Yan plus jets MC 3:05 nb  4:3%ðNNLOÞ [30]

Multijet (QCD) data 6E_Tfit (described in text)

normalizations of the other background components to vary within Gaussian constraints around the central values also listed in Table I. The central values for all proce- sses except multijet come from next-to-leading-order (NLO), next-to-next-to-leading-log (NNLL), or next-to- NLO (NNLO) calculations, and the constraints reflect the published uncertainties. We derive templates for the mjj

distribution for each background from simulation except for the multijet events, which contribute when jets are misidentified as leptons. In a separate fit to events that fail the lepton isolation requirements, we determine the central value of the multijet normalization, the con- straint on the normalization and the template for the mjj distribution [9]. The fit to data determines the correla- tions among the various fit parameters.

The default CMSMADGRAPHsample of the dominantW plus jets background does not describe well them_jjspec- trum in them_jj sidebands. Four alternative samples ofW events, with the scales and q increased and reduced by a factor two with respect to those of the default, fail to provide significant improvement. Thus, we employ an empirically driven combination of three shapes to describe this component in the fit model,

F_Wþjets¼ F_Wþjetsð ²₀; q⁰²Þ þ F_Wþjetsð ⁰²; q²₀Þ þ ð1

ÞF_Wþjetsð ²₀; q²₀Þ;

where F_Wþjets denotes the m_jj shape from simulation.

The parameters 0 ( ⁰) and q0 (q⁰) correspond to the default (alternative) values of and q, respectively, while fractional contributions and  are free to vary between 0 and 1. We take ⁰¼ 2 ₀ or 0:5 0 (q⁰¼ 2q₀or 0:5q0), depending on which alternative sample provides a better fit to data. Furthermore, we verify, via pseudoexperiment

simulations generated with an alternate shape, that the function in the above equation has sufficient freedom to describe theW plus jets shape.

Figure1(a) shows the observed mjj distribution for all four event categories combined, together with the fitted projections of the contributions of various SM processes.

Figure1(b)shows the same distribution after subtraction of all SM contributions from data except electroweak diboson WW=WZ events. No peak is visible in the spectrum except that near 80 GeV due to diboson events. Figure1(c)shows the bin-by-bin pull. TableIIpresents the yields of the SM components obtained from the fit. The sum of all the contributions is compared to the number of observed events. All numbers except those in the last two rows are for the m_jj range of 40 to 400 GeV. The last two rows compare the observed number of events and the number predicted by the fit in them_jjrange of 123 to 186 GeV. The data agree with the SM expectations, and we find no significant excess in the signal region. We observe a sizable deficit in the muon 2-jet data with respect to the prediction from our model. We do not observe similar deviations in the other three categories, suggesting it is a fluctuation and not a systematic bias.

We validate the fit procedure by performing pseudo- experiments. In each experiment, we generate the m_jj pseudodata of the SM processes, including the correlations taken from the fit to data, and then fit each pseudodata sample. The results indicate that the bias on the total yield is below 0.2% and that the fit underestimates the total yield uncertainty by about 30%. These effects are corrected for in the final result. Uncertainties in the jet energy are estimated using a sample of W bosons decaying hadroni- cally in a pure sample of semileptonict
t events. The mean and resolution of the reconstructed dijet mass distribution

(a) (b) (c)

FIG. 1 (color online). (a) Distribution of the invariant mass spectrum of the leading two jets observed in data. Overlaid are the fit projections of the various components. The region between the vertical dashed lines is excluded from the fit. (b) The same distribution after subtraction of all SM components except the electroweak processes WW=WZ. Error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties. The hatched band represents the uncertainty on the sum of the SM components including correlations from the fit.

The dark blue histogram is a resonance consistent with detector resolution and normalized to the CDF cross section scaled as described in the text. (c) The bin-by-bin pull, (data fit)/(fit uncertainty). The bins in the figures are representative of the expected resolution for a given mass and the number of entries in each bin is scaled by its width.

in data agree within 0.6% with the expectation from simu- lation. A small difference in 6E_T resolution [10] between data and simulation affects the signal acceptance for the new physics models under consideration at the 0.5% level.

Further systematic uncertainties are due to the uncertainty of the trigger efficiency estimates (1%) and the estimate of lepton reconstruction and selection efficiency (2%) [9].

The uncertainty on the integrated luminosity is 2.2% [31].

We scrutinize the dijet mass spectrum near 150 GeV, searching for a technicolor, leptophobic Z⁰, orWH reso- nant enhancement. We also use a generic signal model obtained by convolving a delta function centered at mjj¼ 150 GeV with a Gaussian function having width equal to_jj. Figure1(b)shows this generic signal shape.

The expected number of signal events at the LHC for a given cross section at the Tevatron can be estimated by considering the ratio of the predicted cross sections for our reference process, WH production with M_H ¼ 150 GeV.

This process is dominated by quark-antiquark (q
q) anni- hilation. As q
q processes have the smallest increase in

parton luminosity from the Tevatron to the LHC, this choice provides a conservative limit. We therefore assume

dijet resonance

LHC ¼ dijet resonance Tevatron

^WH_LHC

^WH_Tevatron;

where^WH_LHC¼ 300:1 fb [32] and^WH_Tevatron¼ 71:8 fb [33].

A generic Gaussian signal normalized to Tevatron¼ 4 pb corresponds to LHC¼ 16:7 pb. Table III contains the values ofLHCtimes the branching fraction to jets and of the overall efficiency times acceptance"A for the models considered.

Since we observe no resonant enhancement, we proceed to set exclusion limits using a modified frequentist CLS

method [34,35] with profile likelihood as the test statistic.

Inputs to the limit-setting procedure are the m_jj distribu- tion obtained by combining the SM components from the fit, the observed distribution in data, the expectation from the dijet resonance model under consideration, and the uncertainties associated with these quantities. Figure 2(a) shows the observed and expected CLSvalues versus cross section for a generic Gaussian signal, after combining the results of all four event categories. We set a 95% C.L.

upper limit of 5.0 pb and a 99.9% C.L. upper limit of 8.5 pb on the dijet production cross section for a generic reso- nance withWH-like "A.

Figure2(b)compares the 95% C.L. upper limits with the expected cross sections for technicolor, leptophobicZ⁰, and WH (MH ¼ 150 GeV) signals. The technicolor and Z⁰ models are excluded. Because we have minimal sensitivity toWH, we compare the limit in Fig.2(b)to 100 times the SM cross section as an illustration.

In summary, we have studied the invariant mass spec- trum of the two jets with highest transverse momentum in TABLE II. Event yields determined from maximum-likelihood fits to the data. The total fit yields are corrected for bias. The total fit uncertainties include the correlations among the various yields, as determined by the fit, and the corrections derived from the fit validation described in the text. The² probability uses the residuals and the data and MC statistical errors.

Muons Electrons

Process 2-jet 3-jet 2-jet 3-jet

W plus jets 58 919  530 13 069  366 29 787  1153 8397  292

Dibosons 1236  114 333  32 685  65 184  18

t
t 4570  307 9049  382 2556  174 4265  253

Single-top 1765  87 1001  50 916  46 521  26

Drell-Yan plus jets 1837  79 561  24 1061  46 364  16

Multijet (QCD) 29  284 0  90 3944  1133 324  160

Fit²probability 0.454 0.729 0.969 0.991

Total from fit 68 294  307 24 013  193 38 949  228 14 055  143

Data 67 900 24 046 38 973 14 145

In the signal region 123 < mjj< 186 GeV (excluded from the fit)

Total predicted 14 511  125 7739  95 7944  92 4347  70

Data 14 050 7751 8023 4438

TABLE III. ThePYTHIAcross sections at 7 TeV times branch- ing fraction to jets (  B) and overall efficiency times acceptance ("A) for various signal models. The relative un- certainties in " measurements are 1–2%. The uncertainty on A is negligible.

"A

Muons Electrons

Signal model   B ðpbÞ 2-jet 3-jet 2-jet 3-jet Technicolor [3] 7.4 0.065 0.020 0.039 0.011

Z⁰[4] 8.1 0.070 0.023 0.042 0.014

WH [21] 0.059 0.060 0.019 0.038 0.013

pp ! W þ 2-jet and W þ 3-jet events, with the W decay- ing leptonically to a muon or electron. The analyzed data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5:0 fb
¹at ffiffiffi

ps

¼ 7 TeV. We find no evidence for a reso- nant enhancement near a dijet mass of 150 GeV, as reported by the CDF Collaboration, and set upper limits on the dijet production cross section of 5.0 pb at 95% C.L.

and 8.5 pb at 99.9% C.L. Two theoretical models, lepto- phobicZ⁰ and technicolor, which predict the presence of a resonant enhancement near 150 GeV, are excluded.

We thank Adam Martin and Matthew Buckley for help with simulation of technicolor andZ⁰models, respectively.

We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC machine. We thank the technical and administrative staff at CERN and other CMS institutes, and acknowledge sup- port from FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium);

CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China);

COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF

(Cyprus); MoER, SF0690030s09 and ERDF (Estonia);

Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MSI (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal);

JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan);

MON, RosAtom, RAS, and RFBR (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).

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M. Grunewald,⁷B. Klein,⁷J. Lellouch,⁷A. Marinov,⁷J. Mccartin,⁷A. A. Ocampo Rios,⁷D. Ryckbosch,⁷ N. Strobbe,⁷F. Thyssen,⁷M. Tytgat,⁷P. Verwilligen,⁷S. Walsh,⁷E. Yazgan,⁷N. Zaganidis,⁷S. Basegmez,⁸ G. Bruno,⁸R. Castello,⁸L. Ceard,⁸C. Delaere,⁸T. du Pree,⁸D. Favart,⁸L. Forthomme,⁸A. Giammanco,^8,cJ. Hollar,⁸

V. Lemaitre,⁸J. Liao,⁸O. Militaru,⁸C. Nuttens,⁸D. Pagano,⁸A. Pin,⁸K. Piotrzkowski,⁸N. Schul,⁸ J. M. Vizan Garcia,⁸N. Beliy,⁹T. Caebergs,⁹E. Daubie,⁹G. H. Hammad,⁹G. A. Alves,¹⁰M. Correa Martins Junior,¹⁰

D. De Jesus Damiao,¹⁰T. Martins,¹⁰M. E. Pol,¹⁰M. H. G. Souza,¹⁰W. L. Alda´ Ju´nior,¹¹W. Carvalho,¹¹ A. Custo´dio,¹¹E. M. Da Costa,¹¹C. De Oliveira Martins,¹¹S. Fonseca De Souza,¹¹D. Matos Figueiredo,¹¹ L. Mundim,¹¹H. Nogima,¹¹V. Oguri,¹¹W. L. Prado Da Silva,¹¹A. Santoro,¹¹L. Soares Jorge,¹¹A. Sznajder,¹¹ T. S. Anjos,^12,dC. A. Bernardes,^12,dF. A. Dias,^12,eT. R. Fernandez Perez Tomei,¹²E. M. Gregores,^12,dC. Lagana,¹² F. Marinho,¹²P. G. Mercadante,^12,dS. F. Novaes,¹²Sandra S. Padula,¹²V. Genchev,^13,fP. Iaydjiev,^13,fS. Piperov,¹³

M. Rodozov,¹³S. Stoykova,¹³G. Sultanov,¹³V. Tcholakov,¹³R. Trayanov,¹³M. Vutova,¹³A. Dimitrov,¹⁴ R. Hadjiiska,¹⁴V. Kozhuharov,¹⁴L. Litov,¹⁴B. Pavlov,¹⁴P. Petkov,¹⁴J. G. Bian,¹⁵G. M. Chen,¹⁵H. S. Chen,¹⁵ C. H. Jiang,¹⁵D. Liang,¹⁵S. Liang,¹⁵X. Meng,¹⁵J. Tao,¹⁵J. Wang,¹⁵X. Wang,¹⁵Z. Wang,¹⁵H. Xiao,¹⁵M. Xu,¹⁵

J. Zang,¹⁵Z. Zhang,¹⁵C. Asawatangtrakuldee,¹⁶Y. Ban,¹⁶S. Guo,¹⁶Y. Guo,¹⁶W. Li,¹⁶S. Liu,¹⁶Y. Mao,¹⁶ S. J. Qian,¹⁶H. Teng,¹⁶D. Wang,¹⁶L. Zhang,¹⁶B. Zhu,¹⁶W. Zou,¹⁶C. Avila,¹⁷J. P. Gomez,¹⁷B. Gomez Moreno,¹⁷

A. F. Osorio Oliveros,¹⁷J. C. Sanabria,¹⁷N. Godinovic,¹⁸D. Lelas,¹⁸R. Plestina,^18,gD. Polic,¹⁸I. Puljak,^18,f Z. Antunovic,¹⁹M. Kovac,¹⁹V. Brigljevic,²⁰S. Duric,²⁰K. Kadija,²⁰J. Luetic,²⁰S. Morovic,²⁰A. Attikis,²¹

M. Galanti,²¹G. Mavromanolakis,²¹J. Mousa,²¹C. Nicolaou,²¹F. Ptochos,²¹P. A. Razis,²¹M. Finger,²² M. Finger, Jr.,²²Y. Assran,^23,hS. Elgammal,^23,iA. Ellithi Kamel,^23,jS. Khalil,^23,iM. A. Mahmoud,^23,kA. Radi,^23,l,m

M. Kadastik,²⁴M. Mu¨ntel,²⁴M. Raidal,²⁴L. Rebane,²⁴A. Tiko,²⁴P. Eerola,²⁵G. Fedi,²⁵M. Voutilainen,²⁵ J. Ha¨rko¨nen,²⁶A. Heikkinen,²⁶V. Karima¨ki,²⁶R. Kinnunen,²⁶M. J. Kortelainen,²⁶T. Lampe´n,²⁶K. Lassila-Perini,²⁶

S. Lehti,²⁶T. Linde´n,²⁶P. Luukka,²⁶T. Ma¨enpa¨a¨,²⁶T. Peltola,²⁶E. Tuominen,²⁶J. Tuominiemi,²⁶E. Tuovinen,²⁶ D. Ungaro,²⁶L. Wendland,²⁶K. Banzuzi,²⁷A. Karjalainen,²⁷A. Korpela,²⁷T. Tuuva,²⁷M. Besancon,²⁸ S. Choudhury,²⁸M. Dejardin,²⁸D. Denegri,²⁸B. Fabbro,²⁸J. L. Faure,²⁸F. Ferri,²⁸S. Ganjour,²⁸A. Givernaud,²⁸ P. Gras,²⁸G. Hamel de Monchenault,²⁸P. Jarry,²⁸E. Locci,²⁸J. Malcles,²⁸L. Millischer,²⁸A. Nayak,²⁸J. Rander,²⁸ A. Rosowsky,²⁸I. Shreyber,²⁸M. Titov,²⁸S. Baffioni,²⁹F. Beaudette,²⁹L. Benhabib,²⁹L. Bianchini,²⁹M. Bluj,^29,n

C. Broutin,²⁹P. Busson,²⁹C. Charlot,²⁹N. Daci,²⁹T. Dahms,²⁹L. Dobrzynski,²⁹R. Granier de Cassagnac,²⁹

M. Haguenauer,²⁹P. Mine´,²⁹C. Mironov,²⁹I. N. Naranjo,²⁹M. Nguyen,²⁹C. Ochando,²⁹P. Paganini,²⁹D. Sabes,²⁹ R. Salerno,²⁹Y. Sirois,²⁹C. Veelken,²⁹A. Zabi,²⁹J.-L. Agram,^30,oJ. Andrea,³⁰D. Bloch,³⁰D. Bodin,³⁰ J.-M. Brom,³⁰M. Cardaci,³⁰E. C. Chabert,³⁰C. Collard,³⁰E. Conte,^30,oF. Drouhin,^30,oC. Ferro,³⁰J.-C. Fontaine,^30,o

D. Gele´,³⁰U. Goerlach,³⁰P. Juillot,³⁰A.-C. Le Bihan,³⁰P. Van Hove,³⁰F. Fassi,³¹D. Mercier,³¹S. Beauceron,³² N. Beaupere,³²O. Bondu,³²G. Boudoul,³²J. Chasserat,³²R. Chierici,^32,fD. Contardo,³²P. Depasse,³² H. El Mamouni,³²J. Fay,³²S. Gascon,³²M. Gouzevitch,³²B. Ille,³²T. Kurca,³²M. Lethuillier,³²L. Mirabito,³² S. Perries,³²V. Sordini,³²Y. Tschudi,³²P. Verdier,³²S. Viret,³²Z. Tsamalaidze,^33,pG. Anagnostou,³⁴S. Beranek,³⁴

M. Edelhoff,³⁴L. Feld,³⁴N. Heracleous,³⁴O. Hindrichs,³⁴R. Jussen,³⁴K. Klein,³⁴J. Merz,³⁴A. Ostapchuk,³⁴ A. Perieanu,³⁴F. Raupach,³⁴J. Sammet,³⁴S. Schael,³⁴D. Sprenger,³⁴H. Weber,³⁴B. Wittmer,³⁴V. Zhukov,^34,q M. Ata,³⁵J. Caudron,³⁵E. Dietz-Laursonn,³⁵D. Duchardt,³⁵M. Erdmann,³⁵R. Fischer,³⁵A. Gu¨th,³⁵T. Hebbeker,³⁵

C. Heidemann,³⁵K. Hoepfner,³⁵D. Klingebiel,³⁵P. Kreuzer,³⁵C. Magass,³⁵M. Merschmeyer,³⁵A. Meyer,³⁵ M. Olschewski,³⁵P. Papacz,³⁵H. Pieta,³⁵H. Reithler,³⁵S. A. Schmitz,³⁵L. Sonnenschein,³⁵J. Steggemann,³⁵ D. Teyssier,³⁵M. Weber,³⁵M. Bontenackels,³⁶V. Cherepanov,³⁶Y. Erdogan,³⁶G. Flu¨gge,³⁶H. Geenen,³⁶ M. Geisler,³⁶W. Haj Ahmad,³⁶F. Hoehle,³⁶B. Kargoll,³⁶T. Kress,³⁶Y. Kuessel,³⁶A. Nowack,³⁶L. Perchalla,³⁶

O. Pooth,³⁶P. Sauerland,³⁶A. Stahl,³⁶M. Aldaya Martin,³⁷J. Behr,³⁷W. Behrenhoff,³⁷U. Behrens,³⁷ M. Bergholz,^37,rA. Bethani,³⁷K. Borras,³⁷A. Burgmeier,³⁷A. Cakir,³⁷L. Calligaris,³⁷A. Campbell,³⁷E. Castro,³⁷

F. Costanza,³⁷D. Dammann,³⁷C. Diez Pardos,³⁷G. Eckerlin,³⁷D. Eckstein,³⁷G. Flucke,³⁷A. Geiser,³⁷ I. Glushkov,³⁷P. Gunnellini,³⁷S. Habib,³⁷J. Hauk,³⁷G. Hellwig,³⁷H. Jung,³⁷M. Kasemann,³⁷P. Katsas,³⁷

C. Kleinwort,³⁷H. Kluge,³⁷A. Knutsson,³⁷M. Kra¨mer,³⁷D. Kru¨cker,³⁷E. Kuznetsova,³⁷W. Lange,³⁷ W. Lohmann,^37,rB. Lutz,³⁷R. Mankel,³⁷I. Marfin,³⁷M. Marienfeld,³⁷I.-A. Melzer-Pellmann,³⁷A. B. Meyer,³⁷

J. Mnich,³⁷A. Mussgiller,³⁷S. Naumann-Emme,³⁷J. Olzem,³⁷H. Perrey,³⁷A. Petrukhin,³⁷D. Pitzl,³⁷ A. Raspereza,³⁷P. M. Ribeiro Cipriano,³⁷C. Riedl,³⁷E. Ron,³⁷M. Rosin,³⁷J. Salfeld-Nebgen,³⁷R. Schmidt,^37,r

T. Schoerner-Sadenius,³⁷N. Sen,³⁷A. Spiridonov,³⁷M. Stein,³⁷R. Walsh,³⁷C. Wissing,³⁷C. Autermann,³⁸ V. Blobel,³⁸J. Draeger,³⁸H. Enderle,³⁸J. Erfle,³⁸U. Gebbert,³⁸M. Go¨rner,³⁸T. Hermanns,³⁸R. S. Ho¨ing,³⁸ K. Kaschube,³⁸G. Kaussen,³⁸H. Kirschenmann,³⁸R. Klanner,³⁸J. Lange,³⁸B. Mura,³⁸F. Nowak,³⁸T. Peiffer,³⁸ N. Pietsch,³⁸D. Rathjens,³⁸C. Sander,³⁸H. Schettler,³⁸P. Schleper,³⁸E. Schlieckau,³⁸A. Schmidt,³⁸M. Schro¨der,³⁸

T. Schum,³⁸M. Seidel,³⁸V. Sola,³⁸H. Stadie,³⁸G. Steinbru¨ck,³⁸J. Thomsen,³⁸L. Vanelderen,³⁸C. Barth,³⁹ J. Berger,³⁹C. Bo¨ser,³⁹T. Chwalek,³⁹W. De Boer,³⁹A. Descroix,³⁹A. Dierlamm,³⁹M. Feindt,³⁹M. Guthoff,^39,f C. Hackstein,³⁹F. Hartmann,³⁹T. Hauth,^39,fM. Heinrich,³⁹H. Held,³⁹K. H. Hoffmann,³⁹S. Honc,³⁹I. Katkov,^39,q

J. R. Komaragiri,³⁹P. Lobelle Pardo,³⁹D. Martschei,³⁹S. Mueller,³⁹Th. Mu¨ller,³⁹M. Niegel,³⁹A. Nu¨rnberg,³⁹ O. Oberst,³⁹A. Oehler,³⁹J. Ott,³⁹G. Quast,³⁹K. Rabbertz,³⁹F. Ratnikov,³⁹N. Ratnikova,³⁹S. Ro¨cker,³⁹

A. Scheurer,³⁹F.-P. Schilling,³⁹G. Schott,³⁹H. J. Simonis,³⁹F. M. Stober,³⁹D. Troendle,³⁹R. Ulrich,³⁹ J. Wagner-Kuhr,³⁹S. Wayand,³⁹T. Weiler,³⁹M. Zeise,³⁹G. Daskalakis,⁴⁰T. Geralis,⁴⁰S. Kesisoglou,⁴⁰ A. Kyriakis,⁴⁰D. Loukas,⁴⁰I. Manolakos,⁴⁰A. Markou,⁴⁰C. Markou,⁴⁰C. Mavrommatis,⁴⁰E. Ntomari,⁴⁰ L. Gouskos,⁴¹T. J. Mertzimekis,⁴¹A. Panagiotou,⁴¹N. Saoulidou,⁴¹I. Evangelou,⁴²C. Foudas,⁴²P. Kokkas,⁴²

N. Manthos,⁴²I. Papadopoulos,⁴²V. Patras,⁴²G. Bencze,⁴³C. Hajdu,⁴³P. Hidas,⁴³D. Horvath,^43,sF. Sikler,⁴³ V. Veszpremi,⁴³G. Vesztergombi,^43,tN. Beni,⁴⁴S. Czellar,⁴⁴J. Molnar,⁴⁴J. Palinkas,⁴⁴Z. Szillasi,⁴⁴J. Karancsi,⁴⁵

P. Raics,⁴⁵Z. L. Trocsanyi,⁴⁵B. Ujvari,⁴⁵S. B. Beri,⁴⁶V. Bhatnagar,⁴⁶N. Dhingra,⁴⁶R. Gupta,⁴⁶M. Kaur,⁴⁶ M. Z. Mehta,⁴⁶N. Nishu,⁴⁶L. K. Saini,⁴⁶A. Sharma,⁴⁶J. Singh,⁴⁶Ashok Kumar,⁴⁷Arun Kumar,⁴⁷S. Ahuja,⁴⁷ A. Bhardwaj,⁴⁷B. C. Choudhary,⁴⁷S. Malhotra,⁴⁷M. Naimuddin,⁴⁷K. Ranjan,⁴⁷V. Sharma,⁴⁷R. K. Shivpuri,⁴⁷

S. Banerjee,⁴⁸S. Bhattacharya,⁴⁸S. Dutta,⁴⁸B. Gomber,⁴⁸Sa. Jain,⁴⁸Sh. Jain,⁴⁸R. Khurana,⁴⁸S. Sarkar,⁴⁸ M. Sharan,⁴⁸A. Abdulsalam,⁴⁹R. K. Choudhury,⁴⁹D. Dutta,⁴⁹S. Kailas,⁴⁹V. Kumar,⁴⁹P. Mehta,⁴⁹ A. K. Mohanty,^49,fL. M. Pant,⁴⁹P. Shukla,⁴⁹T. Aziz,⁵⁰S. Ganguly,⁵⁰M. Guchait,^50,uM. Maity,^50,vG. Majumder,⁵⁰

K. Mazumdar,⁵⁰G. B. Mohanty,⁵⁰B. Parida,⁵⁰K. Sudhakar,⁵⁰N. Wickramage,⁵⁰S. Banerjee,⁵¹S. Dugad,⁵¹ H. Arfaei,⁵²H. Bakhshiansohi,^52,wS. M. Etesami,^52,xA. Fahim,^52,wM. Hashemi,⁵²H. Hesari,⁵²A. Jafari,^52,w

M. Khakzad,⁵²M. Mohammadi Najafabadi,⁵²S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi,⁵²B. Safarzadeh,^52,yM. Zeinali,^52,x M. Abbrescia,^53a,53bL. Barbone,^53a,53bC. Calabria,^53a,53b,fS. S. Chhibra,^53a,53bA. Colaleo,^53aD. Creanza,^53a,53c N. De Filippis,^53a,53c,fM. De Palma,^53a,53bL. Fiore,^53aG. Iaselli,^53a,53cL. Lusito,^53a,53bG. Maggi,^53a,53cM. Maggi,^53a

B. Marangelli,^53a,53bS. My,^53a,53cS. Nuzzo,^53a,53bN. Pacifico,^53a,53bA. Pompili,^53a,53bG. Pugliese,^53a,53c G. Selvaggi,^53a,53bL. Silvestris,^53aG. Singh,^53a,53bR. Venditti,^53aG. Zito,^53aG. Abbiendi,^54aA. C. Benvenuti,^54a

D. Bonacorsi,^54a,54bS. Braibant-Giacomelli,^54a,54bL. Brigliadori,^54a,54bP. Capiluppi,^54a,54bA. Castro,^54a,54b

F. R. Cavallo,^54aM. Cuffiani,^54a,54bG. M. Dallavalle,^54aF. Fabbri,^54aA. Fanfani,^54a,54bD. Fasanella,^54a,54b,f P. Giacomelli,^54aC. Grandi,^54aL. Guiducci,^54a,54bS. Marcellini,^54aG. Masetti,^54aM. Meneghelli,^54a,54b,f A. Montanari,^54aF. L. Navarria,^54a,54bF. Odorici,^54aA. Perrotta,^54aF. Primavera,^54a,54bA. M. Rossi,^54a,54b T. Rovelli,^54a,54bG. Siroli,^54a,54bR. Travaglini,^54a,54bS. Albergo,^55a,55bG. Cappello,^55a,55bM. Chiorboli,^55a,55b S. Costa,^55a,55bR. Potenza,^55a,55bA. Tricomi,^55a,55bC. Tuve,^55a,55bG. Barbagli,^56aV. Ciulli,^56a,56bC. Civinini,^56a R. D’Alessandro,^56a,56bE. Focardi,^56a,56bS. Frosali,^56a,56bE. Gallo,^56aS. Gonzi,^56a,56bM. Meschini,^56aS. Paoletti,^56a

G. Sguazzoni,^56aA. Tropiano,^56aL. Benussi,⁵⁷S. Bianco,⁵⁷S. Colafranceschi,^57,zF. Fabbri,⁵⁷D. Piccolo,⁵⁷ P. Fabbricatore,^58aR. Musenich,^58aS. Tosi,^58a,58bA. Benaglia,^59a,59b,fF. De Guio,^59a,59bL. Di Matteo,^59a,59b,f

S. Fiorendi,^59a,59bS. Gennai,^59a,fA. Ghezzi,^59a,59bS. Malvezzi,^59aR. A. Manzoni,^59a,59bA. Martelli,^59a,59b A. Massironi,^59a,59b,fD. Menasce,^59aL. Moroni,^59aM. Paganoni,^59a,59bD. Pedrini,^59aS. Ragazzi,^59a,59b N. Redaelli,^59aS. Sala,^59aT. Tabarelli de Fatis,^59a,59bS. Buontempo,^60aC. A. Carrillo Montoya,^60aN. Cavallo,^60a,aa

A. De Cosa,^60a,60b,fO. Dogangun,^60a,60bF. Fabozzi,^60a,aaA. O. M. Iorio,^60aL. Lista,^60aS. Meola,^60a,bb M. Merola,^60a,60bP. Paolucci,^60a,fP. Azzi,^61aN. Bacchetta,^61a,fD. Bisello,^61a,61bA. Branca,^61a,61b,fR. Carlin,^61a,61b

P. Checchia,^61aT. Dorigo,^61aU. Dosselli,^61aF. Gasparini,^61a,61bU. Gasparini,^61a,61bA. Gozzelino,^61a K. Kanishchev,^61a,61cS. Lacaprara,^61aI. Lazzizzera,^61a,61cM. Margoni,^61a,61bA. T. Meneguzzo,^61a,61b J. Pazzini,^61a,61bN. Pozzobon,^61a,61bP. Ronchese,^61a,61bF. Simonetto,^61a,61bE. Torassa,^61aM. Tosi,^61a,61b,f

S. Vanini,^61a,61bP. Zotto,^61a,61bG. Zumerle,^61a,61bM. Gabusi,^62a,62bS. P. Ratti,^62a,62bC. Riccardi,^62a,62b P. Torre,^62a,62bP. Vitulo,^62a,62bM. Biasini,^63a,63bG. M. Bilei,^63aL. Fano`,^63a,63bP. Lariccia,^63a,63bA. Lucaroni,^63a,63b,f

G. Mantovani,^63a,63bM. Menichelli,^63aA. Nappi,^63a,63b,aF. Romeo,^63a,63bA. Saha,^63aA. Santocchia,^63a,63b A. Spiezia,^63a,63bS. Taroni,^63a,63bP. Azzurri,^64a,64cG. Bagliesi,^64aT. Boccali,^64aG. Broccolo,^64a,64cR. Castaldi,^64a

R. T. D’Agnolo,^64a,64cR. Dell’Orso,^64aF. Fiori,^64a,64b,fL. Foa`,^64a,64cA. Giassi,^64aA. Kraan,^64aF. Ligabue,^64a,64c T. Lomtadze,^64aL. Martini,^64a,ccA. Messineo,^64a,64bF. Palla,^64aA. Rizzi,^64a,64bA. T. Serban,^64a,ddP. Spagnolo,^64a P. Squillacioti,^64a,fR. Tenchini,^64aG. Tonelli,^64a,64b,fA. Venturi,^64aP. G. Verdini,^64aL. Barone,^65a,65bF. Cavallari,^65a D. Del Re,^65a,65bM. Diemoz,^65aC. Fanelli,^65aM. Grassi,^65a,65b,fE. Longo,^65a,65bP. Meridiani,^65a,fF. Micheli,^65a,65b

S. Nourbakhsh,^65a,65bG. Organtini,^65a,65bR. Paramatti,^65aS. Rahatlou,^65a,65bM. Sigamani,^65aL. Soffi,^65a,65b N. Amapane,^66a,66bR. Arcidiacono,^66a,66cS. Argiro,^66a,66bM. Arneodo,^66a,66cC. Biino,^66aN. Cartiglia,^66a M. Costa,^66a,66bN. Demaria,^66aC. Mariotti,^66a,fS. Maselli,^66aE. Migliore,^66a,66bV. Monaco,^66a,66bM. Musich,^66a,f

M. M. Obertino,^66a,66cN. Pastrone,^66aM. Pelliccioni,^66aA. Potenza,^66a,66bA. Romero,^66a,66bM. Ruspa,^66a,66c R. Sacchi,^66a,66bA. Solano,^66a,66bA. Staiano,^66aA. Vilela Pereira,^66aS. Belforte,^67aV. Candelise,^67a,67b F. Cossutti,^67aG. Della Ricca,^67a,67bB. Gobbo,^67aM. Marone,^67a,67b,fD. Montanino,^67a,67b,fA. Penzo,^67a A. Schizzi,^67a,67bS. G. Heo,⁶⁸T. Y. Kim,⁶⁸S. K. Nam,⁶⁸S. Chang,⁶⁹D. H. Kim,⁶⁹G. N. Kim,⁶⁹D. J. Kong,⁶⁹ H. Park,⁶⁹S. R. Ro,⁶⁹D. C. Son,⁶⁹T. Son,⁶⁹J. Y. Kim,⁷⁰Zero J. Kim,⁷⁰S. Song,⁷⁰S. Choi,⁷¹D. Gyun,⁷¹B. Hong,⁷¹

M. Jo,⁷¹H. Kim,⁷¹T. J. Kim,⁷¹K. S. Lee,⁷¹D. H. Moon,⁷¹S. K. Park,⁷¹M. Choi,⁷²J. H. Kim,⁷²C. Park,⁷² I. C. Park,⁷²S. Park,⁷²G. Ryu,⁷²Y. Cho,⁷³Y. Choi,⁷³Y. K. Choi,⁷³J. Goh,⁷³M. S. Kim,⁷³E. Kwon,⁷³B. Lee,⁷³

J. Lee,⁷³S. Lee,⁷³H. Seo,⁷³I. Yu,⁷³M. J. Bilinskas,⁷⁴I. Grigelionis,⁷⁴M. Janulis,⁷⁴A. Juodagalvis,⁷⁴ H. Castilla-Valdez,⁷⁵E. De La Cruz-Burelo,⁷⁵I. Heredia-de La Cruz,⁷⁵R. Lopez-Fernandez,⁷⁵R. Magan˜a Villalba,⁷⁵

J. Martı´nez-Ortega,⁷⁵A. Sa´nchez-Herna´ndez,⁷⁵L. M. Villasenor-Cendejas,⁷⁵S. Carrillo Moreno,⁷⁶ F. Vazquez Valencia,⁷⁶H. A. Salazar Ibarguen,⁷⁷E. Casimiro Linares,⁷⁸A. Morelos Pineda,⁷⁸M. A. Reyes-Santos,⁷⁸

D. Krofcheck,⁷⁹A. J. Bell,⁸⁰P. H. Butler,⁸⁰R. Doesburg,⁸⁰S. Reucroft,⁸⁰H. Silverwood,⁸⁰M. Ahmad,⁸¹ M. H. Ansari,⁸¹M. I. Asghar,⁸¹H. R. Hoorani,⁸¹S. Khalid,⁸¹W. A. Khan,⁸¹T. Khurshid,⁸¹S. Qazi,⁸¹M. A. Shah,⁸¹ M. Shoaib,⁸¹H. Bialkowska,⁸²B. Boimska,⁸²T. Frueboes,⁸²R. Gokieli,⁸²M. Go´rski,⁸²M. Kazana,⁸²K. Nawrocki,⁸² K. Romanowska-Rybinska,⁸²M. Szleper,⁸²G. Wrochna,⁸²P. Zalewski,⁸²G. Brona,⁸³K. Bunkowski,⁸³M. Cwiok,⁸³

W. Dominik,⁸³K. Doroba,⁸³A. Kalinowski,⁸³M. Konecki,⁸³J. Krolikowski,⁸³N. Almeida,⁸⁴P. Bargassa,⁸⁴ A. David,⁸⁴P. Faccioli,⁸⁴P. G. Ferreira Parracho,⁸⁴M. Gallinaro,⁸⁴J. Seixas,⁸⁴J. Varela,⁸⁴P. Vischia,⁸⁴ I. Belotelov,⁸⁵P. Bunin,⁸⁵M. Gavrilenko,⁸⁵I. Golutvin,⁸⁵I. Gorbunov,⁸⁵V. Karjavin,⁸⁵V. Konoplyanikov,⁸⁵ G. Kozlov,⁸⁵A. Lanev,⁸⁵A. Malakhov,⁸⁵P. Moisenz,⁸⁵V. Palichik,⁸⁵V. Perelygin,⁸⁵S. Shmatov,⁸⁵V. Smirnov,⁸⁵ A. Volodko,⁸⁵A. Zarubin,⁸⁵S. Evstyukhin,⁸⁶V. Golovtsov,⁸⁶Y. Ivanov,⁸⁶V. Kim,⁸⁶P. Levchenko,⁸⁶V. Murzin,⁸⁶ V. Oreshkin,⁸⁶I. Smirnov,⁸⁶V. Sulimov,⁸⁶L. Uvarov,⁸⁶S. Vavilov,⁸⁶A. Vorobyev,⁸⁶An. Vorobyev,⁸⁶Yu. Andreev,⁸⁷

A. Dermenev,⁸⁷S. Gninenko,⁸⁷N. Golubev,⁸⁷M. Kirsanov,⁸⁷N. Krasnikov,⁸⁷V. Matveev,⁸⁷A. Pashenkov,⁸⁷ D. Tlisov,⁸⁷A. Toropin,⁸⁷V. Epshteyn,⁸⁸M. Erofeeva,⁸⁸V. Gavrilov,⁸⁸M. Kossov,⁸⁸N. Lychkovskaya,⁸⁸V. Popov,⁸⁸

G. Safronov,⁸⁸S. Semenov,⁸⁸V. Stolin,⁸⁸E. Vlasov,⁸⁸A. Zhokin,⁸⁸A. Belyaev,⁸⁹E. Boos,⁸⁹V. Bunichev,⁸⁹