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LORISTIC
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ADENA Herbario HCIB, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz, Baja California MéxicoCorresponding autor: [email protected]
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A
Families Genera Species Infraspecies
Ferns 2 3 4 1
Gymnosperms 1 1 2 0
Liliopsida 9 39 57 3
Magnoliopsida 74 237 399 40
TOTAL 86 280 462 44
B
Tr Sh Ph An Hf Pa Sc Vi Ep Pr
6 91 127 143 27 5 53 21 1 32
Table 1. (A) Floristic diversity composition of the major taxonomic groups of the 506 vascular plant taxa (species and infraspecies) com-piled for Bahía Magdalena fl ora. (B) Distribution of life forms for Bahía Magdalena fl ora. Tr (trees), Sh (shrubs), Ph (perennial herbs), An (annual herbs), Hf (hydrophytes), Pa (parasites), Sc (succulents), Vi (vines), Ep (epiphytes), and Pr (prostrate plants).
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.S$;PE$A@T*
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1QJEG$PEC?V$GCINL-$JPELE$A@T*AVINU$CGECL$GERCIN$!$@@OEO$Q@G$
TEEWL-$ @G$ R@NJPL-$ HEDCBLE$ JPEGE$ IL$ N@$ EZJEGNCA$ OGCINCUE$
J@$ JPE$ LECS$YPEN$ !$@@OEO-$ JPE$ TCJEG$ MEGD@ACJEL$ LA@TAV$ @G$
E?CM@GCJEL^$JPBL-$C$LBDDELLI@N$@Q$PVOG@MPVJEL$@DDBMIEL$JPE$
!$CJL-$LMEDIEL$JPCJ$CGE$MGELENJ$CGE$COCMJEO$J@$LMEDI"$D$OEMJPL$
@Q$ TCJEG-$ LECL@N-$ CNO$ TCJEG*P@AOINU$ DCMCDIJV$ @Q$ JPE$ L@IAS$
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JPCJ$D@?EGL$JPE$ACNOLDCME-$CMMECGINU$TPEN$JPE$L@IA$GECDPEL$
R@OEGCJEAV$PIUP$TCJEG$D@NJENJS$:JPEG$PVOG@MPVJEL$Q@BNO$
IN$M@NOL$@G$LECL@NCA$CGG@V@L$INDABOE$>..$%%&$)'"''&%+$-$
!+25&$)#+?$%$-$K(+"'0$2&,)5+%&'/($#$-$61#02/.$LMMS-$@$24
,&(+$)H"/2%&+2&-$@+'$2:"%&$)E$%:+((&"&:+,-$-+#/%&$)3$2E&4
!)"2$-$CNO$*#+.":&$):/2$%#&H"(&$S$6BGINU$OGV$LECL@NL-$L@RE$
LERI*PCA@MPVJID$LMEDIEL$CGE$D@RR@N-$INDABOINU$J+(&"#2"4
3&/.) '/2$,,$E&'/.$ CNO$ >25+."%+) 52$'&(+%#$-$ TPIDP$ CGE$
MCGJIDBACGAV$CHBNOCNJ$L@REJIRELS
$ ;PE$RCNUG@?E$LBGG@BNOINU$0CP_C$4CUOCAENC$IL$JPE$R@LJ$
EZJENLI?E$ @N$ JPE$ MENINLBAC-$ D@?EGINU$ CN$ CGEC$ @Q$ .#+$ WR
.$
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6$5/%'/($2&$) 2$'+.",$$ CGE$ D@RR@N$ NECG$ OGCINCUE$ DPCN*
NEAL^$ >E&'+%%&$) 5+2.&%$%,$ @DDBGL$ INACNO-$ TPEGE$ !$@@OINU$
@DDBGL$OBGINU$JPE$PIUPELJ$JIOEL$C$QET$JIREL$C$VECGS$1LL@DI*
CJEO$TIJP$JPE$RCNUG@?EL-$MCGJIDBACGAV$HEPINOL$LJCNOL$@Q$>8)
!"#
Agavaceae
Agave margaritae 1
Asclepiadaceae
Asclepias masonii 1
Asteraceae
Bahiopsis subincisa 1
Encelia halimifolia 3
Brassicaceae
Dryopetalum purpureum 1
Cactaceae
Cochemia halei 1
Cylindropuntia santa-maria 1
Echinocereus barthelowanus 1
Ferocactus townsendianus var. santa-maria 1
Opuntia pycnantha 3
Stenocereus eruca 2
Fabaceae
Dalea brandegeei 3
Mimosa margaritae 1
Malvaceae
Sphaeralcea coulteri var. margaritae 1
Onagraceae
Gongylocarpus fruticulosus subsp. fruticulosus 1
Gongylocarpus fruticulosus subsp. glaber 1
Poaceae
Muhlenbergia brandegei 1
Tuctoria fragilis 2
Pteridaceae
Cheilanthes brandegeei 1
Table 2. Endemic vascular plant taxa in the Bahía Magdalena study area. 1 (island endemics), 2 (peninsular endemics), 3 (islands and peninsula).
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Appendix 1.
Abb. Collector name Herbarium
AMN Alfonso Medel Narváez HCIB
MDL Miguel Domínguez León HCIB
RDC Raymundo Domínguez Cadena HCIB JLLL José Luis León de la Luz HCIB
JJPN José Juan Pérez Navarro HCIB
JPR Jon Paul Rebman SD
RVM Reid Vernon Moran SD, DS
RMB Robert Mitchel Beauchamp SD
TSB Townshend Stith Brandegee UC
PJM Peta J. Mudie UC
GLW Grady L. Webster UC
JHT John Howell Thomas SD
GL George Lindsay SD, DS
HCS Hugo Cota Sánchez SD
JDR José Delgadillo Rodríguez BCMEX
JRR John Raymond Reeder SD, ARIZ
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0
1231$4
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=858;1;>:9FERNS (Pteridophyta)
MARSILEACEAE
Marsilea fournieri C. Chr. [M. vestita], Hf. HCIB: JLLL 11262, MDL 4466, MDL 4638.
PTERIDACEAE
Argyrochosma peninsularis (Maxon et Weath.) Windham. [Notholaena p.], Ph. HCIB: JLLL 11372.
Cheilanthes brandegeei D.C. Eaton, Ph. HCIB: JLLL 1336, UC: TSB s/n.
Notholaena californica D.C. Eaton subsp. leucophylla Wind-ham, Ph. HCIB: JLLL 11371, SD: JPR 4801.
Notholaena sulphurea (Cav.) J. Sm. [Cheilanthes s.], Ph. UC: TSB s/n.
GYMNOSPERMS
EPHEDRACEAE
Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S. Watson [E. peninsularis], Sh. HCIB: RDC 3253, SD: RMB 2152.
Ephedra californica S. Watson, Sh. AMN 2011-321 HCIB, UC: TSB s/n.
ANGIOSPERMS
Magnolides
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia watsonii Wootton et Standl., Ph. HCIB: MDL 4649. Hierba del indio.
Eudicots
ACANTHACEAE
Carlowrightia arizonica A. Gray, Ph. HCIB: AMN 2011-235.
Dicliptera resupinata (Vahl) Juss., Ph. HCIB: JLLL 481, 581, 1207, MDL 4653.
Holographis virgata subsp. glandulifera (Leonar et C.V. Mor-ton) (Harv. ex Benth. & Hook. f.) T.F. Daniel. [Berginia v.], An. HCIB: RDC 3768.
Justicia californica (Benth.) D.N. Gibson. [Beloperone c.], Ph. UC: TSB s/n. Chuparrosa.
Justicia insolita Brandegee, Ph. HCIB: RDC 3298. Chuparrosa.
Justicia palmeri Rose, Ph. HCIB: JLLL 1510. Chuparrosa. AIZOACEAE
*Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L., Sc. HCIB: AMN 2012-036. Hielito.
Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L., Pr. HCIB: AMN 2011-174, 2011-182, 2011-200, 2011-216, 2011-230, 2011-259, 2012-030, JJPN 501, 546, 565, 575, JLLL 537, 1393, 1476, 1498, 11247, 11405, MDL 4740, RDC 3508, 3680, 3688, 3784, SD: CFH 345, RMB 2130, UC: TSB s/n.
Sesuvium verrucosum Raf., Pr. HCIB: JLLL 11246, MDL 4772.
Trianthema portulacastrum L., Pr. HCIB: JLLL 534, 11528, MDL 4430, RDC 3612, SD: JHT 8402. Verdolaga de cochi. AMARANTHACEAE
Amaranthus fi mbriatus (Torr.) Benth. ex S. Watson, An. HCIB: AMN 2012-154, 2012-165, MDL 4415, RDC 3836. Quelite.
Amaranthus hybridus L., An. HCIB: RDC 3920. Quelite.
Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson, An. HCIB: AMN 2012-082, JJPN 513, JLLL 540, 1242, 11489, MDL 4548, s/n, RDC 3161, 3568, 3746, 3835, UC: TSB s/n. Quelite.
Amaranthus watsonii Standl., An. HCIB: JJPN 589, JLLL 11200, 11295, RDC 3552, 3606, 3710, 3728, 3750. Quelite.
Celosia fl oribunda A. Gray, Sh. HCIB: JLLL 1200. Bledo.
Iresine alternifolia S. Watson [Dicraurus a.], Ph. UC: TSB s/n. ANACARDIACEAE
Pachycormus discolor (Benth.) Coville, Sc. HCIB: RDC 3281, 3825, SD: RMB 2119, RVM 10825, UC: TSB s/n. Co-palquín.
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
Arracacia brandegeei J.M. Coult. et Rose, Ph. UC: TSB s/n. Chuchupate.
*Coriandrum sativum L., Ph. UC: TSB s/n. Perejil.
Eryngium nasturtiifolium Juss. ex F. Delaroche., An. HCIB: JLLL 11259, RDC 3172.
APOCYNACEAE (inc. ASCLEPIADACEAE)
Asclepias albicans S. Watson, Sc. UC: TSB s/n.
Asclepias masonii Woodson, Sc. HCIB: AMN 2012-020, SD: RMB 2106, RVM 10815.
Asclepias subulata Decne, Sc. HCIB: JLLL 11220, MDL 4609, RDC 3582, SD: FG 9789.
Cynanchum californicum (Benth.) Moran, [Metastelma c.] Pr. HCIB: MDL 4453, RDC 3267, UC: TSB s/n.
Cynanchum palmeri var. peninsulare (S.F. Blake) I.M. Johnst., [Seutera p.],Vi. HCIB: MDL 4559, JLLL 11821.
Funastrum arenarium (Decne ex Benth.) Liede. [Sarcostemma arenaria], Pr. HCIB: AMN 2011-169, 2011-175, 2011-218,