INSTITUT CATALÀ D’ARQUEOLOGIA CLÀSSICA
IX I X A A S S M M OS O SI I A A I I n n te t e rn r n at a ti i on o n a a l l C Co on n fe f e r r e e n n ce c e
In I n t t er e rd di is sc ci ip pl li i na n ar ry y S S t t ud u di ie es s o on n A An nc ci ie en n t t S St t on o ne e
BO B O O O K K O O F F AB A BS ST T RA R A CT C T S S
Organized by:
With the collaboration of:
With the sponsorship of:
Organizing Committee:
President
Prof. Isabel Rodà, Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica, Tarragona (Spain).
Vicepresidents
Prof. Aureli Àlvarez, Departament de Geología, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica, Tarragona (Spain).
Prof. Mª Pilar Lapuente, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain).
Secretary
Dr. Anna Gutiérrez, Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica, Tarragona, and Departament de Ciencies de l’Antiguitat i de l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain).
Assistants
Joan Manel Asensio, Departament de Ciencies de l’Antiguitat i de l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain).
Ana Domènech, Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica, Tarragona (Spain).
Dr. Silvia González, Departament de Ciencies de l’Antiguitat i de l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain).
Dr. Diana Gorostidi, Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica, Tarragona (Spain).
Ana de Mesa, Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica, Tarragona (Spain).
Joan Hilari Muñoz, Departament d’Educació. Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain).
Àfrica Pitarch, Departament de Geofísica i Georiscs, Institut Jaume Almera - CSIC, Barcelona (Spain).
ASMOSIA Executive Committee:
President
Prof. Yannis Maniatis, Director, Institute of Materials Science, N.C.S.R.
"Demokritos", Athens (Greece).
Secretary and Treasurer
Dr. Per Storemyr, Researcher, Geological Survey for Norway, Trondheim (Norway).
Honorary President
Prof. Norman Herz, Department of Geology, University of Georgia (USA).
Immediate Past President
Prof. Lorenzo Lazzarini, Instituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia (Italy).
Honorary Adviser
Prof. Susan Kane, Department of Art, Oberlin College, Ohio (USA).
Councilors
Prof. John J. Herrmann Jr., Emeritus Curator, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (USA).
Prof. Philipe Jockey, Université de Provence, CNRS, Centre Camille Jullian, Aix-en- Provence (France).
Prof. Patrizio Pensabene, Dipartamento di Archeologia, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Roma (Italy).
Media Relations
Prof. Scott Pike, Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Willamette University, Salem (USA).
Scientific Committee:
Prof. Rafael Arana, Facultad de Química, Geología y Edafología, Universidad de Murcia (Spain).
Prof. José Beltrán Fortes, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Sevilla (Spain).
Prof. Jean-Claude Bessac, CNRS, Institut Française du Proche-Orient, Damas (Syrie).
Prof. Rosa Esbert, Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo (Spain).
Prof. Vassiliki Gaggadis-Robin, CNRS, Centre Camille Jullian, Aix-en- Provence (France).
Prof. Emilio Galán, Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla (Spain).
Prof. Mª Ángeles García del Cura, Departamento de Geología Económica, Universidad de Alicante (Spain).
Dr. Virginia García-Entero, Departamento de Historia Antigua, Universidad Nacional de Educación a distancia - UNED (Spain).
Prof. Simon Keay, Department of Archeaeology, University of Southampton, UK, and Director of Archaeology, British School at Rome (Italy).
Prof. Pilar León, Área de Arqueología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla (Spain).
Prof. Trinidad Nogales, Museo Nacional de Arte Romano de Mérida (Spain).
Prof. José Miguel Noguera Celdrán, Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología e Historia Antigua de la Universidad de Murcia (Spain).
Prof. Salvador Ordóñez, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y de la Tierra, Universidad de Alicante y Universidad Internacional Menéndez y Pelayo - UIMP (Spain).
Dr. Gobain Ovejero, Director Administración Relaciones Cobre Las Cruces Ltd., (Spain).
Prof. Emanuele Papi, Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti, Università di Siena (Italy).
Prof. Robert Sablayrolles, Département Histoire de l'art et archéologie, Université de Toulouse II-Le Mirail (France).
Dr. Begoña Soler, Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, Archeologiche e Antropologiche, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza (Italy).
Previous ASMOSIA meetings:
ASMOSIA I, 1988 - Lucca (Italy) ASMOSIA II, 1990 - Leuven (Belgium) ASMOSIA III, 1993 - Athens (Greece) ASMOSIA IV, 1995 - Bordeaux (France) ASMOSIA V, 1996 - Boston (USA) ASMOSIA VI, 2000 - Venice (Italy) ASMOSIA VII, 2003 - Thassos (Greece)
ASMOSIA VIII, 2006 - Aix-en-Provence (France)
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM MONDAY 8TH
REGISTRATION 08.30-09.30
OPENING AND WELCOMING ADDRESSES 09.30-10.30 - Prof. Francesc Xavier Grau, rector of the URV
- Prof. Y. Maniatis, president of ASMOSIA
- Prof. I. Rodà, president of the IX ASMOSIA Organizing Committee
and director of the ICAC.
COFFEE BREAK 10.30-11.00
SESSION: Applications to Specific Archaeological Questions. Use of Marble Chairman: Y. Maniatis
1. S. J. Barker 11.00-11.20
Marble salvaging in Antiquity.
2. P. Barresi 11.20-11.40
Huge column costs: some examples.
3. M. Corremans, P. Degryse and M. Waelkens 11.40-12.00 The import of coloured stone and white marble for the interior wall
and floor decoration of public and domestic buildings
at Sagalassos, Turkey.
4. B. Djurić, A. Maver, J. Davidović, I. Riznar, H. W. Müller 12.00-12.20 and D. Jovanović
Use of marble and other stones in Sirmium.
5. V. Girardi Jurkić 12.20-12.40 The Roman cavae romanae quarry – the properties and use
of the stone for the amphitheatre in Pula, Croatia.
8. J. Pollini and W. Storage 13.20-13.40 Recutting Roman portraits: problems in interpretation
and the new technology in finding possible solutions.
9. M. De Nuccio 13.40-14.00
Pentelic marble in theatrical architecture:
examples from the theatre of Marcellus, Rome.
PAUSE
Chairman: Ph. Jockey
10. E. Lazzeri and G. E. Cinque 16.00-16.20 Marble polychromies in the walls’ and floors’ decorations of
Hadrian’s villa in Tivoli: last discoveries and verifications.
11. D. Tambakopoulos and Y. Maniatis
The search for the prehistoric marble sources in the Cyclades. 16.20-16.40 12. N. Toma
The import of prefabricated architectural marble items 16.40-17.00 to Moesia Inferior. Provenance determination and technical aspects.
13. M. Gomez, E. Rulli and C. Preacco
The architectonic marbles of Roman theatre of Augusta 17.00-17.20 Bagiennorum, Piedmont, Italy.
14. P. Pensabene
On the production and the diffusion of column shafts 17.20-17.40 in grey cipolin marble from the quarries of Cap de Garde in Algeria.
INAUGURAL LECTURE 18.00-19.00
J. Wagensberg. Stones are alive.
TUESDAY 9TH
SESSION: Provenance Identification I: marble Chairman: E. Galán
1. D. Attanasio, A. B. Yavuz, M. Bruno, J. J. Herrmann Jr., 09.00-09.20 R. Tykot and A. van den Hoek
On the Ephesian origin of the Greco Scritto marble.
2. V. Gaggadis-Robin, K. Polikreti and Y. Maniatis. 09.20-09.40 Provenance investigation of marble sculptures from Butrint, Albania.
3. Y. Maniatis, D. Tambakopoulos, E. Dotsika, B. D. Wescoat 09.40-10.00 and D. Matsas
‘Sanctuary of the Great Gods’ – Samothrace, an extended marble provenance study.
4. F. Origlia, J. Spangenberg, I. Turbanti Memmi and E. Papi 10.00-10.20 A provenance study of marbles from the Roman town of Thamusida,
Mauretania Tingitana, Morocco.
5. L. Lazzarini, M. Sediari and E. Soccal 10.40-11.00 Greek statuary of the Museo Archaeologico Nazionale of Venice:
archaeological and archeometric studies.
COFFE BREAK 11.00-11.40
Chairman: S. Pike
6. P. León, P. Lapuente, T. Nogales, M. Preite-Martinez 12.00-12.20 and H. Royo
Sculptural materials from Villa Adriana:
preliminary archaeometric results.
7. L. Del Pietro 12.20-12.40
Investigations on the white marbles of architectural elements in Salento, Southern Italy.
on the historical peninsula of Istanbul, Turkey.
2. M. Varti-Matarangas and D. Dessandier 13.00-13.20 Lithofacies study of the building stones of Volubilis monuments
(Morocco) and their provenance.
3. Ø. Jansen and T. Heldal 13.20-13.40
Medieval greenschist quarries near Bergen, Western Norway.
PAUSE
POSTER SESSION I 16.00-19.00
BOOKS PRESENTATION 19.00-20.00 A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M. Roman Quarries in the Northeast of Hispania (modern Catalonia).
ICAC, Tarragona 2009
A. Àlvarez, V. García-Entero, I. Rodà and A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M.,
El marmor de Tarraco / Tarraco Marmor: Explotació, utilització i comercialització de la pedra de Santa Tecla en època romana / The quarrying, use and trade of Santa Tecla stone in Roman Times.
ICAC, Tarragona, 2009
A. Àlvarez, A. Domènech, P. Lapuente, A. Pitarch and H. Royo, Marbles and Stones of Hispania. Exhibition catalogue.
ICAC, Tarragona, 2009
OPENING EXHIBITION 20.00
Tarraco, pedra a pedra.
Museu Nacional Arqueològic de Tarragona (MNAT).
Pl. del Rei, 5.
WEDNESDAY 10TH Chairman: P. Lapuente
4. A. Younès, M. El Gaied and W. Gallala 09.00-09.20 Identification of stone blocks used for the building of Thysdrus
and Thapsus amphitheatres.
5. R. H. Tykot 09.20.09.40
Non-destructive elemental fingerprinting of obsidian and
other lithic materials using the portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
SESSION: Advances in Provenance Techniques, Methodologies and Databases.
Chairman: L. Lazzarini
1. W. Prochaska and D. Attanasio 09.40-10.00
Tracing the origin of marbles by inclusion fluid chemistry.
2. J. Zöldföldi, B. Székely and P. Hegedüs 10.00-10.20 Missmarble: measurement and information system of samples
of marble for archaeometric, art historian and restoration use.
3. V. Lamberto, P. Sá Caetano and J. Saraiva 10.20-10.40 Contribution to the knowledge of Portuguese marbles through
multivariate analysis of qualitative and quantitative properties of the most common varieties.
4. S. Jarc, Y. Maniatis, E. Dotsika, D. Tambakopoulos 10.40-11.00 and N. Zupancic.
Distinguishing Slovenia’s Pohorje marbles from other Mediterranean marble quarries.
COFFEE BREAK 11.00-11.40
SESSION: Transport and Trade of Stones
3. J. C. Fant 12.20-12.40 Locatio-conductio and the marble shipwrecks.
4. B. Russell 12.40-13.00
Shipwrecks and the Roman economy: the view from stone cargoes.
5. M. Unterwurzacher, C. Uhlir, K. Schaller and V. Höck. 13.00-13.20
‘Historic Quarries’ - first results of a project within the EU Culture Programme.
VIDEO PRESENTATION 13.30-14.00
of the exhibition Marbres, Hommes et Dieux. Vestiges antiques des Pyrénées centrales, Musée Saint-Raymond,Toulouse.
PAUSE
ASMOSIA General meeting 16.00-18.00
PRESENTATION AND VISIT TO EL MÈDOL QUARRY 18.00-20.00
THURSDAY 11TH
SESSION: Quarries and Geology: Quarrying Techniques, Organization, New Quarries, Stone Carving and Dressing, Quarry Risks and Preservation
Chairman: R. Sablayrolles
1. B. Russell and S. Fachard 09.00-09.20
New work on quarrying in the territory of Eretria.
2. G. Scardozzi 09.20-09.40
Ancient marble and alabaster quarries near Hierapolis in Phrygia, Turkey: new data from archaeological surveys.
3. M. Bruno, H. Elçi, A. B. Yavuz and D. Attanasio 09.40-10.00 Unknown marble quarries of western Asia minor.
4. L. E. Long and C. Stearns 10.00-10.20 The marble industry at Aphrodisias:
new quarries discovered on the Aphrodisias regional survey.
5. L. Lazzarini and C. G. Malacrino 10.20-10.40 The white marble of Kos, its quarry
and archaeometric characterisation.
6. D. Klemm and R. Klemm 10.40-11.00
The quarries of Silsila- Main source of ancient Egyptian sandstone architecture
COFFEE BREAK 11.00-11.40
Chairman: S. Keay
9. T. Kozelj and M. Wurch-Kozelj 12.20-12.40 Grey limestones quarries of Byllis, Albania.
10. P. Pensabene 12.40-13.00
The quarries at Luni in the 1st century AD: final considerations on some aspects of production, diffusion and costs.
11. J. Beltrán Fortes, O. Rodríguez, P. López and E. Ontiveros 13.00-13.20 The Almadén de la Plata quarries: new data from
the latest interventions.
12. J. M. Noguera Celdrán, B. Soler Huertas, J. A. Antolinos Marín 13.20-13.40 and R. Arana Castillo
The red travertine of Mula, Murcia, Spain. Management and administration of quarries in the Roman era.
13. A. Gutiérrez García-M. 13.40-14.00
Roman quarries in the northeast of Hispania (modern Catalonia, Spain).
POSTER SESSION II 16.00-19.00
BOOK PRESENTATION 19.30-20.30
T. Nogales, J. Beltrán (eds.). Marmora Hispana:
Explotación y uso de los materiales pétreos en la Hispania Romana.
(Colección Hispania Antigua, Serie arqueológica 2) L’Erma di Bretschneider, Roma, 2009
ASMOSIA DINNER and ceremony of the best poster award. 21.00
FRIDAY 12TH
SESSION: Pigments and Paintings on Marble, Authenticity testing Chairman: V. Gaggadis-Robin
1. M. B. Abbe, G. E. Borromeo and S. Pike 09.00-09.20 The marble technique, polychromy, and sculptural
style of the ‘Karg-Bebenburg youth’.
2. C. Blume 09.20-09-40
Pigment vs the texture and colour of stone. To what extent
was stone part of the polychrome appearance of Hellenistic sculpture?.
3. Ph. Jockey 09.40-10.00
Ancient polychrome and gilded sculpture:
new evidences, new interpretations, new meanings.
SPECIAL THEME SESSION: Symbolism of Stones.
Local and Imported Materials.
1. I. Bald Romano, S. Pike, E. Gazda and R. Paris 10.00-10.20 Use and symbolism of Pentelic marble in Domitian’s Rome.
2. E. Bloxam 10.20-10.40
Solar symbolism and silicified sandstone consumption
in dynastic Egypt: perspectives on the origins of its symbolic value.
3. B. Burrell and H. Parker 10.40-11.00
Phrygian for Phrygians: semiotics of ‘exotic’ local marble.
COFFEE BREAK 11.00-11.40
Chairman: T. Nogales
4. P. A. Butz 11.40-12.00
7. S. Perna 12.40-13.00 The colours of Death.
Symbolism of Roman cinerary urns in coloured stone.
General Discussion IX ASMOSIA 13.00-14.00
Meeting candidatures new X ASMOSIA Conference.
Rovira i Virgili’s University RECEPTION 14.00 Rectorate hall.
SATURDAY 13 TH
BROCCATELLO QUARRY VISIT 08.45
Visit to the quarries of brocatello or ‘jaspi de la Cinta’, the Cathedral and other monuments of Tortosa.
Official welcome by the Major of the City.
SUNDAY 14 TH
Guided visit to Tarragona (optional). 10.00
POSTER SESSION I
The numbers indicate a provisional order. Some changes could be made. The final order will be announced before the opening of the poster session.
1. R. Albiach, E. García-Prósper and A. Gallego: The marble repertoire of the Roman villa of Cornelius, Valencia, Spain.
2. A. Àlvarez and J. Beltrán: Study of the materials from the ‘aula’ and baptistery of the Barcelona Episcopal Group.
3. A. Àlvarez and A. Pitarch: The local materials used in the Roman break of Martorell (Barcelona, Spain).
4. A. Àlvarez, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech, I. Moreno and T. Carreras:
Study and characterization of the tesserae from the Roman mosaic of ‘Les Tres Gràcies’, Barcelona, Spain.
5. A. Àlvarez, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech, I. Moreno and T. Carreras:
Study and characterization of the tesserae from the Roman mosaic of El Romeral, Albesa, La Noguera, Spain.
6. A. Àlvarez, J.M. Macias, J.J. Menchon, A. Muñoz, A. Pitarch and I. Teixell: The marmor use in the imperial cultual centre of Tarraco (Hispania Citerior Province).
7. D. Attanasio, M. Brili, M. Bruno, L. Ungaro and M. Vitti: Rome: white marbles in the fora of Caesar, Augustus and Trajan.
8. D. Attanasio, M. Bruno and A.B. Yavuz: The Aphrodisias marble quarries at Göktepe (Mugla, Turkey).
9. W. Aylward, D. Carlson, D. Laroche, J.C. Moretti and S. Pike: The temple of Apollo at Claros and the shipwreck at Crimson Cape: preliminary analysis of isotopic data.
12. J. Bermejo: Catalog and preliminary analysis of marble and marble materials of the hispano-Roman city of Arucci / Turobriga (Aroche, Huelva, Spain).
13. Ph. Blanc, Ph. Bromblet, L. Long and L. Leroux: Provenance study of the white marble of a head of C.J. Caesar found in the Rhone river at Arles (France).
14. D. Brodhag, J. Chamay, D. Decrouez, A. Ebert, E. Gnos, H. Haas, P.A. Proz and K. Ramseyer: The source area of marbles used in Roman artefacts.
15. S. Brodhag, A. Ebert, E. Gnos, D. Decrouez and K. Ramseyer: Influence of second phases on microfabric of marbles from Naxos.
16. V. Brunet-Gaston and Ch. Gaston: The decorative stoneworks in the east of Roman Gaul: recent data of the archaeological operations.
17. R. Bugini, L. Folli and E. Roffia: Marble slab fragments from Desenzano Roman villas.
18. A. Calia, M.T. Gianotta, G. Quarta, M. Sileo and A. Antonazzo: The submerged stone blocks of Santa Sabina (Brindisi, Southern Italy): A contribution to the study of the provenance and trade in Antiquity.
19. F. Cavari, F. Droghini, M. Giamello, L. Lazzarini and C. Mascione: White marble artefacts from Populonia and the marble of Campiglia Marittima (Grosseto, Italy).
20. M. Cipriani, L. Lazzarini and S. Cancelliere: The white marbles of Roman Paestum, an archaeometric study.
21. M. Claramonte, C. De Santisteban, J. Benedito and J.M. Melchor: Ornamental materials found at Sagunto’s moorish quarter square.
22. D. Dessandier, F. Antonelli, L. Lazzarini, M. Varti-Matarangas, L. Leroux, M.
Hamiane, C. Riache and C. Khalfallah: Atlas of ornamental and building stones of Djemila ancient site (Algeria).
23. E. Dobruna-Salihu: Sculpture of the foreign marble in the central part of Dardania (present day Kosova) during Antiquity.
26. E.A. Friedland and R.H. Tykot: Quarry origins of the marble sculptures from the Roman theatre in Philadelphia/Amman, Jordan.
27. K. Galor: Provenance study of a marble fragment with Menorah.
28. V. García-Entero and S. Vidal: Marmora from the Roman site of Carranque (Toledo, Spain).
29. M. Genera: Data for the study and identification of the origin of epigraphic supports: Some specific examples from Roman times.
30. M.T. Gianotta, A. Calia and G. Quarta: The Roman capitals re-used in the Saint- John sepulchre church in Brindisi (southern Italy): identification and provenance of marble.
31. M. Gomez: About the provenance of the ‘Serpentina verde rana filamentosa’.
32. M. Gomez: The white marble from Valle Varaita (Piedmont, Italy).
33. A. Gutiérrez García-M. and J. López Vilar: Roman marbles at the Tarraco of the Antoninans: the assemblage of Sant Pau and Santa Tecla Hospital (Tarragona, Spain).
34. J. J. Herrmann Jr.: Christian sarcophagi of reused marble in the Vatican.
35. M. Inglés, M.R. Manote, M. Ortí, J. Pey, E. Playà, L. Rosell and J. Yeguas:
Geochemical methods in alabaster provenance: an application example.
36. B. Kidd and D. Attanasio: Determining white marble provenance of Greek and Roman sculptures in the Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri.
37. P. Lapuente, J.A. Cuchí, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez and C. Garcés: Roman sarcophagus known today as the tomb of King Ramiro II of Aragon. Archaeometric study.
38. P. Lapuente, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez and Ph. Blanc: Fragmentary white marble pieces from the theatre of Caesaraugusta: archaeometric results.
41. E. E. Leka: Unfinished Kouros in the Mytilene archaeological museum and the supply of statuary marble in Lesbos in the Archaic period.
42. I. López: Stone from local quarries employed in Republican-era sculptures in southern Hispania: reliefs in Vrso and Estepa and exploitation of nearby quarries.
43. I. Mañas and O. Rodríguez: The opus sectile of the old curia of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, Seville). Considerations on the use of stone in public architecture from Roman Baetica.
44. Y. Maniatis, D. Tambakopoulos and M. Sturgeon: Provenance investigation of two marble sculptures from ancient Stymphalos.
45. L.M. Martínez-Torres, L. Eguíluz, M. Loza and J. Niso: Almándoz marble (Navarra) in Roman thermae of Arcaya (Álava, North Spain).
46. A. Maver, I. Riznar and H.W. Müller: Roman capitals from Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia).
47. M. Glavičić and Z. Miletić: Stone productions of the quarries on the Island Brac (Brattia insula) in the Roman province Dalmatia.
48. A. Miras, M.A. Vázquez, E. Galán, C. Apostolaki and T. Marcopoulos: Suitability criteria in the selection of the Marble for restoration. The case of the Alhambra Palace (Grenada, Spain).
49. R. Neunteufel and J.Zöldföldi: Authentication of marble sculptures by provenance studies: new data base for south east Asian marbles.
50. A. Bartelletti, E. Cantisani, A. Amorfini, F. Fratini, E. Pecchioni and E. Pandeli:
First evidence of the use of a serpentine in the floor of a ‘Villa rustica’ near Luni, Italy.
51. P. Pensabene and M. Preite-Martínez: Characterization and provenance of re-used architectural marbles in the churches of S. Clemente, S. Pietro in Vincoli, S. Stefano Rotondo, S. Maria in Domnica, Rome, Italy.
54. R. Cebrián, R. Mar and P. Pensabene: Funds for public architecture and costs of the stone materials: the case of the forum at Segobriga.
55. P. Pensabene, I. Rébé and I. Rodà: The marmora from the forum of Ruscino (Château Roussillon, France).
56. V. Perdikatsis, Ch. Apostolaki and St. Markoulaki: Mineralogical petrographical study of tesserae from Roman mosaics from Kissamos (Crete).
57. D. Pivko: Building stone sources for Carnuntum Roman town and surrounding settlements in upper Pannonia (Austria, Hungary, Slovakia).
58. W. Prochaska and S.M. Grillo: The marble quarries of the metropolis of Ephesos and some examples of the use for marbles in Ephesian architecture and sculpturing.
59. O. Reyes, C. Pérez, E. Illaurregui, A. Àlvarez, A. Gutiérrez García-M. and I. Rodà:
Marmoreal representation of Las Pizarras (Coca, Segovia, Spain): a Roman site.
60. P. Rodríguez Oliva: Stone in Roman Malaca (Spain).
61. M. Salán: The marmor of Espejón and its use in Roman Hispania.
62. D. Segal: The usage of marble and other imported stones on sites of Hippos- Sussita and the Bath at Hamat Gader (Gadara Termae, Israel).
63. B. Soler, J.M. Noguera, R. Arana and J.A. Antolinos: Evidence of the use of the marmor Saetabitanum in the Villa dei Quintili in Rome, Italy.
64. A. Šťastná, R. Prikryl and A. Černíková: Petrographic image analysis used in combination with C and O isotopic and cathodoluminiscence data for fingerprinting Czech marbles.
65. T. Stoyanov and D. Stoyanova: Stonecutting workshops at the Getic Capital Helis (NE Bulgaria) – Tools and techniques.
66. D. Taelman, F. Vermeulen, S. Deprez, M. De Dapper, P. De Paepe, P.
Vandenabeele: Stone economy of Roman Ammaia (Portugal).
70. J. Zöldföldi and R. Neunteufel: Provenance of the Bodhisattva marble head from Peshawar.
71. J. Zöldföldi and B. Székely: Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopic systematics of white marbles used in the Antiquity.
72. J. Zöldföldi, K.T. Biró, A. Ruggeri, H. Taubald and O. Sosztarics: Investigation of Roman marbles from Savaria.
73. J. Zöldföldi, T. Schäfer and B.Székely: Provenance analysis of the three splendid marble heads of Pantelleria (Italy).
POSTER SESSION II
1. X. Aguelo, A. Àlvarez and X. Nieto: Quarries used for building the Roman habour of Empúries, Girona, Spain.
2. K. G. Akoglu, E.N. Caner-Saltik and T. Topal.: Investigation on sandstone deterioration for developing consolidation methods.
3. A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, M. Riera, A. Gutiérrez García-M. and A. Domènech:
Provenance of some Roman marbles from El Pla de Ses Figueres (Cabrera, Balearic Islands, Spain).
4. T. J. Anderson and J.M. Fernández-Soler: A preliminary sketch of a lava rotary quern quarry in Cabo de Gata, Almería, Spain.
5. J. A. Antolinos, R. Arana, J.M. Noguera and B. Soler: The sandstone quarries of Carthago Noua: petrological characteristics and mining techniques.
6. R. Arana, J.A. Antolinos, B. Soler, J.M. Noguera: Quarrying, use and scope of Cabezo Gordo and Rambla de Trujillo marbles (Murcia, Spain) in the Roman era.
7. I. Arce: Late Antique and Ummayad Quarries from the Near East.
8. J. Beltrán Fortes, E. Ontiveros, O. Rodríguez, M. I. Carretero and P. López:
Analysis of products from quarries Los Castillejos and Covachos (Almaden de la Plata, Sevilla). A comparative study.
9. A. Blanc and Ph. Blanc: Ancient uses of the Breche des Romains in Gaul.
10. M. Bruno: Quarry blocks in marmor Iassense from the Balik Pazari at Iasos (Turkey).
11. M. Bruno and M. Vitti: New cipollino marble quarries south of Karystos at Cape Mandhili (Evia).
12. R. Bugini and L. Folli: Ancient coloured marbles and their surrogates in the Milan
15. E. N. Caner-Saltik, T. Topal, V. Toprak, A. Türkmenoglu, A. Tavukcuoglu, K.G.
Akoglu, E. Caner-Özlez and T. Yasar: Development of management strategies for four ancient quarries in Turkey.
16. M. Chichikova and D. Stoyanova: On the instruments of the stonecutters, the architects and the painters of the royal tomb with Caryatids at the Cetic capital Helis.
17. N. Cueto, D. Benavente, J. Martínez-Martínez and M.A. García del Cura: Influence of mesofabric on water transport properties of continental limestones.
18. M. De Nuccio: The use of travertine covered with stucco in the Temple of Apollo Sosiano in the Circus Flaminius in Rome.
19. M. Delli Santi: Ancient marbles in Florence in 16th century: the Gaddi and Niccolini nobel chapels.
20. M. Devolder: Access to Ashlar as a symbolic resource in Neopalatial Crete (1700- 1450 a.C.n.).
21. M. A. Domagoj Perkic: Quarries, productions sites of Roman sarcophagi and stone urns in the southern border part of the province of Pannonia Superior.
22. I. Donelli: Ancient stone quarries on the eastern Adriatic coast emphasising Brac stone quarries.
23. M. El Gaied, A. Younès and W. Gallala: The stone of Sidi Ghedamsy island quarries (Monastir, Tunisia): from extraction to its use in building.
24. A. Fernández-Díaz and V. García-Entero: The imitation of marmora in Roman wall paintings in Hispania.
25. D. Fiorino, C. Garbarino, C. Giannattasio and S.M. Grillo: On site and laboratory investigation on the 16th-17th century masonries: the western Sardinian coast defensive towers.
26. M. A. García del Cura, D. Benavente, J. Martínez-Martínez and N. Cueto:
Petrographic features and physical properties of certain travertine building stones.
29. A. Guinea, E. Playà, Ll. Rivero and M. Himi: Prospecting alabaster quarries with electric imaging.
30. M. I. Gutiérrez Deza: The use of local stone in Colonia Patricia Corduba, Spain.
31. A. Gutiérrez García-M. and J. Andreu: The Roman quarries of the town and territory of Los Bañales (Uncastillo, Zaragoza, Spain).
32. A. Gutiérrez García-M., J.A. Remolà Vallverdú and F. Tarrats Bou: Marbles from the Roman Villa of Els Munts (Altafulla, Tarragona, Spain) and their role in the decorative program. Preliminary approximation.
33. T. Heldal: Quarry Scapes done: results and perspectives for the future.
34. N. Ioannidou: Symbolism and historic aspects: lithic materials used at the Byzantine church (12 oc) of Taxiarch Michel of Mesaria in the island of Andros (Greece).
35. K. Kouzeli and Z.K. Antoniou: ‘Poroi’ in ancient constructions in Athens: nature, properties and state of preservation.
36. T. Kozelj and M. Wurch-Kozelj: The use of the saw during Roman and proto byzantine period in Thassos.
37. P. Lapuente, H. Royo, Ph. Blanc and M. Preite-Martinez: Fine grained marble quarries in the French Pyrenees: overview of petrography, cathodoluminescence and C and O isotope analysis.
38. P. Lapuente, H. Royo, J. Mandado, P. Galve and F. De A. Escudero: Local gypsum and alabaster used in Caesaraugusta (Hispania).
39. L. Lazzarini, D. Visona, M. Giamello and I. Villa: Archaeometric characterisation of some calcareous alabasters used in Antiquity.
40. A. Luque, G. Cultrone, E. Ruiz-Agudo, E. Sebastián and S. Siegesmund: Effect of termal expansion in marble deterioration.
41. A. Magagnini: ‘Pesi di basalto dal territorio romano’ or something else? Three
44. N. Molist and P. Otiña: The republican Roman and medieval quarry of Sant Miquel d’Olèrdola (Olèrdola, Barcelona, Spain).
45. M. I. Mota, M.A. Buergo, A. Pizzo and R. Fort: Provenance of construction stone from Roman monuments in Merida, Spain.
46. M. Mrozek-Wysocka and P. Zambrzycki: The characterization and state of conservation of building materials used in Greco-Roman times in northern Egypt: the case of Marina el Alamein archaeological site.
47. M. Ortí and M. Inglès: The recovery of Roman quarries as a symbol of artistic and technological modernity. The case of Catalonia in the modern age (16th-18th centuries).
48. A. Palmentieri: The imago clipeata of ‘Lucio Sitrio Modesto’. As an example of imitatio urbis in Campania (Italy).
49. I. Peña and P. Otiña: The Roman quarry of Palma de Mallorca (Spain).
50. M. E. Peroschi and Fl. Cambieri: Small quarries of the desert.
51. J. L. Prada, M. Badia, A. Àlvarez, O. Oms, R. Estrada and M.E. Arribas: Decay and conservation strategies of rocks containing dinosaur footprints: the case of several sites in the NE Spain.
52. I. Prieto: Mason’s marks on the orientalizing building from Pozo Moro (Albacete, Spain) and their relation with the southern palaoehispanic writings.
53. I. Rébé: The soapstone pots ‘pietra ollare’ in Roussillon: statement of discoveries.
54. R. Ribaldi and D. Gorostidi: Local stone in the monumental center of Tusculum (Latium, Italy): constructive use and epigraphical evidence.
55. I. Riznar, B. Djurić, A. Maver, G. Rutar, J. Davidović, H.W. Müller and D.
Jovanović: Dardagani quarry: main regional limestone source for Roman Sirmium.
56. A. Rodríguez Colmenero and M. C. Carreño Gascón: Granite as the base, almost
59. P. Spathis, E. Papastergiadis, B. Christaras, M. Mavromati and M. Loukma:
Deterioration problems and preliminary observations on the conservation of the building materials of excavations of Navarino and Diikitrio, Thessaloniki.
60. P. Storemyr: A grinding stone quarry in the Egyptian Sahara.
61. A. Travé and J.D. Martín-Martín: Polishing problems in a ornamental limestone.
62. R. H. Tykot, J. Herrmann Jr. and A. Van Den Hoek: Survey and analysis of marble quarry sources in Algeria.
63. C. Uhlir, M. Unterwurzacher, K. Schaller and A. Zarka: Saxa Luquuntur: a comprensive interdisciplinary information system for antique quarries and monuments.
64. M. C. Üstünkaya, E.N. Caner-Saltik and A.G. Gözen: Detection of biological activity in calcareous stone by FDA analyses.
65. A. Van Den Hoek, J. Herrmann Jr. and and R. H. Tykot: Alabastro a Pecorella, aïn Tekbalet and Bou Hanifia, Algeria.
66. C. Weiss, R. Sobott and I. Gerlach: Ultrasonic and petrophysical investigations of monolithic limestone pillars at the Almaqah temple in Sirwah/Yemen.
67. D. Wielgosz: Provenance of marble statuary from Laodicea on the Sea (Latakia in Syria).
68. A. B. Yavuz, M. Bruno and D. Attanasio: A new source of Bigio Antico marbles:
the ancient quarries of Iznik (Turkey).
69. G. Zachos and E. Leka: The ancient quarry of Pagani in Lesbos Island.
70. C. Mas, M. A. Cau, Mª E. Chávez, M. Orfila, A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M.
and A. Domènech: Characterization of the stone used in an opus sectile pavement Pollentia (Alcúdia, Mallorca, Spain).
ABSTRACTS
All papers have been printed in order according to the scientific program and according to the poster sessions lists.
MONDAY 8TH
MARBLE SALVAGING IN ANTIQUITY S.J.BARKER
University of Oxford, Hertford College, Catte Street, Oxford, OX1 3BW, United Kingdom;
The practice of reuse had significant economic implications for the Roman marble trade, yet the salvage of marble is an often overlooked aspect of the marble industry. The stripping of decorative marble took place throughout the Empire in both public and domestic contexts as well as in large and small scale projects. After the fire of AD 64, for instance, the builders of the Domus Aurea carefully stripped the marbles from the Palatine Nymphaeum of the Domus Transitoria. Later, even when marble imports had been greatly expanded, the builders of the Baths of Trajan still thought it worthwhile to systematically strip the marble crustae and paving of the Esquiline wing of the Domus Aurea.
The aim of this paper is to discuss this unexplored aspect of the Roman marble trade. It will present evidence for the salvaging of marble in Roman Italy from the Imperial to the Late Roman period, drawing on examples from both public and private contexts. It will examine, where possible, the types of marbles being targeted, the extent to which marble was being stripped, as well as considering the quantities of marble being taken and the impact of such material on the marble trade. In addition, the practicalities of marble salvaging will also be considered. New excavation at Pompeii, for example, provides evidence on how marble flooring was removed and the use of 19th-century building manuals helps us realise the amount of labourers and man-hours involved in salvaging activities.
Such evidence will add new insight to our understanding of the use of marble in the Roman period and the economic implications of such salvaging. Indeed, adding quantities of recycled marble into our perception of building resources during the Imperial period will allow us to more accurately gauge the proliferation of marble use among various building projects undertaken by architects across the socio-economic spectrum.
HUGE COLUMN COSTS: SOME EXAMPLES P.BARRESI
Universita’Kore Enna, Cittadella Universitaria – Enna, Italia; [email protected]
The problem of costs for marble columns in roman architecture has been recently dealt with, on the one hand, through the prices of various kinds of marble documented in Diocletian Edict; on the other hand, by quantifying the work needed to quarry, transport, place and complete a marble column shaft, both monolithic and divided in drums. Such results made it possible to get some rough estimates, used as indicators of the probable level of expense for the large column shafts, both in imported marble and in local stone. Nevertheless, in literary and epigraphic sources of roman age, there are no costs that it is possible to ascribe with certainty to marble column shafts of specified dimensions: the comparison of theoretic estimate with reality, so, remains the main problem to face, about the reconstruction of costs of roman columns. However, there are some epigraphic sources in hellenistic age that document the costs of large marble columns made of drums, particularly those of the Didymaion at Miletus: despite their dimensions are out of the ordinary (m 19,6), they are anyway comparable to those ones of large provincial temples in marble at Tarragona (roughly m 12). Starting from a recent reconstruction of costs of the marble columns in roman provincial temples at Tarragona, we are going to compare such costs with those known at the Didymaion and others marble building of hellenistic age. Economic and technical conditions in hellenistic Asia Minor were obviously very different from those ones in Roman Spain; but we believe that in this way it will be possible to compare the reconstructed and the real costs, and verify how far is from real data the theoretic expenditure level for marble columns.
THE IMPORT OF COLOURED STONE AND WHITE MARBLE FOR THE INTERIOR WALL AND FLOOR DECORATION OF PUBLIC AND DOMESTIC
BUILDINGS AT SAGALASSOS, TURKEY M.CORREMANS,P.DEGRYSE,M.WAELKENS
Sagalassos Archaeological Research Project, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Blijde Inkomststraat 21, Post Box 3314, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; [email protected]
Through its long existence the site of Sagalassos has known several large building programmes during which huge quantities of stone have been used. While for structural purposes local limestone ashlars, brick, Roman concrete and mortared rubble masonry were the primary sources of material, high quality white marble and a wide variety of exotic coloured stone types were used for the interior decoration of public as well as domestic buildings.
For domestic contexts the wall veneer from a lavishly decorated room in a large 4th / 5th c.
AD urban mansion at Sagalassos has been studied, while for public buildings research has concentrated on the Roman baths of Sagalassos. Apart from its monumental scope, the bath building also stands out for its sumptuously decorated interior. Inner walls and floors were almost entirely covered in white marble and exotic coloured stone.
According to macroscopic research, the material originates primarily from Docimeion, while a substantial quantity has been imported from different pockets of the Mediterranean, such as Greece, Tunisia and Egypt. Archaeometrical research, which comprises both petrographical and geochemical analyses, is necessary to back up these macroscopic findings and to determine the source of unidentified stone types and white marbles in particular. From preliminary archaeometrical results it is clear that most of the white marble has an origin in Docimeion. A fraction though has a different provenance, pointing in the direction of Naxos, Aphrodisias, the Pentelikon and Thasos as possible sources.
The most striking feature resulting from preliminary quantification of the material is the predominance of Docimeion-marble and the almost total lack of Proconnesian marble at Sagalassos. While Proconnesian marble can be found profusely in the cities along the Pamphylian coast, it is as good as absent at Sagalassos. The preference for the more expensive Docimeion-marble instead of the cheaper marble from Proconnesos is probably due to the difficult accessibility of Sagalassos from the Pamphylian coast, as opposed to the fairly easy supply route from Docimeion on the Anatolian plateau. Apart from several types of Docimeion-marble, cipollino from Euboia in Greece in particular has been used extensively to decorate the baths’ interior. The presence of the limited, though significant import of exclusive stone types, such as rosso antico, verde antico, porfido rosso, bianco e nero tigrato,
USE OF MARBLE AND OTHER STONES IN SIRMIUM
B.DJURIĆ1,A.MAVER1,J.DAVIDOVIĆ2,I.RIZNAR3,H.W.MÜLLER4,D.JOVANOVIĆ5
1 University of Ljubljana, Dept. of Archaeology, Askerceva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
[email protected]; [email protected]
2Museum of Srem, Vuka Karadžića 3, 22000 Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia
3Ulica bratov Martinec 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana; [email protected]
4University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Applied Geology, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria; [email protected]
5Geological Institute of Serbia, Rovinjska 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected]
The town of Sirmium (Flavian colony) is similar to other towns of Pannonia in that it has neither on site nor local quarries. For that reason, it met its needs for stone through import from regional and interprovincial sources. All to the end of the 3rd century AD, when it becomes one of the four capitals of the Empire, limestone from two sources (Dardagani Quarry, Bosnia and Herzegovina; quarry along the Danube, probably near Aquincum) as well as white Eastern Alpine marble (quarries at Gummern - Austria and on the Pohorje - Slovenia), was in exclusive use for various functions. These sources of stone all lie along rivers (the Drina, Danube, Drau/Drava) used for downstream transport to the town.
It is only with the change in the town’s status in the time of the Tetrarchy and the newly built architecture that came with it (palace, hippodrome, baths, temples) that material from Mediterranean sources appeared at Sirmium, which were transported from the Black Sea upstream the Danube and the Sava. Coloured marbles were coming from Egypt (Aswan, Wadi Hammamat, Wadi Umm Wikala, Gebel Fatireh, Gebel Dokhan), Tunisia (Chemtou), Asia Minor (Iscehisar, Vezirhan) and Greece (Kasabali, Karystos, Stefania), while white marbles were coming from Greece (Thasos, Paros), Asia Minor (Dokimeion) and Italy (Luni).
Their use was strictly architectural – columns, veneering slabs for brick walls as well as flooring slabs (opus sectile), used in the combination with stones already known from the past. With the exception of column parts, there are no large architectural elements made from these materials, which is probably due to difficult transport to the place of use far inland.
The import of Mediterranean stones to Sirmium spanned probably only from the end of the 3rd to, primarily the first half of, the 4th century. Slabs of the above-enumerated materials appeared already in the 4th century in secondary use as tombstones on the cemeteries of Sirmium. We may suppose that the opulent architecture of Sirmium was devastated after the Gothic conquest at the end of the 4th century, even more so after the fall of the town in AD
THE ROMAN CAVAE ROMANAE QUARRY – THE PROPERTIES AND USE OF THE STONE FOR THE AMPHITHEATRE IN PULA, CROATIA
V.GIRARDI JURKIĆ
International Research Centre for Archaeology, Brijuni-Medulin, Carrarina 5, p.p. 170, Croatia – 52100 Pula; [email protected]
The Roman quarry, Cavae Romanae, even today active as the Vinkuran quarry, is located 6 km south of Pula. The old, Roman-era abandoned quarry is on the western side of this area, while the Roman quarry covering a surface area of 2,500 m2, still in use today, is on the eastern side. Both quarries are situated in 30 m thick beds of rudist limestones of the Upper Cretaceous, Cenomanian. The limestone has been petrologically specified as rudist coquina limestone. Coquina limestone is today known on the market as Vinkuran fiorito or travertino, while coquinit and mikrocoquinit are known as Vinkuran unito or statuario.
The stone has a snowy white colour. After installation on the façades of buildings, particularly in urban settings, the stone acquires a grey tone over its surface after a relatively brief time.
All of the described limestone variants were installed on the external wall surface of the amphitheatre in Pula.
ON THE EXPLOTATION OF MARBLE FROM CAP DE GARDE, ALGERIA J.J.HERRMANN JR.1,D.ATTANASIO2,R.H.TYKOT3 AND A.VAN DEN HOEK4
1Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 23 Common St., Dedham MA 02026 –USA [email protected]
2ISM-CNR, P.O.Box 10, 00016 Monterotondo Staz., Roma, Italy; [email protected]
3Dept. of Anthropology, USF, 4202 E.Fowler Ave., SOC107 Tampa FL. 33620 – USA;
4Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge MA, 23 Common St., Dedham MA 02026 – USA;
As is well known, marble was exploited in antiquity at Cap de Garde, near ancient Hippo Regius (Annaba, Algeria), and quarrying was revived there during the period of French control of Algeria. The marble is white and often exhibits wavy gray or black bands. Ever since Raniero Gnoli suggested the connection more than forty years ago, the quarries of Cap de Garde have been regarded as the source of Greco Scritto, the name traditionally given to medium to coarse grained, white or gray marbles bearing numerous thin convoluted black veins. Extensive fieldwork carried out in Algeria, Turkey and Greece, however, has clearly shown that the marbles of Cap de Garde rarely, if ever, resemble Greco Scritto. A study to be presented at this conference, however, makes it clear that the typical Greco Scritto comes from Hasançauslar near Epheso (see Attanasio et al.).
The marble of ancient Hippo, however, was not without considerable significance in antiquity. Hippo itself is full of architectural decoration in coarse-grained grayish-white or dark-banded marble that optically seems to come from its local quarries. The most splendid project at Hippo is the Composite colonnades of the city’s Flavian-period forum. Optical examination as well as isotopic, EPR and petrographic analyses carried out on artifacts make it clear that marble from Cap de Garde/Hippo was much used in eastern Algeria and Tunisia.
Our identifications are based on extensive sampling in the quarries, sites, and museums of Algeria. Antonelli, Lazzarini, Cancelliere, and Dessandier have also identified marble from Cap de Garde at several sites in eastern Algeria and in Tunisia. Our trips to Algeria in recent years add other sites in these areas. In addition, examples of architectural decoration made of marble from Cap de Garde can be identified at Rome and Ostia in Italy. In these sites marble from Hippo is used for colonnades rather than veneering, which is the most characteristic application of Greco Scritto. In one Roman construction in Italy, Cap de Garde column shafts are grouped with shafts of Bigio Antico. It seems possible that shafts from Cap de Garde were looked at as an alternative for this gray and white marble from the Aegean. Composite capitals of the type seen in the Forum of Hippo are at times coupled with shafts of Cap de
THE ACROPOLIS MARBLE PROJECT: STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF MARBLES FROM THE PARTHENON AND PROPYLAEA
S.PIKE
Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences,Willamette University 900 State Street, Salem, OR 97301 - USA; [email protected]
At the victorious end of the Persian Wars in 479 BC, Athens found itself in a new era of political and artistic expression. As Athens transitioned into one of history’s most dominant political and social empires, so too did its architectural program. Perhaps no other monuments speak to Athens’ growing influence than the Parthenon and other monuments atop the Athenian acropolis. Despite the cultural and symbolic significance of these monuments, relatively little is known about the social mechanisms responsible for the execution of their construction. Epigraphical records provide limited information regarding their design and production. There are incomplete records of ordering and payment of marble as well as payments to certain artisans. The records also reveal that the monuments were primarily constructed of Pentelic marble from the newly accessible Attic quarries on the southwestern flank of Mt. Pentelikon eighteen kilometers northeast from the acropolis. We know that the Parthenon was constructed in a seventeen-year span starting in 447 BC and was more or less completed with the addition of sculptural detail in 431 BC. Towards the end of the construction of the Parthenon, construction began on the Propylaea (437-432 BC) followed by the Athena Nike Temple (420s BC).
Considering the speed with which the monuments and their associated sculptural programs were completed, there must have been a robust project management system in place to oversee the operations of the marble quarries; the transportation of large marble blocks to the acropolis; the coordination between architects, sculptors, workmen and marble suppliers; and the infrastructure to support it all. The current research addresses these questions by correlating the marble used in different elements of the architectural and sculptural programs of the Acropolis monuments to their precise source quarry pits. An understanding of the spatial and temporal use of the Pentelic quarries will allow for an assessment of the supply and preferences of Pentelic marble. The project aims to determine (1) if different phases of building construction utilized marble from the same or different Pentelic quarries and (2) if the marble from a quarry or group of quarries was preferred for sculpture. Using the extensive Pentelic marble stable isotope database, this paper will report on the preliminary stable isotope study of twenty-five marble samples collected from architectural elements from the northeastern section of the Parthenon and six samples from various sections of the Propylaea.
RECUTTING ROMAN PORTRAITS: PROBLEMS IN INTERPRETATION AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY IN FINDING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
J.POLLINI1 AND W.STORAGE2
1 Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology, Department of Art History, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0047 – USA; [email protected]
2 Software Engineer and Visiting Scholar, Department of History, University of California at Berkeley, Home address: 200 Brannan St. San Francisco, CA 94107
Memoria damnata, or the damnation of one’s memory, especially for political reasons, was a recurring phenomenon in the world of ancient Rome. As an expression of damnation, portraits of the leaders of Rome and their family members were recut into images of other individuals, usually imperial successors or other prominent personages. In some cases, images of important members of the imperial family who no longer played a key role in dynastic politics were likewise refashioned. Such recutting was a practical way of conserving sculptural works in marble, an expensive commodity in the ancient world. In the last thirty years or so, scholars have become more cognizant of the fact that a number of portraits, not previously recognized as recut, were indeed reworked in some way. But even when there is general agreement that a sculpture as been refashioned, debate has continued not only as to whose portrait was recut but also which portrait types of that person had served for the original image. This paper examines some of the problems in detecting recutting and how the new digital technology might be used to help us better understand the process of reworking marble portraits. More specifically, three-dimensional models of both recut and unrecut portraits can now be easily created by using a portable scanner commonly used in human craniofacial analysis. This technology can offer new insights into how portraits were refashioned. For example, a three- dimensional model of a portrait suspected to have been recut can be superimposed within the model of an unreworked portrait in order to determine how recutting might have been executed. Also discussed in this paper are some of the limitations in the application of this three-dimensional digital technology.
PENTELIC MARBLE IN THEATRICAL ARCHITECTURE: EXAMPLES FROM THE THEATRE OF MARCELLUS, ROME
M.DE NUCCIO
Sovraintendenza ai Beni Culturali, Comune di Roma, Roma, Italy; [email protected]
This paper is based on a vast survey carried out in the storehouses of the theatre of Marcellus.
The goal is to contribute to the history of artistic production in Imperial Rome, especially in public buildings.
Recent research has pointed out the extensive presence of fine-grained white marbles, not only from the Carrara quarries, but also from the ones in Docimium and Aphrodisias.
We also considered it important to identify and quantify the presence of Pentelic marble, among the materials in storage, even if of unknown origin.
The cataloguing of the 20,000 marble fragments in storage in the warehouses of the theatre of Marcellus, carried out in collaboration with the Department of ‘Scienze della Terra’ of the University of Rome, La Sapienza, has not only the aim of providing an inventory, but is also an attempt at the identification of the function and possible origin of the fragments.
MARBLE POLYCHROMIES IN THE WALLS’ AND FLOORS’ DECORATIONS OF HADRIAN’S VILLA IN TIVOLI: LAST DISCOVERIES AND VERIFICATIONS
G.E.CINQUE AND E.LAZZERI
Università degli Studi di Roma, Tor Vergata, Facoltà di Ingegneria,via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy;
[email protected], [email protected]
The introduced result derive from some searches in collaboration with Dr. Adembri (Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici del Lazio), and relative to the study of the Hadrian’s Villa. In particular, after some necessary digs to complete the intense activities of survey of the ‘Casino with Semicircular Arcades’, it has been possible to acquire elements of remarkable importance to understand some significant aspects of the parietal decoration in sectilia marmoreal, adopted in the imperial Villa, and to verify that this has been more complex and articulated - or from the geometric/proportion point of view or from the chromatic one - regarding how much till now thought. Ulterior executed digs to free from ruins one of the place at North of the Garden-Stadium - and, with this, to verify its assumed use function as single latrina - they have moreover allowed to recover, still in situ, part of the floor and parietal decoration, always in sectilia marmorea, through which it has been possible to find the quality of the assumed hypotheses with respect to the adopted decorative language.
At last during the survey executed in 2003 on the Roccabruna, it has been possible to verify and to document the presence of mosaic floor decorations near the areas of the latrina;
moreover the information obtained with the graphical restitution of the reliefs executed in the central room of the building, have allowed to reach the reconstruction of the complex gemetry of the top floor decoration, turned out partially dissimilar from that previously proposed from Guidobaldi. The studies lead on the floors and the single latrina, have concurred to assume that the building has been object of a restructure during the last years of the Hadrian’s age, as a result of which have been done some structural modifications associated to the realization of new floor decorations.
THE SEARCH FOR THE PREHISTORIC MARBLE SOURCES IN THE CYCLADES D.TAMBAKOPOULOS1 AND Y.MANIATIS1
1 Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of Materials Science, NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece; [email protected], [email protected]
The use of marble, for figurines (votives), vessels, tools and to some extend for building in prehistory and in particular in the Early Bronze Age is clearly evident in the Cyclades but wide spread all over the Aegean. Despite the abundance of marble finds, organized marble exploitation with visible tool-marks or evident quarrying places is only known from the archaic period onwards. The lack of specific quarrying regions in prehistory makes the creation of reference databases difficult and hence the provenance of prehistoric artefacts is quite demanding. In addition, the abundance of marble outcrops all over the Cycladic islands complicates, even more, the maters.
In order to approach this problem we decided to sample systematically the marble outcrops in the Cyclades based on the geological information in conjunction with the qualities of marble appearing in the prehistoric objects and in relation to the locations of prehistoric settlements but also independently of them. For this reason a survey was made and hundreds of geological samples were collected from the islands of Naxos, Ios, Keros, Amorgos (Nikouria), Syros, Irakleia and Schoinoussa. At first, the marble sources near prehistoric settlements were scanned, recorded and sampled and at second, using geological maps, local marble contractors’ information and field exploration, almost every marble source was investigated and sampled thoroughly. These samples are updating and completing the database of Cyclades that have been created by previous surveys and projects over the past 20 years.
The collected samples are being analysed by scientific techniques such as EPR spectroscopy, Maximum Grain Size (MGS) measurements, and Oxygen and Carbon stable Isotope analysis.
The combination of the various resulting parameters is being used not only to distinguish the marble from different islands but also to separate the different marble outcrops in each island.
Earlier analysis and provenance results of prehistoric objects are now being reconsidered under the new database. The work is still in progress.
THE IMPORT OF PREFABRICATED ARCHITECTURAL MARBLE ITEMS TO MOESIA INFERIOR. PROVENANCE DETERMINATION AND TECHNICAL
ASPECTS N.TOMA
Institute for Classical Archaeology, Christian Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany;
This paper focuses on the architectural items from two representative buildings constructed with imported marble in the cities of Tomis (Constanta/Romania) and Odessos (Varna/Bulgaria) and aims to discuss the results of provenance analyses (of 20 marble samples) and some technical aspects related to the finishing of imported marble products.
The time slot of this study is the 2nd Century AD, when the roman province Moesia Inferior, to which both Tomis and Odessos administratively belonged, was involved in a continued process of urbanisation and monumentalisation. One of the most evident aspects of monumentalisation is the construction of representative buildings made of marble. Since the region possessed no marble supplies, only the import of both material and specialized craftsmen made the realisation of marble architecture possible.
This case study analyses two roman representative buildings: the so called „Servilius Fabianus Building’ from Tomis and the Thermae from Odessos. Both buildings have been constructed with imported prefabricated architectural items and show different stages of construction. This paper will first present the results of the newly undertaken multivariate analyses used to determine the provenance of the imported marble and then discuss the technical aspects of executing imported material and stress out the impact of the marble architectural items on the development of architectural tradition in the region.
The preliminary results point out that the imported marble items come from the quarries of Proconnesos and that the marble transport was accompanied by specialized craftsmen from the North-western part of Asia Minor.
The above mentioned results are part of my PhD thesis „Marble and the Monumentalisation of the Urban Landscape of the Roman Cities. The Phenomenon of Marble Trade and its Consequences on the Roman Architecture and on the Appearance of the Roman Cities during 1st – 3rd Century AD ‘ This inderdisciplinary project is financially sustained by the German Research Foundation through the Graduate School Human Development in Landscapes of the University of Kiel (Germany) and is coordinated by Prof. Rumscheid (Classical Archaeology) and Prof. Schenk (Mineralogy).
THE ARCHITECTONIC MARBLES OF THE ROMAN THEATRE OF AUGUSTA BAGIENNORUM, PIEDMONT, ITALY
M.GOMEZ 1,E.RULLI1 AND C.PREACCO2
1 Politecnico di Torino; Torino, Italy; [email protected], [email protected]
2 Soprintendenza Beni Archeologici del Piemonte; [email protected]
The contribution outlines the investigations carried out on white and colored marble of the Roman Theatre of Augusta Bagiennorum, the current Bene Vagienna, in the southern Piedmont. The artefacts are mostly fragments of columns, slabs from floors and parietal claddings, frames of various shapes and sizes, credited as being the scene of the theatre.
The study of fragments showed the presence of white marble and bardigli lunensi, excluding the presence of white marble of Greek origin or local, however present in other Roman monuments of Piedmont.
Colored marble found are among the most popular in the first imperial age: giallo antico, cipollino greco, africano, greco scritto, rosso antico, breccia di settebasi.
The use of these marbles and the architectural features, particularly the front stage, as we can see for Augusta Bagiennorum, like Libarna and Augusta Taurinorum, to cite similar examples of Piedmont, remains into the theatre architecture still up to half of the 1st century and it is a common element indicative of the timing of the theatre. The same chronological context appears confirmed in use of lunense white marble like the only one white marble of architecture.
We show here the results of a systematic cataloging developed through the use of a database.
Here we describe some three hundred stone elements identifying his petrographic characteristics compared with known samples, the origins, common uses (opus sectile, architectural elements, etc..) the types of processing, the state of degradation.
ON THE PRODUCTION AND THE DIFFUSION OF COLUMN SHAFTS IN GREY CIPOLIN MARBLE FROM THE QUARRIES OF CAP DE GARDE IN ALGERIA
P.PENSABENE
Università degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’ Città Universitaria – Ple A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italia; [email protected]
Employed in private residential buildings in Italy (late ‘domus’ at Ostia, Piazza Armerina Villa and the Villa at S. Vincenzino) and Spain, besides Africa (the Villa at Slinm near Leptis Magna) the grey cipolin marble is considered a stand by marble with respect to the more valuble grey marbles. It is though, also reported in public monuments from the late imperial age, often cut in large slabs for floor or also wall lining as it happens not only in Italy (Ostia, Terme del Nuotatore, Telesia, Terme di Teseos) or Africa (Bulla Regia, Uthina) but also in Ephesus in the sumptuous ‘marble hall’ , within a residential neighbourhood and despite the presence in the vicinity of caves of grey marble. Such a finding of grey marble in Ephesus should not be surprising if one considers the large import of ancient yellow and in particular of columns recently accounted for and put into relation with trade traffic due to the import of wheat by Paolo Barresi.
At Pergamom composed capitals have also been recorded as from Roman or anyway Italian workshops and a fact that can be explained within particular circumstances that made more economical the use of that marble. For the same reasons cargoes of goods coming from Africa must have include blocks of Cap de Garde marble so inexpensive to set off the transport expenses.
But in the caves of Cap de Garde have been recorded shafts of semi-worked columns since the nineteenth century and such a report , often mentioned by journeyers and geographers has lead us to investigate on what the diffusion and use of such manufacts might have been like.
Along this line we have been supported by the presence of column shafts of this marble, in the bardiglia type and not in greco scritto in the cities of Proconsular Africa, among which Ippona. In particular, columns which can be assigned to these caves are recorded in cities such as Haidra, Bulla regia, Uthina– besides Ippona – the nearest to the caves themselves. At Ostia, such a marble can be attributed to column shafts employed in the portico of the forum, along the Capitol sides
