Statistical Appendix 1

I

NEQUALITY IN

L

ATIN

A

MERICA AND THE

C

ARIBBEAN

:

B

REAKING WITH

H

ISTORY

?

Statistical Appendix

1

1

These statistics and other results of the current study are periodically updated with new information on the Web

site <www.depeco.econo.unlp.edu.ar/cedlas/wb>.

TABLE A.1.

Household surveys in Latin America: coverage and characteristics

Does the survey report

Country Year Name of Coverage Sample size Population Expenditures? Non-labor Non-monetary Implicit rent

Survey Individuals (in millions) income? income? own housing?

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)

Argentina 1992 EPH Urban 67,776 33.4 No Yes No No

1996 EPH Urban 63,387 35.2 No Yes No No

2001 EPH Urban 48,048 37.5 No Yes No No

Bolivia 1992 EIH Urban 28,502 6.9 Yes Yes No No

1996 ENE National 35,648 7.6 No Yes No No

1999 ECH National 13,031 8.1 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Brazil 1990 PNAD National 306,493 144.7 No Yes No No

1995 PNAD National 334,106 155.8 No Yes No No

2001 PNAD National 378,837 172.6 No Yes No No

Chile 1990 CASEN National 105,189 13.1 No Yes Yes Yes

1996 CASEN National 134,262 14.4 No Yes Yes Yes

2000 CASEN National 252,748 15.2 No Yes Yes Yes

Colombia 1992 ENH-FT Urban 13,936 36.4 No Yes Yes No

1996 ENH-FT National 137,423 39.3 No Yes Yes No

1999 ENH-FT National 152,298 41.6 No Yes Yes No

Costa Rica 1990 EHPM National 36,272 3.0 No Yes No No

1995 EHPM National 40,613 3.3 No Yes No No

2000 EHPM National 40,509 3.6 No Yes No No

Dominican Republic 1995 ENFT National 23,730 7.7 No No No No

1997 ENFT National 15,842 8.0 No Yes Yes No

Ecuador 1994 ECV National 20,873 11.2 Yes Yes Yes Yes

1998 ECV National 26,129 12.2 Yes Yes Yes Yes

El Salvador 1991 EHPM National 90,624 5.4 No Yes No Yes

1995 EHPM National 40,004 5.7 No Yes No Yes

2000 EHPM National 71,665 6.3 No Yes Yes No

Guatemala 2000 ENCOVI National 37,771 11.4 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Honduras 1990 EPHPM National 47,056 4.8 No No No No

1995 EPHPM National 29,804 5.6 No No No No

1999 EPHPM National 33,772 6.4 No Yes Yes No

Jamaica 1990 JSLC/LFS National 8,269 2.4 Yes Yes No No

1996 JSLC/LFS National 8,280 2.5 Yes Yes No No

1999 JSLC/LFS National 8,921 2.6 Yes Yes No No

Mexico 1992 ENIGH National 50,862 86.4 Yes Yes Yes Yes

1996 ENIGH National 64,916 92.7 Yes Yes Yes Yes

2000 ENIGH National 42,535 98.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Nicaragua 1993 EMNV National 25,162 4.3 Yes Yes Yes No

1998 EMNV National 22,423 4.8 Yes Yes Yes No

Panamá 1991 EH-MO National 38,000 2.4 No Yes No No

1995 EH-MO National 40,320 2.6 No Yes No No

2000 EH-MO National 39,562 2.9 No Yes No No

Paraguay 1990 EH-MO Urban 4,795 4.2 No Yes Yes No

1995 EH-MO National 21,910 4.8 No Yes Yes No

1999 EPH National 24,193 5.4 No Yes Yes No

Perú 1991 ENNIV National 11,845 22.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes

1994 ENNIV National 18,662 23.1 Yes Yes Yes Yes

2000 ENNIV National 19,961 25.7 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Trinidad & Tobago 1992 ECV National 6,220 1.2 Yes No No No

Uruguay 1989 ECH Urban 31,766 3.1 No Yes Yes Yes

1995 ECH Urban 64,930 3.2 No Yes Yes Yes

2000 ECH Urban 57,984 3.3 No Yes Yes Yes

Venezuela 1989 EHM National 224,172 18.9 No No No No

1995 EHM National 92,450 21.8 No Yes Yes Yes

1998 EHM National 80,311 23.4 No Yes Yes Yes

Source: EPH: Encuesta Permanente de Hogares; EIH: Encuesta Integrada de Hogares; ENE: Encuesta

Nacional de Empleo; ECH: Encuesta Continua de Hogares; PNAD: Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de

Domicilios; CASEN: Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional; ENH-FT: Encuesta Nacional

de Hogares-Fuerza de Trabajo; EHPM: Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples; ENCOVI: Encuesta

Nacional sobre Condiciones de Vida; ENFT: Encuesta Nacional de Fuerza de Trabajo; ECV: Encuesta de

Condiciones de Vida; EPHPM: Encuesta Permanente de Hogares de Propositos Multiples; JSLC: Jamaica

Survey of Living Conditions; LFS: Labor Force Survey; ENIGH: Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de

los Hogares; EMNV and ENNIV: Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Sobre Medicion de Niveles de Vida; EH

-MO: Encuesta de Hogares -Mano de Obra; EHM: Encuesta de Hogares por Muestreo.

TABLE A.2.

Distribution of household per capita income: share of deciles and income ratios

Country Share of deciles Income ratios

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10/1 90/10 95/80

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) Argentina 1992 1.8 3.1 4.1 5.2 6.3 7.7 9.4 12.1 16.6 33.8 18.5 7.8 2.0 1996 1.4 2.7 3.7 4.7 5.9 7.3 9.2 11.9 16.8 36.4 25.4 9.6 2.2 1998 1.3 2.6 3.6 4.6 5.7 7.0 9.0 11.8 16.6 37.8 29.0 10.3 2.4 2001 1.0 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.4 6.9 9.0 12.0 17.5 38.9 39.1 13.8 2.4 Bolivia Urban 1992 1.7 2.8 3.7 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.5 11.1 15.6 39.5 23.1 8.4 2.3 1996 1.7 2.7 3.5 4.4 5.4 6.6 8.2 10.9 15.9 40.8 24.5 9.3 2.4 National 1996 0.5 1.5 2.6 3.7 5.0 6.4 8.4 11.1 16.4 44.4 81.2 20.8 2.5 1999 0.3 1.0 2.3 3.6 5.1 6.8 8.9 11.9 17.8 42.3 143.5 38.6 2.4 Brazil 1990 0.8 1.5 2.2 3.0 4.1 5.4 7.3 10.4 16.5 48.7 63.2 19.2 3.0 1995 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.3 4.3 5.5 7.4 10.3 16.3 48.1 58.0 17.6 3.0 2001 0.9 1.7 2.5 3.4 4.5 5.8 7.5 10.4 16.1 47.2 54.4 16.1 2.9 Chile 1990 1.3 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.8 6.0 7.6 10.1 15.4 45.8 36.2 11.1 2.9 1996 1.2 2.2 3.0 3.8 4.7 5.9 7.6 10.3 15.7 45.5 36.4 11.5 2.7 2000 1.2 2.2 2.9 3.7 4.7 5.8 7.4 10.0 15.2 47.0 40.6 11.4 2.9 Colombia Bogotá 1992 1.0 2.2 3.0 3.9 4.9 6.3 8.1 11.0 16.8 42.7 42.0 12.9 2.8 1996 1.7 2.6 3.4 4.2 5.2 6.4 7.8 10.2 16.1 42.5 25.6 10.1 2.7 National 1996 0.9 2.1 3.0 3.9 5.0 6.2 7.9 10.4 15.1 45.4 50.3 12.3 2.7 1999 0.8 1.9 2.8 3.7 4.8 6.1 7.7 10.3 15.4 46.5 57.8 14.5 2.8 Costa Rica 1990 1.3 2.9 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.8 9.7 12.3 16.4 34.0 25.5 9.1 2.1 1995 1.4 2.9 4.0 5.1 6.3 7.7 9.6 12.2 16.5 34.2 24.1 9.0 2.0 2000 1.4 2.8 3.9 5.0 6.1 7.6 9.5 12.2 16.7 34.8 25.1 9.5 2.2 Dominican R. 1995 1.5 2.6 3.5 4.4 5.4 6.7 8.3 10.9 15.6 41.2 26.8 9.4 2.5 1997 1.4 2.6 3.6 4.6 5.8 7.1 8.9 11.5 15.8 38.6 28.4 9.5 2.3 Ecuador 1994 0.9 2.2 3.1 4.1 5.2 6.6 8.2 10.6 15.5 43.7 51.2 12.9 2.6 1998 0.7 1.9 2.9 3.9 5.0 6.4 8.3 10.8 15.9 44.2 63.6 15.2 2.6 El Salvador 1991 1.1 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.4 6.7 8.5 11.1 15.7 41.5 37.4 10.8 2.4 1995 1.0 2.4 3.4 4.5 5.7 7.1 8.9 11.4 16.1 39.6 38.3 11.1 2.3 2000 0.9 2.0 3.1 4.2 5.5 6.9 8.8 11.4 16.5 40.6 47.4 14.1 2.3 Guatemala 2000 0.7 1.7 2.6 3.6 4.7 6.1 7.8 10.4 15.6 46.8 63.3 16.6 2.9 Honduras 1990 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.6 4.7 6.0 7.9 10.5 15.7 46.1 52.6 14.7 2.6 1995 1.0 2.0 2.8 3.8 4.9 6.3 8.0 10.8 16.2 44.2 44.9 13.4 2.5 1999 0.9 1.9 2.8 3.9 5.1 6.7 8.5 11.4 16.7 42.2 49.1 15.1 2.5 Jamaica 1990 1.2 2.3 3.3 4.2 5.4 7.1 9.1 11.5 15.7 40.1 32.7 10.8 2.3 1996 0.9 2.1 3.1 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.2 10.9 16.2 42.7 46.9 13.7 2.6 1999 1.1 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.5 7.0 8.9 11.5 16.1 40.1 35.5 11.2 2.3 Mexico 1992 1.0 2.1 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.3 7.9 10.4 15.6 44.8 47.1 13.2 2.5 1996 1.0 2.2 3.2 4.1 5.2 6.5 8.2 10.8 15.6 43.3 41.9 11.7 2.6 2000 1.0 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.2 6.5 8.2 10.7 16.0 43.1 45.0 12.9 2.5 Nicaragua 1993 0.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.9 6.5 8.6 11.4 16.5 43.0 55.3 15.5 2.4 1998 0.8 1.9 2.9 4.0 5.2 6.5 8.3 11.0 15.6 43.9 56.2 14.6 2.3 Panama 1991 0.5 1.5 2.7 3.8 5.0 6.4 8.6 11.9 17.7 42.0 80.5 22.7 2.4 1995 0.6 1.7 2.7 3.8 5.0 6.5 8.5 11.6 17.0 42.5 69.4 17.7 2.5 2000 0.7 1.7 2.7 3.8 4.9 6.3 8.3 11.3 17.0 43.3 62.3 18.2 2.6 Paraguay 1995 0.7 1.5 2.4 3.4 4.5 6.0 7.8 10.5 15.6 47.5 67.9 18.0 2.8 1999 0.6 1.6 2.7 3.8 5.0 6.5 8.4 11.2 16.5 43.8 70.4 19.0 2.4 Peru Regions 1991 1.1 2.5 3.8 5.1 6.5 8.1 9.9 12.6 16.8 33.7 30.9 11.3 2.0 1994 1.0 2.5 3.7 4.9 6.1 7.8 9.7 12.2 16.4 35.6 34.1 11.0 2.0 National 1994 1.0 2.4 3.6 4.9 6.1 7.6 9.7 12.2 16.6 35.9 36.5 11.3 2.0 2000 0.8 2.3 3.6 4.8 6.3 7.8 9.5 12.0 16.0 36.9 46.2 12.2 2.1 Trinidad & Tobago

1992 0.9 2.3 3.6 4.9 6.0 7.4 9.2 11.9 17.2 36.6 40.6 12.7 2.1 Uruguay 1989 2.0 3.4 4.5 5.6 6.8 8.0 9.7 11.9 15.7 32.4 16.0 6.5 1.9 1995 1.8 3.2 4.4 5.5 6.7 8.0 9.7 12.2 16.4 32.1 17.6 7.6 2.0 2000 1.8 3.0 4.1 5.2 6.4 7.8 9.5 12.1 16.6 33.5 18.9 8.1 2.1 Venezuela 1989 1.7 3.1 4.2 5.3 6.5 7.9 9.7 12.2 16.3 33.2 19.5 7.9 2.0 1995 1.5 2.8 3.8 4.9 6.2 7.6 9.4 11.9 16.3 35.6 23.6 8.7 2.1 1998 1.3 2.7 3.7 4.9 6.1 7.6 9.4 12.0 16.7 35.6 28.2 9.5 2.2

Notes: Column (xi) = income ratio between deciles 10 and 1; column (xii) =

income ratio between percentiles 90 and 10; column (xiii) = income ratio

between percentiles 95 and 80. Data for Dominican Republic (1995) and for

Honduras, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (1989) include only monetary

income from labor sources.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from household surveys.

TABLE A.3.

Distribution of household per capita income: inequality indices

Country Gini Theil CV A(.5) A(1) A(2) E(0) E(2) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) Argentina 1992 44.7 0.362 1.074 0.162 0.295 0.503 0.349 0.576 1996 48.2 0.435 1.249 0.191 0.343 0.588 0.419 0.780 1998 49.5 0.451 1.208 0.200 0.359 0.599 0.444 0.730 2001 52.2 0.497 1.276 0.223 0.405 0.677 0.517 0.814 Bolivia Urban 1992 49.5 0.490 1.408 0.203 0.346 0.541 0.425 0.991 1996 51.1 0.532 1.539 0.216 0.363 0.551 0.450 1.185 National 1996 57.6 0.675 1.846 0.282 0.493 0.790 0.679 1.704 1999 57.8 0.633 1.643 0.287 0.532 0.851 0.760 1.349 Brazil 1990 61.2 0.767 2.062 0.310 0.511 0.739 0.716 2.125 1995 60.0 0.735 1.875 0.299 0.494 0.722 0.681 1.759 2001 59.0 0.713 1.866 0.289 0.481 0.714 0.655 1.740 Chile 1990 55.9 0.668 1.944 0.262 0.430 0.655 0.562 1.889 1996 56.1 0.652 1.803 0.261 0.431 0.651 0.564 1.626 2000 57.1 0.703 2.022 0.274 0.447 0.674 0.592 2.043 Colombia Bogotá 1992 54.6 0.569 1.440 0.246 0.434 0.778 0.569 1.037 1996 52.4 0.540 1.422 0.224 0.374 0.551 0.469 1.010 National 1996 56.1 0.707 2.811 0.270 0.447 0.701 0.593 3.951 1999 57.6 0.721 2.191 0.282 0.469 0.728 0.633 2.399 Costa Rica 1990 45.6 0.381 1.111 0.173 0.321 0.581 0.387 0.617 1995 45.7 0.383 1.111 0.173 0.319 0.573 0.384 0.617 2000 46.5 0.389 1.083 0.177 0.326 0.581 0.396 0.586 Dominican R. 1995 51.5 0.542 1.578 0.221 0.371 0.563 0.462 1.244 1997 49.7 0.498 1.520 0.207 0.359 0.580 0.444 1.155 Ecuador 1994 54.8 0.627 1.758 0.255 0.436 0.706 0.573 1.546 1998 56.2 0.658 1.866 0.269 0.463 0.755 0.623 1.741 El Salvador 1991 52.7 0.585 1.867 0.236 0.402 0.655 0.514 1.742 1995 51.3 0.526 1.511 0.223 0.393 0.669 0.499 1.141 2000 53.2 0.582 1.914 0.241 0.422 0.699 0.548 1.831 Guatemala 2000 58.3 0.697 1.823 0.285 0.482 0.739 0.656 1.662 Honduras 1990 57.8 0.733 2.295 0.283 0.466 0.696 0.627 2.633 1995 56.1 0.653 1.793 0.264 0.444 0.678 0.586 1.608 1999 55.0 0.586 1.525 0.251 0.440 0.705 0.580 1.163 Jamaica 1990 51.7 0.520 1.406 0.222 0.388 0.637 0.491 0.988 1996 54.4 0.583 1.535 0.247 0.427 0.685 0.558 1.178 1999 52.0 0.585 1.954 0.232 0.394 0.627 0.501 1.909 Mexico 1992 55.9 0.667 1.935 0.264 0.441 0.685 0.582 1.872 1996 54.4 0.616 1.864 0.249 0.424 0.683 0.551 1.738 2000 54.6 0.609 1.692 0.251 0.429 0.693 0.561 1.431 Nicaragua 1993 55.9 0.629 1.711 0.263 0.454 0.719 0.605 1.463 1998 55.9 0.693 2.202 0.270 0.455 0.719 0.606 2.424 Panama 1991 56.4 0.603 1.518 0.267 0.483 0.784 0.659 1.153 1995 55.9 0.593 1.465 0.261 0.469 0.771 0.632 1.073 2000 56.4 0.613 1.531 0.265 0.466 0.748 0.626 1.172 Paraguay 1995 59.5 0.728 1.830 0.297 0.497 0.742 0.688 1.675 1999 56.8 0.690 2.370 0.277 0.477 0.760 0.649 2.808 Peru Regions 1991 46.5 0.394 1.131 0.182 0.344 0.642 0.422 0.640 1994 47.9 0.444 1.338 0.196 0.362 0.666 0.449 0.895 National 1994 48.6 0.453 1.344 0.200 0.371 0.676 0.463 0.903 2000 49.4 0.477 1.358 0.211 0.392 0.721 0.497 0.923 Trinidad & Tobago

1992 49.5 0.472 1.480 0.208 0.383 0.687 0.482 1.095 Uruguay 1989 42.2 0.364 1.383 0.151 0.268 0.457 0.311 0.956 1995 42.7 0.326 0.982 0.149 0.275 0.487 0.321 0.482 2000 44.6 0.357 1.040 0.161 0.293 0.497 0.347 0.541 Venezuela 1989 44.2 0.360 1.087 0.161 0.294 0.521 0.348 0.591 1995 46.9 0.418 1.230 0.183 0.327 0.571 0.398 0.757 1998 47.6 0.420 1.216 0.188 0.345 0.626 0.424 0.740

Notes: CV = coefficient of variation. A(

ε) refers to the Atkinson

index with a CES function with parameter ε. E(ε) refers to the

generalized entropy index with parameter ε. E(1) = Theil. Data for

Dominican Republic (1995) and Honduras, Trinidad and Tobago,

and Venezuela (1989) include only monetary income from labor

sources.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from household

surveys.

TABLE A.4.

Distribution of equivalized household income: share of deciles and income ratios

Share of deciles Income ratios

Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10/1 90/10 95/80 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) Argentina 1992 2.0 3.4 4.4 5.4 6.5 7.9 9.5 12.0 16.5 32.4 15.9 7.0 2.0 1996 1.7 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.2 7.6 9.3 11.9 16.6 34.7 20.9 8.4 2.1 2001 1.1 2.4 3.4 4.4 5.6 7.1 9.0 11.9 17.2 37.8 32.9 11.8 2.4 Bolivia Urban 1992 1.9 3.0 3.9 4.8 5.9 7.0 8.6 11.1 15.4 38.2 20.5 7.5 2.3 1996 1.8 2.9 3.8 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.4 10.9 15.7 39.6 21.6 8.1 2.3 National 1996 0.6 1.6 2.8 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.7 11.3 16.3 42.8 72.9 18.6 2.5 1999 0.3 1.1 2.5 3.9 5.5 7.2 9.1 12.1 17.6 40.7 126.5 33.8 2.4 Brazil 1990 0.9 1.7 2.4 3.2 4.3 5.7 7.5 10.5 16.6 47.3 53.4 17.1 2.9 1995 1.0 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.5 5.7 7.6 10.4 16.3 46.6 48.1 15.3 2.9 2001 1.0 1.9 2.8 3.7 4.7 5.9 7.7 10.5 16.1 45.7 45.4 14.0 2.8 Chile 1990 1.4 2.5 3.2 4.0 4.9 6.0 7.6 10.1 15.3 45.0 32.5 10.1 2.9 1996 1.4 2.4 3.1 4.0 4.9 6.0 7.7 10.3 15.5 44.7 32.7 10.5 2.7 2000 1.3 2.3 3.1 3.9 4.8 5.9 7.4 10.0 15.0 46.3 37.0 10.4 2.8 Colombia Bogotá 1992 1.1 2.4 3.3 4.1 5.2 6.7 8.4 11.2 17.0 40.5 36.1 11.7 2.7 1996 1.8 2.8 3.6 4.5 5.4 6.5 7.9 10.2 15.9 41.4 23.1 9.1 2.7 National 1996 1.0 2.3 3.3 4.2 5.3 6.5 8.1 10.5 14.9 43.9 44.1 11.1 2.7 1999 0.9 2.1 3.1 4.0 5.0 6.3 7.9 10.4 15.3 45.0 51.3 13.0 2.8 Costa Rica 1990 1.4 3.1 4.4 5.5 6.6 8.0 9.8 12.2 16.2 32.9 22.9 8.3 2.1 1995 1.5 3.1 4.3 5.4 6.6 7.9 9.7 12.1 16.2 33.1 21.5 8.0 2.0 2000 1.5 3.0 4.2 5.3 6.4 7.8 9.7 12.2 16.4 33.5 22.4 8.7 2.2 Dominican R. 1995 1.6 2.7 3.6 4.6 5.5 6.8 8.5 10.8 15.6 40.2 24.5 8.9 2.4 1997 1.5 2.8 3.8 4.9 6.0 7.3 9.1 11.6 15.8 37.3 25.3 8.9 2.2 Ecuador 1994 0.9 2.3 3.4 4.3 5.5 6.8 8.4 10.7 15.2 42.3 45.4 11.2 2.6 1998 0.7 2.1 3.2 4.2 5.3 6.7 8.5 10.9 15.8 42.6 57.5 13.7 2.5 El Salvador 1991 1.2 2.6 3.6 4.7 5.7 7.0 8.7 11.2 15.5 39.7 32.6 9.4 2.3 1995 1.1 2.6 3.7 4.8 6.0 7.3 9.0 11.4 15.9 38.1 33.7 9.9 2.3 2000 0.9 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.7 7.2 9.0 11.5 16.2 39.6 43.0 12.8 2.2 Guatemala 2000 0.8 1.9 2.9 4.0 5.1 6.4 8.2 10.6 15.6 44.6 54.2 14.6 2.8 Honduras 1990 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.9 5.0 6.4 8.2 10.9 15.9 43.9 45.7 13.2 2.5 1995 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.2 6.6 8.4 11.0 16.0 42.5 39.3 11.9 2.4 1999 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.2 5.4 7.0 8.8 11.6 16.7 40.3 42.4 13.5 2.4 Jamaica 1990 1.4 2.6 3.5 4.5 5.7 7.4 9.3 11.6 15.5 38.4 28.3 8.9 2.2 1996 1.1 2.3 3.3 4.4 5.7 7.2 8.9 11.0 16.0 40.1 37.5 11.7 2.5 1999 1.3 2.5 3.6 4.7 5.9 7.4 9.4 11.9 16.1 37.1 28.4 10.1 2.0 Mexico 1992 1.1 2.3 3.3 4.2 5.3 6.5 8.1 10.5 15.5 43.2 40.7 11.7 2.5 1996 1.2 2.4 3.4 4.3 5.4 6.7 8.3 10.8 15.6 41.8 36.1 10.6 2.6 2000 1.1 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.4 6.7 8.5 10.9 15.9 41.5 39.0 11.8 2.6 Nicaragua 1993 0.9 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.2 6.8 8.8 11.6 16.4 41.4 48.1 14.9 2.4 1998 0.8 2.0 3.1 4.2 5.5 6.8 8.6 11.1 15.5 42.3 50.0 13.5 2.2 Panama 1991 0.6 1.6 2.9 4.0 5.3 6.8 8.8 11.9 17.5 40.5 71.6 21.1 2.4 1995 0.7 1.9 3.0 4.1 5.3 6.8 8.7 11.7 16.8 41.0 60.2 16.3 2.5 2000 0.8 1.9 3.0 4.1 5.2 6.6 8.5 11.4 16.9 41.5 53.5 15.7 2.5 Paraguay 1995 0.8 1.7 2.6 3.6 4.8 6.3 8.1 10.6 15.4 46.1 58.6 15.7 2.7 1999 0.7 1.7 2.9 4.2 5.3 6.8 8.6 11.3 16.4 42.1 60.3 17.0 2.4 Peru Regions 1991 1.1 2.6 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.2 10.1 12.6 16.6 32.7 28.6 10.5 1.9 1994 1.2 2.7 4.0 5.3 6.4 8.0 9.9 12.3 16.3 33.9 29.4 9.6 1.9 National 1994 1.1 2.6 4.0 5.2 6.4 7.9 9.8 12.3 16.5 34.2 31.4 10.0 1.9 2000 0.9 2.4 3.8 5.1 6.5 8.1 9.7 12.0 15.9 35.6 41.0 11.0 2.0 Trinidad & Tobago

1992 1.0 2.6 3.9 5.2 6.3 7.7 9.4 12.1 17.0 34.8 35.5 11.6 2.1 Uruguay 1989 2.3 3.7 4.7 5.7 6.8 8.1 9.7 11.8 15.5 31.7 14.0 5.8 1.9 1995 2.1 3.5 4.7 5.7 6.8 8.1 9.8 12.2 16.2 31.0 15.0 6.7 2.0 2000 2.0 3.4 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.9 9.6 11.9 16.4 32.3 15.8 7.1 2.0 Venezuela 1989 1.9 3.4 4.5 5.6 6.8 8.2 9.9 12.3 16.0 31.4 16.6 6.9 1.9 1995 1.7 3.1 4.2 5.3 6.5 7.9 9.6 12.0 16.0 33.8 20.2 7.6 2.0 1998 1.4 2.9 4.0 5.2 6.4 7.9 9.6 12.1 16.5 34.0 24.6 8.4 2.1

Notes: Column (xi) = income ratio between deciles 10 and 1; column (xii)

= income ratio between percentiles 90 and 10, and column (xiii) = income

ratio between percentiles 95 and 80. Data for Dominican Republic (1995)

and Honduras, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (1989) includes only

monetary income from labor sources.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from household

TABLE A.5.

Distribution of equivalized household income: inequality indices

Country Gini Theil CV A(.5) A(1) A(2) E(0) E(2)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) Argentina 1992 42.6 0.327 0.996 0.147 0.269 0.463 0.313 0.496 1996 45.8 0.391 1.155 0.173 0.311 0.541 0.373 0.667 2001 50.4 0.461 1.210 0.207 0.376 0.639 0.471 0.732 Bolivia Urban 1992 47.7 0.457 1.349 0.190 0.324 0.515 0.392 0.910 1996 49.3 0.496 1.473 0.202 0.340 0.522 0.416 1.085 National 1996 55.8 0.630 1.727 0.267 0.473 0.777 0.640 1.492 1999 55.9 0.587 1.487 0.271 0.511 0.836 0.715 1.105 Brazil 1990 59.5 0.717 1.916 0.293 0.486 0.710 0.666 1.836 1995 58.3 0.684 1.752 0.280 0.466 0.690 0.628 1.535 2001 57.2 0.665 1.780 0.271 0.453 0.681 0.603 1.584 Chile 1990 54.7 0.635 1.837 0.251 0.412 0.632 0.531 1.687 1996 54.9 0.624 1.722 0.251 0.414 0.631 0.535 1.483 2000 56.1 0.681 1.955 0.265 0.432 0.655 0.565 1.911 Colombia Bogotá 1992 52.4 0.510 1.295 0.226 0.407 0.761 0.522 0.838 1996 50.8 0.508 1.374 0.211 0.354 0.525 0.437 0.944 National 1996 54.3 0.662 2.735 0.253 0.423 0.677 0.551 3.740 1999 55.8 0.676 2.102 0.266 0.446 0.706 0.591 2.209 Costa Rica 1990 43.9 0.350 1.039 0.160 0.300 0.559 0.357 0.540 1995 44.0 0.352 1.043 0.160 0.298 0.545 0.353 0.544 2000 44.6 0.354 1.008 0.163 0.304 0.553 0.363 0.508 Dominican R. 1995 50.2 0.516 1.524 0.210 0.354 0.543 0.437 1.161 1997 48.1 0.462 1.438 0.194 0.339 0.557 0.413 1.033 Ecuador 1994 53.0 0.585 1.670 0.240 0.415 0.688 0.535 1.395 1998 54.3 0.606 1.709 0.252 0.441 0.740 0.581 1.460 El Salvador 1991 50.5 0.536 1.726 0.218 0.375 0.626 0.470 1.490 1995 49.4 0.490 1.462 0.207 0.368 0.641 0.459 1.068 2000 51.8 0.558 1.839 0.230 0.404 0.681 0.518 1.690 Guatemala 2000 56.0 0.632 1.659 0.263 0.450 0.713 0.599 1.376 Honduras 1990 55.6 0.664 2.083 0.262 0.438 0.672 0.577 2.169 1995 54.1 0.598 1.657 0.245 0.417 0.653 0.540 1.373 1999 53.0 0.537 1.414 0.234 0.415 0.680 0.535 1.000 Jamaica 1990 49.6 0.484 1.362 0.206 0.362 0.611 0.449 0.927 1996 51.5 0.518 1.406 0.222 0.391 0.648 0.496 0.989 1999 49.0 0.513 1.756 0.206 0.357 0.584 0.441 1.541 Mexico 1992 53.9 0.612 1.773 0.246 0.415 0.659 0.536 1.571 1996 52.5 0.571 1.770 0.233 0.398 0.655 0.508 1.566 2000 52.7 0.558 1.568 0.233 0.404 0.665 0.518 1.229 Nicaragua 1993 54.2 0.583 1.602 0.246 0.431 0.697 0.564 1.283 1998 54.1 0.639 2.008 0.253 0.432 0.699 0.565 2.017 Panama 1991 54.7 0.561 1.423 0.252 0.460 0.766 0.616 1.012 1995 54.0 0.549 1.378 0.244 0.443 0.749 0.585 0.949 2000 54.4 0.565 1.440 0.246 0.437 0.721 0.575 1.037 Paraguay 1995 57.8 0.693 1.808 0.282 0.473 0.717 0.640 1.635 1999 54.9 0.640 2.314 0.259 0.451 0.735 0.599 2.677 Peru Regions 1991 45.2 0.369 1.061 0.172 0.329 0.625 0.399 0.563 1994 45.9 0.399 1.207 0.179 0.335 0.635 0.409 0.729 National 1994 46.4 0.406 1.213 0.183 0.344 0.647 0.421 0.735 2000 47.7 0.443 1.284 0.198 0.371 0.700 0.464 0.825 Trinidad & Tobago

1992 47.2 0.415 1.277 0.188 0.355 0.661 0.438 0.815 Uruguay 1989 40.8 0.344 1.359 0.142 0.250 0.425 0.287 0.923 1995 40.9 0.297 0.923 0.136 0.252 0.448 0.290 0.426 2000 42.5 0.324 0.980 0.146 0.266 0.454 0.309 0.480 Venezuela 1989 41.7 0.317 0.989 0.144 0.266 0.484 0.309 0.489 1995 44.5 0.374 1.138 0.165 0.300 0.539 0.356 0.647 1998 45.5 0.382 1.133 0.173 0.321 0.598 0.387 0.642

Notes: CV = coefficient of variation. A(

ε) refers to the

Atkinson index with a CES function with parameter ε. E(ε)

refers to the generalized entropy index with parameter ε. E(1) =

Theil. Data for Dominican Republic (1995) and Honduras,

Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (1989) include only

monetary income from labor sources.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from

household surveys.

TABLE A.6.

Distribution of equivalized household income: Gini coefficients

Countries

Early 90s

Mid 90s

Early 00s

Change

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Argentina

42.6

45.8

50.4

7.7

Bolivia

54.3

55.8

55.9

1.6

Brazil

59.5

58.3

57.2

-2.3

Chile

54.7

54.9

56.1

1.4

Colombia

55.9

54.3

55.8

-0.1

Costa Rica

43.9

44.0

44.6

0.8

El Salvador

50.5

49.4

51.8

1.3

Honduras

55.6

54.1

53.0

-2.6

Jamaica

49.6

51.5

49.0

-0.6

Mexico

53.9

52.5

52.7

-1.2

Nicaragua

54.2

54.1

54.1

-0.1

Panama

54.7

54.0

54.4

-0.3

Peru

45.7

46.4

47.7

2.0

Uruguay

40.8

40.9

42.5

1.7

Venezuela

41.7

44.5

45.5

3.8

Average (non-weighted)

50.5

50.7

51.4

0.9

Average (weighted)

51.9

51.2

51.5

-0.4

Dominican Rep.

50.2

48.1

Ecuador

53.0

54.3

Guatemala

56.0

Paraguay

57.8

54.9

Trinidad and Tobago

47.2

Notes: The Gini coefficients for Bolivia and Colombia for the early

1990s were estimated by extrapolating the changes in the Gini for

urban areas (see Table 3.5). A similar procedure was applied for Peru

using the areas covered in 1991. To compute the Latin American

average for the mid -1990s, a Gini of 54.1 was assumed for

Nicaragua.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from household

TABLE A.7.

Distribution of household income divided by alternative equivalent scales, household per capita income for

urban and rural areas, household labor and monetary income per capita, total household income, and

equivalized income for different age groups: Gini coefficients

Country Per capita Equivalized Equivalized EquivalizedEquivalized Equivalized Per capita Per capita Per capita Per capita Per capita Per capita Total Equivalized EquivalizedEquivalized Equivalized income income income income income income income income income income income income household income A income A income A income A

A B C D E Only urban Only rural Only labor Only monetary Only labor Urban labor income Age 0-10 Age 20-30 Age 40-50 Age 60-70 monetary monetary

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) (xvii) Argentina 1992 44.7 42.6 41.9 41.9 41.3 43.0 44.7 44.5 44.7 44.5 44.5 44.2 42.9 40.0 44.1 41.8 1996 48.2 45.8 44.8 45.0 44.1 46.3 48.2 47.9 48.2 47.9 47.9 45.3 45.0 43.8 48.0 42.7 2001 52.2 50.4 49.4 49.6 48.8 50.8 52.2 53.3 52.2 53.3 53.3 47.9 51.9 46.5 50.7 47.2 Bolivia Urban 1992 49.5 47.7 47.2 47.1 46.6 47.9 49.5 49.3 49.5 49.3 49.3 48.7 47.1 46.6 49.7 48.9 1996 51.1 49.3 48.7 48.5 48.1 49.3 51.0 51.3 51.1 51.3 51.3 51.0 49.2 47.8 48.7 49.5 National 1996 57.6 55.8 55.4 55.1 54.8 55.8 50.7 59.1 57.4 57.6 57.4 51.1 58.0 54.9 52.4 57.5 61.7 1999 57.8 55.9 55.3 55.2 54.8 56.1 48.2 63.0 58.3 57.7 58.4 48.9 56.8 57.0 50.3 55.6 60.9 Brazil 1990 61.2 59.5 58.7 58.9 58.2 59.9 58.6 53.9 61.0 61.2 61.0 58.5 58.3 59.6 56.0 59.9 62.0 1995 60.0 58.3 57.5 57.6 56.9 58.6 58.0 54.2 60.6 60.0 60.5 58.2 56.9 57.8 55.7 58.8 57.4 2001 59.0 57.2 56.4 56.5 55.8 57.5 57.7 53.1 59.9 59.0 60.0 58.3 55.8 56.7 54.2 56.9 56.4 Chile 1990 55.9 54.7 54.1 54.3 53.8 54.9 54.9 58.2 56.8 57.1 55.5 55.4 55.7 52.7 54.4 55.1 1996 56.1 54.9 54.4 54.6 54.1 55.2 55.2 49.9 58.0 57.6 56.4 55.3 56.1 52.9 54.9 53.7 2000 57.1 56.1 55.5 55.9 55.3 56.4 56.5 52.4 58.5 57.8 56.9 55.5 57.9 52.6 59.4 52.7 Colombia Bogotá 1992 54.6 52.4 51.6 52.2 51.3 52.9 54.6 55.4 56.0 55.5 55.5 51.7 52.5 50.7 52.2 55.0 1996 52.4 50.8 50.3 50.1 49.8 51.0 52.4 52.6 53.1 52.9 52.9 51.8 49.7 48.0 53.0 49.5 National 1996 56.1 54.3 53.5 53.4 52.9 54.5 53.6 50.2 55.0 56.9 55.3 52.9 54.4 53.1 51.2 55.4 57.7 1999 57.6 55.8 55.0 55.2 54.4 56.3 55.1 55.0 57.2 58.6 57.7 55.9 55.1 55.1 52.0 58.9 58.2 Costa Rica 1990 45.6 43.9 43.3 43.2 42.7 44.0 42.9 43.2 45.5 45.6 45.5 43.2 45.0 43.8 41.2 42.9 46.8 1995 45.7 44.0 43.3 43.3 42.8 44.1 42.9 43.7 45.5 45.7 45.5 43.1 44.9 44.8 40.1 45.1 45.1 2000 46.5 44.6 44.1 43.8 43.4 44.8 44.2 44.0 46.4 46.5 46.4 44.7 46.4 44.0 42.7 43.4 48.6 Dominican R. 1995 51.5 50.2 49.6 49.7 49.2 50.5 53.5 44.4 51.5 51.5 51.5 53.4 50.3 49.0 48.0 53.2 52.4 1997 49.7 48.1 47.5 47.3 46.9 48.3 48.0 47.5 48.8 50.0 49.0 47.5 49.7 46.5 45.1 47.3 52.2 Ecuador 1994 54.8 53.0 52.2 52.3 51.6 53.3 51.8 51.5 54.0 55.3 55.3 52.2 52.8 53.8 50.4 55.3 53.7 1998 56.2 54.3 53.5 53.6 52.9 54.8 52.2 54.1 55.1 57.3 56.6 52.1 54.4 52.6 50.8 55.1 60.8 El Salvador 1991 52.7 50.5 49.7 49.5 48.9 50.7 49.5 47.8 54.9 52.7 54.9 50.0 50.8 49.4 48.6 51.1 54.3 1995 51.3 49.4 48.6 48.5 47.9 49.6 47.4 44.1 51.5 51.3 51.5 47.4 49.7 49.6 46.6 50.2 50.8 2000 53.2 51.8 51.0 51.0 50.4 52.2 50.3 46.8 52.8 53.2 52.8 50.8 51.3 48.2 49.0 50.6 59.2 Guatemala 2000 58.3 56.0 55.3 54.8 54.3 56.2 54.2 50.7 57.5 59.0 58.0 54.0 55.8 54.1 53.7 56.3 61.6 Honduras 1990 57.8 55.6 54.8 54.8 54.1 55.9 55.3 49.4 57.8 57.8 57.8 55.3 55.2 52.6 54.9 57.6 64.1 1995 56.1 54.1 53.3 53.2 52.6 54.4 52.2 55.5 56.1 56.1 56.1 52.2 53.6 51.9 50.4 57.3 54.3 1999 55.0 53.0 52.3 52.2 51.6 53.3 50.2 53.2 55.0 55.0 55.0 50.2 52.9 52.9 50.3 53.5 54.8 Jamaica 1990 51.7 49.6 48.7 48.8 48.1 49.9 49.8 52.4 52.6 51.7 52.6 50.3 48.8 49.5 48.9 49.1 45.9 1996 54.4 51.5 50.3 50.4 49.4 51.7 59.1 48.0 58.0 54.4 58.0 61.5 50.4 45.3 50.4 52.6 52.4 1999 52.0 49.0 47.4 47.9 46.5 49.7 54.9 46.8 55.4 52.0 55.4 57.3 48.2 46.5 46.8 54.8 49.1 Mexico 1992 55.9 53.9 53.0 53.1 52.3 54.2 52.7 52.4 56.3 55.2 55.5 52.4 52.8 52.6 52.5 56.8 59.5 1996 54.4 52.5 51.5 51.8 50.9 52.9 51.7 50.8 55.7 53.8 55.0 51.8 50.3 51.8 50.9 53.4 52.4 2000 54.6 52.7 51.8 52.0 51.3 53.0 50.9 52.1 55.0 54.6 54.9 50.8 51.3 51.2 49.9 53.6 57.6 Nicaragua 1993 55.9 54.2 53.3 53.6 52.9 54.6 52.5 53.9 56.3 57.7 57.6 54.4 53.4 54.1 52.2 53.4 53.1 1998 55.9 54.1 53.5 53.4 52.9 54.2 53.0 54.3 55.5 58.4 57.8 54.8 55.4 52.4 49.3 62.4 53.9 Panama 1991 56.4 54.7 53.8 54.0 53.3 55.1 54.4 56.4 54.4 54.0 54.9 51.0 55.5 57.0 1995 55.9 54.0 53.2 53.3 52.6 54.4 51.5 52.7 55.1 55.9 55.1 52.5 53.5 54.8 49.9 53.3 55.5 2000 56.4 54.4 53.6 53.5 52.9 54.7 52.2 54.2 56.9 56.4 56.9 53.2 54.4 53.6 50.6 52.5 59.0 Paraguay 1995 59.5 57.8 57.3 57.0 56.6 57.8 53.3 56.7 59.9 50.7 48.7 56.7 57.2 53.5 58.4 58.2 1999 56.8 54.9 54.3 53.9 53.5 54.8 50.3 59.9 57.2 65.7 65.2 54.3 53.2 51.4 56.8 52.9 Peru Regions 1991 46.5 45.2 44.9 44.8 44.5 45.4 42.8 48.7 46.5 47.1 47.0 43.4 47.5 46.5 42.8 46.0 51.2 1994 47.9 45.9 45.2 44.9 44.5 46.0 44.0 49.8 48.4 48.3 48.7 45.3 46.9 45.2 43.1 46.7 46.2 National 1994 48.6 46.4 45.8 45.5 45.0 46.6 44.2 49.3 48.8 48.9 49.2 45.4 47.2 45.9 43.7 47.4 46.2 2000 49.4 47.7 47.4 46.9 46.7 47.8 43.8 45.7 49.5 49.5 49.6 44.4 49.9 48.5 45.8 46.6 49.2 Trinidad & Tobago

1992 49.5 47.2 45.7 46.5 45.2 47.8 51.4 47.8 49.5 49.5 49.5 51.4 43.7 46.4 44.6 44.2 61.8 Uruguay 1989 42.2 40.8 40.2 40.3 39.9 41.0 42.2 45.0 43.3 46.1 46.1 43.2 41.5 37.6 40.2 41.8 1995 42.7 40.9 40.2 40.3 39.8 41.3 42.7 46.2 44.0 47.8 47.8 42.3 42.0 38.7 40.7 39.7 2000 44.6 42.5 41.5 41.8 41.0 43.1 44.6 47.9 45.8 49.5 49.5 42.0 43.0 40.9 41.6 40.6 Venezuela 1989 44.2 41.7 40.6 40.7 39.7 42.1 42.3 42.6 44.2 44.2 44.2 42.3 40.7 40.7 39.0 43.5 44.2 1995 46.9 44.5 43.7 43.4 42.8 44.7 45.4 45.3 46.7 46.9 46.7 45.1 45.1 42.7 42.4 43.8 46.2 1998 47.6 45.5 44.7 44.7 44.0 45.9 46.4 45.4 47.9 47.6 47.9 46.9 46.0 45.1 43.5 44.9 47.4

Notes: Equivalized income A:

θ = 0.9, α

1 = 0.5 and

α

2 = 0.75; B: θ = 0.75, α

1

= 0.5 and α

2

= 0.75; C: θ = 0.9,

α

1

= 0.3 and α

2

= 0.5; D: θ = 0.75, α

1

= 0.3 and α

2

= 0.5; E: Amsterdam scale. Adult equivalent equal to 0.98 for

men aged 14–17, 0.9 for women over 14, 0.52 for children under 14, and 1 for all others.

TABLE A.8.

Distribution of household per capita income: signs of change in Gini coefficients

70s

80s

90s

Country

Londoño &

Morley/

Londoño &

Morley/

Székely

This study

Székely

Altimir

Székely

Altimir

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

Argentina

+

+

+

Bahamas

-

=

+

=

Bolivia

+

+

Brazil

=

- or =

+

+

=

-Chile

+

+ or =

+

+

=

+

Colombia

-

- or =

=

+ or -

=

=

Costa Rica

- or =

=

=

=

= or +

Dominican Rep.

=

+

+

Ecuador

=

+

El Salvador

+

= or +

Guatemala

=

+

Honduras

=

=

+

-Jamaica

=

=

-

-

-

=

Mexico

-

-

+

+

=

= or

-Nicaragua

+

=

Panama

-

+

+

=

=

Paraguay

+

Peru

-

+ or =

=

+

+

Uruguay

+ or =

-

=

+

Venezuela

-

-

=

+

+

+

Note: Signs refer to changes in the Gini coefficient of the distribution of household per capita income.

Source: Altimir 1994 and 1996, Morley 2001, Londoño and Székely 2000, and Székely 2001.

TABLE A.9.

Perceptions about unfairness of the income distribution: Latinobarómetro 2001

Do you think the income distribution is ..?

Gini coefficient

Very Fair

Fair

Unfair

Very

Total

Level

Change

unfair

around 2000

in the 90s

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

Argentina

1.0

2.3

42.4

54.3

100.0

50.4

7.7

Bolivia

1.6

6.3

57.3

34.8

100.0

55.9

1.6

Brazil

0.8

12.8

50.7

35.7

100.0

57.2

-2.3

Chile

1.7

9.4

52.3

36.5

100.0

56.1

1.4

Colombia

0.6

3.5

41.4

54.5

100.0

55.8

-0.1

Costa Rica

1.3

14.2

51.9

32.7

100.0

44.6

0.8

Ecuador

3.2

6.6

57.9

32.3

100.0

54.3

El Salvador

1.8

13.5

49.1

35.7

100.0

51.8

1.3

Guatemala

0.7

13.1

57.9

28.2

100.0

56.0

Honduras

1.5

6.6

61.8

30.1

100.0

53.0

-2.6

Mexico

1.3

14.4

51.2

33.1

100.0

52.7

-1.2

Nicaragua

2.1

13.3

54.7

29.9

100.0

54.1

-0.1

Panama

0.4

4.7

40.8

54.0

100.0

54.4

-0.3

Paraguay

0.8

4.1

40.0

55.1

100.0

54.9

Peru

1.3

4.0

57.7

36.9

100.0

47.7

2.0

Uruguay

1.1

6.8

60.5

31.6

100.0

42.5

1.7

Venezuela

6.3

21.1

48.1

24.5

100.0

45.5

3.8

Average

1.7

9.4

51.7

37.3

100.0

TABLE A.10.

Household per capita income and equivalized household income:

indices of bipolarization (EGR and Wolfson) and inequality (Gini

coefficient)

Household per capita income Equivalized income

Country EGR Wolfson Gini EGR Wolfson Gini

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Argentina 1992 0.149 0.427 44.7 0.140 0.397 42.6 1996 0.158 0.454 48.2 0.147 0.419 45.8 2001 0.175 0.519 52.2 0.164 0.472 50.4 Bolivia Urban 1992 0.171 0.442 49.5 0.162 0.413 47.7 1996 0.179 0.462 51.1 0.171 0.429 49.3 National 1996 0.192 0.543 57.6 0.178 0.502 55.8 1999 0.200 0.630 57.8 0.188 0.587 55.9 Brazil 1990 0.245 0.634 61.2 0.236 0.611 59.5 1995 0.239 0.629 60.0 0.230 0.593 58.3 2001 0.229 0.460 59.0 0.221 0.429 57.2 Chile 1990 0.208 0.478 55.9 0.202 0.452 54.7 1996 0.195 0.482 56.1 0.189 0.454 54.9 2000 0.190 0.458 57.1 0.183 0.431 56.1 Colombia Bogotá 1992 0.200 0.504 54.6 0.189 0.467 52.4 1996 0.190 0.425 52.4 0.183 0.393 50.8 National 1996 0.183 0.422 56.1 0.172 0.391 54.3 1999 0.195 0.462 57.6 0.185 0.434 55.8 Costa Rica 1990 0.146 0.430 45.6 0.137 0.396 43.9 1995 0.147 0.414 45.7 0.137 0.384 44.0 2000 0.155 0.442 46.5 0.145 0.412 44.6 Dominican R. 1995 0.187 0.475 51.5 0.181 0.459 50.2 1997 0.163 0.446 49.7 0.156 0.428 48.1 Ecuador 1994 0.196 0.496 54.8 0.185 0.466 53.0 1998 0.197 0.547 56.2 0.185 0.509 54.3 El Salvador 1991 0.175 0.455 52.7 0.162 0.422 50.5 1995 0.163 0.446 51.3 0.151 0.414 49.4 2000 0.166 0.485 53.2 0.156 0.460 51.8 Guatemala 2000 0.209 0.567 58.3 0.193 0.520 56.0 Honduras 1990 0.209 0.519 57.8 0.196 0.483 55.6 1995 0.190 0.483 56.1 0.178 0.446 54.1 1999 0.189 0.496 55.0 0.177 0.461 53.0 Jamaica 1990 0.168 0.492 51.7 0.155 0.447 49.6 1996 0.185 0.448 54.4 0.163 0.432 51.5 1999 0.171 0.473 52.0 0.155 0.440 49.0 Mexico 1992 0.190 0.489 55.9 0.178 0.464 53.9 1996 0.185 0.490 54.4 0.176 0.460 52.5 2000 0.178 0.480 54.6 0.170 0.457 52.7 Nicaragua 1993 0.204 0.569 55.9 0.194 0.537 54.2 1998 0.194 0.532 55.9 0.183 0.497 54.1 Panama 1991 0.207 0.587 56.4 0.195 0.545 54.7 1995 0.199 0.537 55.9 0.186 0.499 54.0 2000 0.202 0.566 56.4 0.189 0.528 54.4 Paraguay 1995 0.213 0.590 59.5 0.201 0.544 57.8 1999 0.225 0.609 56.8 0.214 0.564 54.9 Peru Regions 1991 0.144 0.409 46.5 0.137 0.398 45.2 1994 0.151 0.461 47.9 0.143 0.430 45.9 National 1994 0.158 0.471 48.6 0.148 0.436 46.4 2000 0.146 0.423 49.4 0.136 0.400 47.7

Trinidad & Tobago

1992 0.161 0.445 49.5 0.151 0.414 47.2 Uruguay 1989 0.130 0.352 42.2 0.126 0.343 40.8 1995 0.136 0.385 42.7 0.130 0.365 40.9 2000 0.151 0.426 44.6 0.144 0.398 42.5 Venezuela 1989 0.135 0.392 44.2 0.125 0.364 41.7 1995 0.144 0.418 46.9 0.132 0.381 44.5 1998 0.149 0.440 47.6 0.139 0.404 45.5

Note: EGR = Esteban, Gradín, and Ray 1999.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from household surveys.

TABLE A.11.

Class structure in Latin America: relative occupational income and share in working population

Relative occupational incomes Shares in working population

Employers Professional/ Petty Formal Informal Capitalists Professional/ Petty Formal Informal Executives entrepreneurs workers workers Executives entrepreneurs workers workers (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) Argentina (Greater Buenos Aires)

1980 280 226 267 96 71 2.1 3.3 4.3 44.2 46.2 1990 322 147 288 70 91 1.6 6.9 6.4 44.8 40.3 1997 336 321 1.4 6.9 5.6 46.1 40.1 Bolivia 1989 386 183 281 86 77 1.1 4.3 3.9 31.4 59.1 1994 294 209 231 77 57 1.4 6.8 7.8 28.3 55.8 1997 281 244 197 89 59 2.0 6.7 6.9 24.8 59.5 Brazil 1979 389 168 296 86 72 1.5 7.5 3.8 49.7 37.5 1990 343 174 240 81 62 2.2 4.6 3.3 45.9 43.1 1996 382 214 280 78 63 2.5 4.9 3.9 44.6 44.1 Chile 1990 528 157 404 74 83 1.6 12.9 2.7 45.7 37.0 1994 544 155 290 65 79 1.5 15.4 6.2 44.9 32.1 1998 457 158 331 58 86 1.6 17.0 7.2 43.4 30.8 Colombia 1980 428 208 55 64 1994 345 208 68 55 1997 287 182 71 53 Costa Rica 1981 198 173 195 73 82 1.5 2.7 3.4 60.1 32.2 1994 208 162 177 85 69 1.1 6.1 6.5 54.5 31.7 1997 150 161 132 86 58 1.6 8.8 8.9 49.9 30.8 Ecuador 1990 171 214 143 104 67 1.4 4.5 4.2 39.3 50.3 1994 228 179 210 90 63 1.4 5.6 8.5 35.5 49.0 1997 220 190 217 97 63 1.9 6.0 7.5 34.0 50.6 Mexico 1984 308 183 277 92 33 0.2 6.2 3.3 1994 416 216 314 68 36 0.5 9.0 4.4 1998 444 168 285 76 39 0.9 6.6 5.8 Panama 1979 116 243 89 35 2.1 4.6 69.9 23.4 1991 236 188 154 82 45 0.8 7.4 3.6 53.6 34.6 1997 275 179 207 73 53 1.0 10.8 3.6 53.4 31.2 Paraguay (Asunción) 1986 290 223 245 84 61 1.7 6.1 7.8 35.3 49.1 1990 303 138 241 76 86 2.1 5.5 8.3 36.8 47.3 1996 294 181 200 86 69 1.4 4.8 8.5 33.0 52.2 Uruguay 1981 347 147 293 60 42 1.6 3.9 4.6 55.8 34.0 1990 279 177 207 86 51 1.9 5.1 5.0 51.9 36.2 1997 235 200 200 94 47 1.7 6.5 5.9 48.3 37.7 Venezuela 1981 153 196 145 91 69 1.5 5.2 6.4 43.5 44.3 1990 264 147 211 80 79 2.6 5.8 6.0 51.4 34.2 1997 311 161 261 67 84 1.9 6.1 6.1 45.2 40.6

Note: In panel 1, income is relative to the mean occupational income.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on ECLAC 2000.

TABLE A.12.

Class structure in Argentina and Brazil: percent share of working

population and relative income

Argentina

Brazil

1992

2001

1995

2001

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

1. Share in working population

Capitalists

1.6

1.1

1.2

1.3

Professionals/executives

4.4

5.8

4.1

4.5

Petty entrepreneurs

4.9

5.4

3.7

3.7

Formal workers

46.5

45.9

33.8

31.7

Informal workers

42.6

41.8

57.1

58.8

2. Relative individual income

Capitalists

144

173

145

149

Professionals/executives

108

127

105

110

Petty entrepreneurs

100

100

100

100

Formal workers

41

46

26

29

Informal workers

38

28

17

19

3. Relative equivalized household income

Capitalists

136

140

127

129

Professionals/executives

113

140

122

120

Petty entrepreneurs

100

100

100

100

Formal workers

51

50

32

33

Informal workers

48

35

21

22

4. Income share

Capitalists

4.8

4.1

6.2

6.1

Professionals/executives

10.0

15.5

15.1

16.2

Petty entrepreneurs

10.5

11.3

13.0

12.1

Formal workers

40.4

44.2

31.1

29.6

Informal workers

34.2

24.9

34.6

36.0

5. Within Gini coefficient for individual income

Capitalists

37.1

53.1

54.9

57.1

Professionals/executives

34.1

34.2

45.7

45.7

Petty entrepreneurs

40.9

40.9

48.7

49.4

Formal workers

33.1

36.3

45.0

41.8

Informal workers

39.9

43.1

51.8

49.6

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from Encuesta Permanente

de Hogares (EPH) and Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios

(PNAD).

TABLE A.13.

Individual income and class structure in Argentina (1992, 2001) and Brazil (1995, 2001): decile

distribution

Argentina, 1992 Argentina, 2001

Classes Classes

Professional Petty Formal Informal Professional Petty Formal Informal Deciles Capitalists executives entrepreneurs workers workers Deciles Capitalists executives entrepreneurs workers workers

1 0.3 1.0 5.3 5.8 16.9 1 0.3 0.7 2.1 4.5 19.0 2 1.2 0.5 1.1 11.0 11.1 2 0.0 0.8 4.1 5.7 17.2 3 0.7 0.6 3.2 10.8 11.1 3 5.7 1.4 2.4 8.1 14.5 4 1.3 1.2 3.0 11.8 9.8 4 0.1 1.0 3.4 11.9 10.1 5 0.2 4.0 1.7 11.1 10.5 5 0.3 2.1 6.3 10.9 10.7 6 5.7 3.9 8.1 10.6 10.2 6 3.2 3.1 6.9 12.8 8.3 7 2.2 6.6 8.0 12.0 8.3 7 6.7 7.0 6.5 13.4 7.0 8 7.1 11.2 8.9 11.2 8.6 8 9.6 6.1 12.3 14.3 5.2 9 27.0 22.3 20.6 9.6 7.5 9 20.7 21.4 18.0 11.6 5.3 10 54.4 48.7 40.0 6.0 6.0 1 0 53.4 56.6 38.0 7.0 2.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brazil, 1995 Brazil, 2001 Classes Classes

Professional Petty Formal Informal Professional Petty Formal Informal Deciles Capitalists executives entrepreneurs workers workers Deciles Capitalists executives entrepreneurs workers workers

1 1.0 0.1 0.4 3.2 16.8 1 1.6 0.1 0.6 5.0 17.3 2 1.1 0.4 0.6 6.1 14.6 2 2.2 0.4 0.8 7.9 14.3 3 1.9 0.5 0.7 8.4 12.9 3 1.5 0.6 1.1 9.7 12.5 4 2.8 0.7 1.3 10.2 11.5 4 2.5 0.8 1.8 11.2 10.9 5 3.6 1.5 3.1 10.9 10.8 5 3.5 1.7 2.8 11.9 9.9 6 3.0 2.8 2.7 13.7 8.7 6 3.0 2.2 3.7 12.8 8.9 7 5.9 5.2 6.8 14.2 7.7 7 5.8 5.2 8.6 12.1 8.7 8 7.5 10.4 12.3 13.4 7.4 8 6.1 10.1 9.8 12.8 7.3 9 14.1 23.6 21.1 12.7 5.9 9 17.0 24.5 22.7 10.6 6.3 10 59.1 54.8 50.9 7.0 3.8 1 0 56.9 54.6 48.1 5.8 4.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) and Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de

Domicilios (PNAD).

TABLE A.14.

Mean income from National Accounts Mean income from household surveys Country Mean income Sen Atk(1) Atk(2) Mean income Sen Atk(1) Atk(2)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

Argentina 1992 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1996 109 102 102 90 91 86 85 76 1998 119 109 108 96 101 92 92 82 2001 111 96 94 72 89 77 75 58 Bolivia 1996 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1999 104 104 96 74 122 122 112 87 Brazil 1990 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1995 108 111 112 115 137 141 142 145 2001 113 120 120 124 133 140 141 145 Chile 1990 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1996 148 147 148 150 142 142 142 144 2000 161 157 157 153 153 149 148 144 Costa Rica 1990 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1995 116 116 116 118 119 118 119 121 2000 123 121 122 123 125 123 124 125 Dominicana 1995 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1997 112 116 114 108 119 123 121 114 Ecuador 1994 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1998 100 97 95 83 96 93 91 80 El Salvador 1991 100 100 100 100 1995 120 123 122 115 2000 126 125 122 110 Honduras 1990 100 100 100 100 1995 103 107 107 109 1999 101 108 106 98 Mexico 1992 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1996 98 101 101 99 78 80 80 78 2000 116 120 119 114 104 107 107 102 Nicaragua 1993 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1998 108 108 108 108 111 111 111 111 Panama 1991 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1995 111 112 114 118 128 129 131 135 2000 123 123 127 143 130 130 134 151 Paraguay 1995 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1999 92 99 96 86 90 96 94 84 Peru 1991 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1994 112 107 107 101 2000 124 118 115 97 114 108 106 89 Uruguay 1989 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1995 116 115 115 110 100 99 99 94 2000 123 118 118 114 112 107 108 104 Venezuela 1989 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1995 109 104 104 98 90 86 86 81 1998 109 102 101 85 94 88 87 73

Notes: See Lambert 1993 for details on the aggregate welfare functions. Atk(

ε) refers to the

function proposed by Atkinson 1970, that is, a CES function with parameter equal to ε. First

observation for each country = 100.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from household surveys and per capita GDP

TABLE A.15.

Poverty in Latin American countries: headcount ratio

(share of population below the poverty line)

Country Szekely (1997) Szekely (2001) Wodon (2001) Sala-i-Martin (2002)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Argentina Early 90s 14.6 Mid 90s 18.4 15.2 Late 90s 17.9 Bolivia Early 90s 63.4 73.4 26.5 Mid 90s 62.1 64.5 Late 90s 61.4 40.1 Brazil Early 90s 46.3 48.3 46.7 16.5 Mid 90s 43.5 44.7 36.7 Late 90s 41.3 12.9 Chile Early 90s 31.0 32.4 46.1 10.1 Mid 90s 18.3 28.0 Late 90s 16.1 2.2 Colombia Early 90s 23.8 42.4 53.6 17.2 Mid 90s 38.8 52.2 Late 90s 37.8 17.0 Costa Rica Early 90s 24.7 34.2 11.2 Mid 90s 22.1 28.7 Late 90s 30.5 9.2 Dominican Republic Early 90s 49.5 22.6 Mid 90s 38.1 47.4 Late 90s 34.5 8.4 Ecuador Early 90s 49.2 13.9 Mid 90s 49.5 55.2 Late 90s 48.0 13.6 El Salvador Early 90s 21.6 Mid 90s 58.6 Late 90s 64.0 16.8 Guatemala Early 90s 28.5 Late 90s 25.1 Guyana Early 90s 27.2 Late 90s 12.8 Honduras Early 90s 67.8 77.2 60.1 36.7 Mid 90s 65.6 76.3 63.0 Late 90s 75.3 47.2 Jamaica Early 90s 27.4 8.1 Mid 90s 25.1 Late 90s 6.1 Mexico Early 90s 19.3 16.2 26.9 4.5 Mid 90s 19.7 21.2 32.1 Late 90s 21.2 1.8 Nicaragua Early 90s 70.7 28.8 Late 90s 72.7 47.3 Panama Early 90s 48.4 47.8 17.9 Mid 90s 47.8 Late 90s 36.6 10.0 Paraguay Early 90s 39.7 22.8 Mid 90s 52.1 39.5 Late 90s 61.1 22.3 Peru Early 90s 41.9 15.3 Mid 90s 35.0 44.0 Late 90s 42.4 12.5

Trinidad and Tobago

Early 90s 0.4 Late 90s 0.1 Uruguay Early 90s 23.2 18.0 0.9 Mid 90s 16.6 19.4 Late 90s 13.6 0.1 Venezuela Early 90s 14.3 12.6 30.2 4.2 Mid 90s 13.4 15.2 41.2 Late 90s 20.6 4.8

Notes: The poverty lines in Székely 1997, 2001 and

Sala-i-Martin 2002 is US$2 per day. In Wodon and others 2001,

poverty line equals twice the food poverty lines, which is

based on the cost of country -specific food baskets providing

2,200 kcal per day per person.

TABLE A.16.

Distribution of household per capita income: Gini coefficient (value,

standard error, coefficient of variation, and 95 percent confidence

interval)

Country Value Std. Err Coef. Var. 95% interval

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Argentina 1992 44.7 0.326 0.7 (44.1, 45.4) 1996 48.2 0.431 0.9 (47.8, 48.8) 1998 49.5 0.354 0.7 (49.0, 50.2) 2001 52.2 0.304 0.6 (51.7, 52.9) Bolivia Urban 1992 49.5 0.406 0.8 (48.8, 50.4) 1996 51.1 0.529 1.0 (50.3, 52.1) National 1996 57.6 0.360 0.6 (56.9, 58.4) 1999 57.8 0.573 1.0 (56.8, 59.1) Brazil 1990 61.2 0.134 0.2 (60.9, 61.5) 1995 60.0 0.119 0.2 (59.8, 60.3) 2001 59.0 0.113 0.2 (58.8, 59.2) Chile 1990 55.9 0.281 0.5 (55.3, 56.4) 1996 56.1 0.360 0.6 (55.4, 56.7) 2000 57.1 0.435 0.8 (56.4, 58.1) Colombia Bogotá 1992 54.6 0.451 0.8 (53.7, 55.4) 1996 52.4 0.496 0.9 (51.4, 53.3) National 1996 56.1 0.377 0.7 (55.3, 56.8) 1999 57.6 0.375 0.7 (56.9, 58.3) Costa Rica 1990 45.6 0.297 0.7 (45.0, 46.2) 1995 45.7 0.250 0.5 (45.3, 46.2) 2000 46.5 0.234 0.5 (46.1, 47.0) Dominican R. 1995 51.5 0.407 0.8 (50.6, 52.2) 1997 49.7 0.497 1.0 (48.7, 50.6) Ecuador 1994 54.8 0.545 1.0 (53.8, 55.9) 1998 56.2 0.494 0.9 (55.2, 57.2) El Salvador 1991 52.7 0.272 0.5 (52.1, 53.1) 1995 51.3 0.331 0.6 (50.7, 51.9) 2000 53.2 0.664 1.2 (52.1, 54.7) Guatemala 2000 58.3 0.437 0.7 (57.4, 59.1) Honduras 1990 57.8 0.487 0.8 (56.8, 58.8) 1995 56.1 0.548 1.0 (55.1, 57.2) 1999 55.0 0.448 0.8 (54.1, 55.9) Jamaica 1990 51.7 0.691 1.3 (50.3, 52.9) 1996 54.4 1.216 2.2 (52.0, 56.8) 1999 52.0 1.245 2.4 (49.6, 54.5) Mexico 1992 55.9 0.493 0.9 (55.0, 57.1) 1996 54.4 0.383 0.7 (53.6, 55.0) 2000 54.6 0.508 0.9 (53.7, 55.6) Nicaragua 1993 55.9 0.4 0.8 (54.9, 56.6) 1998 55.9 0.9 1.5 (54.4, 57.6) Panama 1991 56.4 0.294 0.5 (55.7, 56.9) 1995 55.9 0.293 0.5 (55.3, 56.5) 2000 56.4 0.283 0.5 (55.9, 56.9) Paraguay 1995 59.5 0.401 0.7 (58.8, 60.3) 1999 56.8 0.516 0.9 (55.9, 58.0) Peru 1991 46.5 0.416 0.9 (45.7, 47.2) 1994 48.6 0.475 1.0 (47.7, 49.2) 2000 49.4 0.387 0.8 (48.5, 50.1)

Trinidad & Tobago

1992 49.5 0.950 1.9 (47.6, 51.4) Uruguay 1989 42.2 0.391 0.9 (41.5, 43.0) 1995 42.7 0.137 0.3 (42.5, 43.0) 2000 44.6 0.147 0.3 (44.3, 44.9) Venezuela 1989 44.2 0.137 0.3 (43.8, 44.4) 1995 46.9 0.237 0.5 (46.4, 47.4) 1998 47.6 0.213 0.4 (47.2, 48.0)

Note: Estimation made using bootstrap technique with 200 replications.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on microdata from household surveys.

TABLE A.17.

Distribution of household income or expenditures, decadal averages by region: Gini coefficients

Overall

Region

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

average

Gini coefficients

Latin America and the Caribbean

53.2

49.1

49.8

49.3

49.8

Sub-Saharan Africa

49.9

48.2

43.5

47.0

46.1

Middle East and North Africa

41.4

41.9

40.5

38.0

40.5

East Asia and the Pacific

37.4

39.9

38.7

38.1

38.8

South Asia

36.2

34.0

35.0

31.9

35.1

Industrial countries and high-income

35.0

34.8

33.2

33.8

34.3

developing countries

Eastern Europe

25.1

24.6

25.0

28.9

26.6

Difference in Gini points: LAC vs.

Sub-Saharan Africa

3.3

0.9

6.3

2.4

3.7

Middle East and North Africa

11.9

7.1

9.3

11.3

9.3

East Asia and the Pacific

15.8

9.2

11.1

11.2

11.0

South Asia

17.0

15.1

14.7

17.4

14.7

Industrial countries and high-income

18.2

14.3

16.5

15.6

15.5

developing countries

Eastern Europe

28.2

24.4

24.7

20.4

23.2

Source: Deininger and Squire 1996.

TABLE A.18.

Distribution of household per capita income, selected years by region: Gini coefficients.

Non-weighted statistics

Population-weighted statistics

1950

1960

1970

1980

1992

1950

1960

1970

1980

1992

Share bottom quintile

Africa

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.1

6.8

6.8

6.6

6.6

6.5

Asia

6.0

6.1

6.1

6.0

6.1

6.3

6.5

6.4

6.3

6.2

Latin America

4.3

4.2

4.2

4.0

4.0

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.0

4.0

Eastern Europe

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

7.0

6.9

6.9

6.8

6.7

Developed countries

5.0

5.0

5.2

5.3

5.4

4.7

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.8

Share top quintile

Africa

54.2

54.2

55.0

55.3

55.5

49.1

49.2

50.1

50.5

50.7

Asia

50.0

48.8

49.0

49.7

49.8

48.7

48.0

48.1

50.5

51.0

Latin America

59.2

59.6

61.2

62.0

62.0

59.7

60.1

62.1

62.6

62.6

Eastern Europe

45.7

45.7

45.7

45.7

45.7

44.4

44.6

44.7

44.9

45.2

Developed countries

45.9

45.7

44.6

44.3

44.5

45.8

45.8

44.8

44.5

45.4

Gini coefficient

Africa

46.5

46.5

47.3

47.6

48.0

40.8

41.0

41.8

42.2

42.5

Asia

41.7

40.7

40.9

41.5

41.6

40.3

39.5

39.7

41.7

42.3

Latin America

51.9

52.3

53.4

54.2

54.2

52.4

52.8

54.2

54.7

54.8

Eastern Europe

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

35.8

36.1

36.3

36.5

36.9

Developed countries

39.5

39.3

38.2

37.8

37.8

39.8

39.8

38.9

38.6

39.2

Difference in Gini points: LAC vs.

Africa

5.4

5.8

6.1

6.6

6.3

11.6

11.8

12.4

12.5

12.3

Asia

10.1

11.7

12.5

12.8

12.7

12.1

13.3

14.4

13.0

12.4

Eastern Europe

14.7

15.1

16.2

17.1

17.1

16.6

16.8

17.9

18.2

17.9

Developed countries

12.4

13.0

15.1

16.5

16.5

12.6

13.0

15.2

16.1

15.5

TABLE A.19.

Distribution of persons by $PPP income/expenditures per capita, common

sample countries, 1988 and 1993: regional Gini coefficients

Regions

1988

1993

Gini coefficients

Africa

42.7

48.7

Asia

55.9

61.8

Latin America and the Caribbean

57.1

55.6

Eastern Europe, FSU

25.6

46.4

Western Europe, North America, Oceania

37.1

36.6

Difference in Gini points: LAC vs.

Africa

14.4

6.9

Asia

1.2

-6.2

Eastern Europe, FSU

31.5

9.2

Western Europe, North America, Oceania

20.0

19.0

Source: Milanovic 2002.

TABLE A.20.

Poverty in different regions of the world: headcount ratio

Source: Chen and Ravallion 2001 and Sala-i-Martin 2002.

Chen & Ravallion (2001)

1987

1998

Change 1987–98

East Asia

67.0

48.7

-18.3

Eastern Europe and Central Asia

3.6

20.7

17.1

Latin America and Caribbean

35.5

31.7

-3.8

Middle East & North Africa

30.0

20.9

-9.2

South Asia

86.3

83.9

-2.4

Sub-Saharan Africa

76.5

78.0

1.4

Total

61.0

57.9

-3.1

Sala-i-Martin (2002)

1970

1980

1990

1998

Change 70-98

Asia

60.3

48.3

29.7

15.6

-44.7

Latin America

22.2

10.5

14.0

10.5

-11.7

Africa

53.0

55.2

57.9

63.6

10.6

Total

41.0

34.6

25.8

18.6

-22.4

TABLE A.21.

Share of income sources in percent and Gini coefficients of individual income

Share in total individual income Gini coefficient

Country Labor Non-labor Capital & Transfers Pensions Individual Labor income Labor income Labor income Non-labor

profits income monetary mon. & urban income

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)

Argentina 1992 82.2 17.8 2.3 15.5 13.4 43.1 39.2 39.2 39.2 42.4 1996 78.0 22.0 2.7 19.4 16.5 44.1 41.6 41.6 41.6 44.3 2001 77.8 22.2 3.0 19.3 14.9 46.6 45.7 45.7 45.7 44.1 Bolivia Urban 1992 89.3 10.7 10.7 4.9 50.8 50.2 50.2 50.2 56.7 1996 89.6 10.4 6.6 2.6 53.5 52.8 52.8 52.8 60.7 National 1996 89.6 10.4 4.0 6.4 2.3 55.7 55.7 55.7 52.5 65.7 1999 87.9 12.1 2.0 10.1 4.1 56.4 56.3 56.7 51.0 66.0 Brazil 1990 85.4 14.6 3.9 10.7 10.7 62.0 60.2 60.2 59.1 85.7 1995 82.8 17.2 3.1 14.1 13.6 59.2 58.6 58.5 57.5 60.5 2001 78.7 21.3 2.8 18.5 17.8 57.1 56.4 56.4 55.6 58.2 Chile 1990 78.4 21.6 11.2 10.3 9.5 57.7 53.0 53.0 51.9 61.5 1996 82.6 17.4 9.5 7.9 7.0 60.9 54.5 53.7 53.2 68.8 2000 80.0 20.0 11.5 8.5 7.5 61.8 55.0 53.8 53.4 70.3 Colombia Bogotá 1992 86.9 13.1 51.9 49.7 50.2 50.2 55.0 1996 83.7 16.3 51.7 50.1 50.3 50.3 59.3 National 1996 82.8 17.2 0.9 16.3 52.5 50.0 50.3 48.4 64.2 1999 82.9 17.1 5.4 11.7 6.7 53.9 52.1 52.7 50.4 58.7 Costa Rica 1990 91.1 8.9 8.9 44.4 41.4 41.4 41.2 56.9 1995 89.8 10.2 10.2 5.7 46.1 43.0 43.0 42.6 55.9 2000 89.6 10.4 10.4 5.6 45.8 41.8 41.8 41.6 56.5 Dominican R. 1995 100.0 48.9 48.9 52.2 1997 85.5 14.5 1.8 12.7 2.9 48.8 43.9 44.0 44.5 62.5 Ecuador 1994 96.0 4.0 1.4 2.6 55.6 53.8 55.9 53.4 71.9 1998 92.8 7.2 3.3 3.9 58.7 54.5 56.8 53.7 78.0 El Salvador 1991 79.3 20.7 9.8 10.9 2.0 51.3 48.6 48.6 46.6 63.2 1995 84.8 15.2 49.5 47.4 47.4 46.4 56.3 2000 85.0 15.0 3.3 11.7 5.4 52.2 49.1 49.1 49.0 58.7 Guatemala 2000 86.9 13.1 2.7 10.4 3.2 57.3 55.8 56.5 54.9 71.2 Honduras 1990 100.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 54.1 1995 100.0 53.3 53.3 53.3 50.7 1999 100.0 53.9 53.9 53.9 49.9 Jamaica 1990 98.6 1.4 42.0 42.1 42.1 40.6 39.8 1996 97.0 3.0 44.9 45.2 45.2 49.5 61.4 1999 98.3 1.7 41.9 42.4 42.4 44.6 42.4 Mexico 1992 93.9 6.1 1.6 4.5 2.8 54.3 54.3 53.3 51.3 52.6 1996 91.4 8.6 1.6 7.0 2.9 53.4 53.7 52.5 50.1 53.9 2000 89.9 10.1 1.6 8.5 5.2 54.5 52.7 52.2 49.5 65.5 Nicaragua 1993 96.2 3.8 0.5 3.3 1.3 51.9 51.3 52.9 50.3 59.4 1998 89.3 10.7 2.5 8.3 0.9 55.4 53.8 56.4 55.4 68.4 Panama 1991 78.9 21.1 1.9 19.2 13.2 54.1 47.9 47.9 63.3 1995 78.7 21.3 1.6 19.7 9.4 55.2 49.5 49.5 48.3 65.8 2000 78.7 21.3 1.6 19.6 13.7 53.7 47.9 47.9 46.5 62.3 Paraguay 1995 89.2 10.8 2.7 8.1 4.0 56.6 55.5 43.9 43.1 64.3 1999 87.0 13.0 2.4 10.6 5.4 51.6 50.5 43.8 40.8 55.5 Peru Regions 1991 89.6 10.4 2.4 8.0 6.0 48.1 47.4 48.4 46.4 61.5 1994 84.2 15.8 2.2 13.7 6.5 48.3 47.6 48.3 46.4 62.8 National 1994 84.6 15.4 2.1 13.3 6.1 48.5 47.9 48.6 46.5 64.2 2000 85.6 14.4 2.0 12.4 7.0 50.0 48.9 49.1 46.5 61.0

Trinidad & Tobago

1992 100.0 42.6 42.6 42.6 43.3 Uruguay 1989 75.8 24.2 4.2 20.0 19.6 48.1 44.5 45.9 45.9 50.7 1995 71.5 28.5 3.3 25.1 21.7 47.0 46.1 47.8 47.8 46.9 2000 68.4 31.6 3.4 28.2 23.7 46.3 45.9 47.6 47.6 47.6 Venezuela 1989 100.0 36.9 36.9 36.9 36.0 1995 92.9 7.1 2.1 5.0 45.3 41.9 41.9 39.8 61.4 1998 92.8 7.2 1.8 5.4 46.3 44.4 44.4 44.6 54.7

Note: Nonlabor income = capital and profits + transfers. Transfers = pensions + other public and private

transfers.

TABLE A.22.

Years of education of adults ages 25—65, by equivalized income quintile, age, and gender

Country By age and gender

By equivalized income quintiles (25-65) (10-20) (21-30) (31-40) (41-50) (51-60) (61+) 1 2 3 4 5 Average Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Argentina 1992 7.5 8.0 8.7 9.8 12.2 9.5 9.4 9.6 7.9 7.6 11.0 10.9 10.2 10.0 9.3 9.4 8.2 8.9 7.2 7.9 1996 7.3 8.1 9.0 10.0 12.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 7.7 7.4 11.3 10.8 10.5 10.3 9.7 9.8 8.7 8.9 7.3 8.2 2001 7.3 8.3 9.2 10.6 13.4 10.1 10.3 10.2 7.9 7.5 11.7 11.0 11.0 10.6 10.2 9.9 9.1 9.6 7.3 8.2 Bolivia Urban 1992 6.3 7.3 8.2 9.3 11.5 8.7 7.8 9.7 7.6 7.7 9.7 10.9 8.3 9.9 6.8 9.3 6.1 8.2 4.3 7.1 1996 6.5 7.6 8.1 9.7 12.4 9.1 8.1 10.3 7.6 7.7 9.7 11.2 8.7 10.5 7.6 10.3 5.8 9.1 4.6 7.3 National 1996 2.8 4.7 6.3 7.6 10.7 6.7 5.6 7.6 6.3 6.6 7.8 9.2 6.3 8.2 5.0 7.2 3.1 5.8 2.4 4.1 1999 2.8 4.9 6.6 8.9 11.4 7.3 6.2 8.3 6.8 7.1 8.9 10.4 7.2 8.9 5.4 7.7 4.0 6.6 2.4 4.1 Brazil 1990 1.9 2.9 4.1 5.5 8.9 5.1 5.1 5.2 4.4 3.8 6.8 6.3 5.8 5.8 4.2 4.5 3.1 3.7 2.2 2.5 1995 2.3 3.4 4.5 6.1 9.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.2 7.0 6.4 6.5 6.3 5.3 5.3 3.7 4.1 2.5 3.0 2001 3.0 4.2 5.3 6.9 10.4 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.4 8.0 7.3 7.2 6.7 6.3 6.3 4.8 5.0 3.0 3.4 Chile 1990 6.6 7.2 7.9 9.2 11.8 8.8 8.6 9.0 8.3 8.0 10.4 10.2 9.4 9.8 7.9 8.5 6.7 7.3 5.4 6.0 1996 6.7 7.7 8.8 10.0 12.3 9.3 9.2 9.5 8.3 8.0 11.1 11.1 10.1 10.1 8.6 9.3 7.0 7.5 5.7 6.2 2000 7.4 8.3 9.2 10.6 13.2 10.0 9.8 10.1 8.4 8.2 11.6 11.5 10.6 10.7 9.8 10.2 7.7 8.3 6.0 6.5 Colombia Bogotá 1992 6.8 7.1 7.9 9.4 12.4 9.0 8.7 9.4 7.0 6.5 10.0 10.3 9.4 9.9 7.5 8.7 6.4 7.7 5.4 6.6 1996 6.3 7.2 7.8 9.1 12.2 8.8 8.6 9.1 7.6 7.1 10.1 9.8 9.2 9.7 8.1 8.9 6.7 7.6 4.9 6.1 National 1996 3.7 4.8 5.8 6.9 10.1 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.2 5.6 8.2 7.8 7.4 7.4 5.9 6.4 4.6 4.9 3.5 3.9 1999 4.4 5.2 6.1 7.3 10.5 7.0 7.1 7.1 6.6 6.1 8.7 8.3 7.8 7.7 6.7 7.0 5.0 5.7 3.8 4.3 Costa Rica 1990 5.0 6.2 6.8 7.8 11.1 7.6 7.6 7.8 6.8 6.6 9.2 8.9 8.4 8.6 6.6 7.1 5.0 5.8 4.1 4.1 1995 5.6 6.5 7.3 8.4 11.6 8.2 8.2 8.3 7.1 6.8 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.1 7.8 8.0 6.2 6.5 4.5 4.7 2000 5.4 6.6 7.4 8.4 11.6 8.2 8.2 8.3 7.1 6.7 9.2 8.8 9.0 9.0 8.4 8.5 6.2 7.0 4.5 4.5 Dominican R. 1995 5.2 6.1 7.0 8.0 10.3 7.5 7.3 7.5 7.1 6.5 9.2 8.4 8.1 8.3 6.5 7.1 4.6 5.6 3.3 4.1 Ecuador 1994 4.2 5.2 6.7 7.5 10.6 7.1 6.8 7.3 6.7 6.3 8.9 8.9 7.6 7.9 5.9 6.8 4.3 4.8 3.2 4.2 1998 4.8 6.1 7.1 8.2 11.4 7.8 7.5 7.9 6.9 6.7 9.3 9.3 8.6 8.7 6.8 7.7 4.8 5.9 3.4 3.9 El Salvador 1991 2.4 3.0 4.1 5.4 8.5 5.0 4.6 5.5 5.7 5.6 6.7 7.2 5.2 6.4 3.8 4.9 2.8 3.4 1.8 2.5 1995 2.1 2.8 4.1 5.8 9.4 5.3 4.9 5.8 5.3 4.9 7.0 7.3 5.7 6.6 3.9 5.3 3.2 3.9 1.9 2.3 2000 3.8 4.4 5.3 6.5 9.0 6.1 5.8 6.7 5.7 5.6 8.0 8.2 6.6 7.4 5.1 6.5 3.8 4.9 2.3 2.9 Guatemala 2000 1.4 2.2 2.8 4.1 8.5 4.2 3.4 4.7 3.9 4.2 4.8 5.9 3.8 5.3 3.2 4.5 2.0 3.0 1.7 2.2 Honduras 1990 1.8 2.1 2.8 4.0 7.5 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.5 4.1 5.5 5.4 4.5 4.7 3.1 3.5 2.0 2.6 1.8 2.1 1995 2.5 3.1 4.1 5.4 8.0 4.9 4.7 5.0 5.1 4.7 6.4 6.2 5.4 5.7 4.0 4.7 2.6 3.1 1.9 2.3 1999 2.8 3.4 4.5 5.9 9.1 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.1 4.7 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.7 4.7 5.1 3.3 3.6 1.8 2.2 Jamaica 1990 7.2 7.3 7.7 8.1 9.4 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.1 10.2 9.9 9.0 8.6 7.2 7.3 6.4 6.6 5.6 5.8 1996 8.5 9.0 9.0 8.9 10.5 9.3 9.5 9.2 8.4 8.2 10.8 10.6 10.1 9.8 9.4 8.9 8.0 7.3 6.5 6.6 1999 8.5 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.7 9.0 9.2 9.1 8.1 7.9 10.3 9.9 9.9 9.6 9.1 9.0 7.3 8.2 6.7 6.6 Mexico 1992 2.7 4.1 5.1 6.6 10.0 6.1 5.6 6.5 6.5 6.3 7.6 8.3 6.1 7.2 4.5 5.7 3.9 4.6 2.5 3.1 1996 3.4 4.6 5.8 7.2 10.7 6.7 6.3 7.2 6.6 6.6 8.4 8.8 6.9 8.0 5.2 6.4 3.8 4.7 2.7 3.2 2000 3.5 5.3 6.8 8.1 11.6 7.4 6.9 8.0 7.0 6.9 9.0 9.5 7.5 8.6 6.5 7.8 4.7 6.2 3.0 3.5 Nicaragua 1993 2.3 3.5 4.5 5.6 7.3 4.9 4.4 4.8 4.3 4.0 5.9 5.7 4.9 5.5 3.3 4.0 2.4 2.6 1.8 1.9 1998 2.7 3.6 4.7 5.6 8.1 5.2 4.9 5.2 5.0 4.4 6.5 5.8 5.4 6.0 4.4 5.0 2.7 3.4 2.1 2.0 Panama 1991 4.7 6.5 7.8 9.2 12.0 8.5 8.4 8.2 7.2 6.8 10.2 9.5 9.3 9.0 7.7 7.7 6.3 6.4 4.9 4.8 1995 5.3 7.1 8.3 9.8 12.6 9.1 9.0 8.7 7.2 6.7 10.2 9.6 9.9 9.6 8.4 8.4 7.1 6.8 5.0 5.2 2000 6.6 7.9 9.0 10.0 13.1 9.7 9.9 9.5 7.5 7.1 10.9 10.1 10.7 9.9 9.7 9.7 8.3 8.5 7.2 7.2 Paraguay 1995 3.7 4.6 5.5 6.8 9.8 6.4 6.2 6.6 5.5 5.2 7.6 7.6 6.8 7.2 5.8 6.3 4.3 5.1 3.2 4.0 1999 4.0 5.1 6.2 7.7 10.1 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 5.8 8.1 8.3 7.2 7.6 6.0 6.6 5.0 5.4 3.5 4.2 Peru Regions 1991 7.6 9.0 9.5 10.3 11.5 9.8 9.2 10.2 7.6 7.8 10.8 11.2 9.8 10.8 8.3 10.1 7.4 8.3 6.8 7.5 1994 6.8 8.5 9.3 10.7 12.5 9.9 9.6 10.1 7.8 7.8 11.0 11.4 10.5 10.9 8.7 9.9 7.7 8.1 6.8 7.7 National 1994 6.4 8.0 9.2 10.2 12.2 9.6 9.3 9.8 7.5 7.6 10.6 11.1 10.0 10.6 8.4 9.5 7.4 7.8 6.6 7.4 2000 5.9 7.5 9.1 10.4 12.5 9.4 8.7 10.0 7.5 7.4 10.8 11.2 9.6 10.5 7.9 9.7 6.5 8.8 4.9 6.7 Trinidad & Tobago

1992 6.6 6.8 7.6 8.3 10.3 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.3 9.8 9.2 8.8 8.3 7.2 7.6 6.1 6.3 5.1 6.3 Uruguay 1989 5.9 6.7 7.6 8.6 10.4 8.1 7.9 8.3 7.3 7.2 9.8 10.0 9.1 9.3 7.9 8.3 6.5 6.9 5.1 5.4 1995 6.5 7.1 8.0 9.2 11.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 7.7 7.4 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.5 8.8 8.8 7.4 7.6 5.5 5.7 2000 7.0 7.8 8.6 9.8 12.1 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.2 8.7 10.8 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.5 9.3 8.3 8.2 6.3 6.5 Venezuela 1989 4.6 5.6 6.4 7.4 10.0 7.2 6.9 7.4 6.5 5.9 8.6 8.2 7.7 7.8 6.2 7.1 4.4 5.9 2.7 4.0 1995 5.2 5.9 6.7 7.7 9.9 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.1 6.3 9.0 8.4 8.2 7.9 6.9 7.2 5.2 6.2 3.2 4.1 1998 6.0 6.5 7.1 8.4 11.1 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.3 6.5 9.7 8.7 8.9 8.4 7.8 7.9 5.7 6.9 3.5 4.6

TABLE A.23.

Years of education of adults ages 25–60, by equivalized income quintile and age

Age (10-20) (21-30) (31-40) Adults (41-50) (51-60)

Country 1 2 3 4 5 Mean 1 2 3 4 5 Mean 1 2 3 4 5 Mean 1 2 3 4 5 Mean 1 2 3 4 5 Mean Argentina 1992 6.9 7.4 7.7 8.3 8.5 7.7 8.5 9.3 10.4 11.4 13.1 10.9 7.8 8.5 9.5 10.8 12.9 10.2 7.4 7.7 8.2 9.4 12.0 9.3 6.5 7.1 7.8 8.4 10.9 8.5 1996 6.6 7.2 7.9 8.1 8.5 7.5 8.6 9.6 10.7 11.6 13.2 11.0 7.7 8.6 9.6 11.2 13.5 10.3 7.2 7.8 8.7 9.8 13.2 9.7 6.5 7.0 7.6 8.7 11.5 8.6 2001 6.8 7.4 7.8 8.4 8.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.7 12.1 13.7 11.3 7.7 9.0 9.9 11.4 14.3 10.8 7.2 8.1 8.9 10.7 13.6 10.0 6.1 7.1 8.2 9.1 12.3 9.1 Bolivia Urban 1992 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.2 8.3 7.7 9.1 9.1 10.1 10.7 12.0 10.4 6.7 7.6 8.5 9.8 12.0 9.0 5.4 6.9 7.0 8.9 11.0 8.0 4.1 5.2 6.2 7.3 10.4 7.1 1996 7.1 7.4 7.6 7.9 8.5 7.7 9.2 9.4 10.1 10.3 12.8 10.5 6.9 7.7 9.0 10.4 13.1 9.6 6.0 7.7 6.9 9.5 11.8 8.8 4.3 4.7 5.7 8.4 11.5 7.4 National 1996 5.0 6.2 6.7 7.2 8.0 6.5 4.6 7.2 8.2 9.2 11.3 8.6 3.4 5.2 6.8 8.6 11.7 7.4 2.4 3.9 6.3 6.9 10.3 6.3 1.5 2.6 3.8 5.3 9.5 4.5 1999 5.0 6.5 7.4 7.9 8.4 7.0 5.2 7.7 9.0 10.8 12.6 9.7 3.2 5.6 7.3 9.7 12.3 8.0 2.3 4.9 6.1 8.5 10.8 6.7 1.8 3.1 4.2 5.9 9.6 5.3 Brazil 1990 2.3 3.4 4.3 5.3 6.0 4.1 3.0 4.4 5.7 7.3 10.1 6.6 2.2 3.4 4.6 6.2 10.1 5.8 1.4 2.1 3.3 4.5 8.2 4.4 1.0 1.5 2.4 3.5 6.6 3.4 1995 2.7 3.8 4.8 5.7 6.6 4.5 3.4 4.8 6.1 7.6 10.3 6.7 2.7 4.1 5.5 7.0 10.7 6.4 1.8 2.8 3.9 5.6 9.6 5.3 1.2 1.8 2.6 3.9 7.8 3.9 2001 4.0 5.1 6.1 6.9 7.6 5.7 4.3 5.7 7.2 8.8 11.2 7.6 3.4 4.8 6.2 7.8 11.3 7.0 2.6 3.9 4.9 6.6 10.5 6.3 1.6 2.3 3.2 4.7 8.9 4.8 Chile 1990 7.3 7.8 8.2 8.8 9.0 8.1 8.1 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.9 10.3 7.2 8.0 8.9 10.3 12.7 9.6 5.7 6.4 7.1 8.5 11.5 8.2 4.7 5.0 5.7 7.3 10.2 7.0 1996 7.3 7.8 8.4 8.8 8.9 8.2 8.4 9.7 10.8 11.9 13.7 11.1 7.4 8.7 9.7 11.1 13.2 10.1 6.0 7.0 8.5 9.6 12.0 9.0 4.4 5.2 6.3 7.6 10.5 7.3 2000 7.6 8.0 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.3 9.2 10.2 11.3 12.4 14.2 11.6 8.0 9.1 10.2 11.6 13.9 10.6 7.2 8.2 8.9 10.7 13.4 10.0 5.0 5.9 6.7 8.2 11.6 8.0 Colombia Bogotá 1992 6.0 6.6 6.7 7.5 7.3 6.8 8.3 8.9 9.4 10.4 12.4 10.1 7.1 7.5 8.6 9.9 13.2 9.7 5.4 6.0 7.0 8.8 12.0 8.1 5.4 5.3 5.7 7.6 10.1 7.0 1996 6.5 6.8 7.8 7.9 8.2 7.4 7.9 8.5 9.2 10.5 12.5 10.0 6.7 7.8 8.4 10.1 13.2 9.4 5.7 6.6 7.4 8.6 12.1 8.5 4.4 5.2 5.7 6.4 10.6 7.0 National 1996 4.6 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.3 5.9 5.2 6.3 7.4 8.6 10.8 8.1 4.2 5.4 6.6 7.7 11.0 7.4 3.1 4.2 5.1 6.4 9.7 6.1 2.5 3.2 3.8 4.6 8.0 4.7 1999 5.2 5.8 6.4 7.1 7.7 6.4 6.1 6.9 7.8 8.9 11.1 8.5 4.9 5.9 6.9 8.2 11.3 7.7 4.0 4.7 5.4 6.9 10.5 6.7 3.1 3.5 4.1 5.1 8.9 5.2 Costa Rica 1990 5.7 6.1 6.5 7.3 7.9 6.6 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.3 11.7 9.0 5.7 6.6 7.4 8.9 12.2 8.4 4.4 5.5 5.8 6.5 10.4 6.8 2.9 4.2 4.1 5.1 8.9 5.3 1995 5.9 6.3 6.8 7.4 8.1 6.8 6.6 7.3 8.1 9.7 11.9 9.1 6.3 7.3 8.2 9.3 12.6 9.0 5.2 6.1 6.9 7.8 11.4 7.8 4.2 4.4 5.1 6.0 9.8 6.2 2000 5.8 6.5 6.9 7.3 8.1 6.9 6.0 7.2 8.0 9.3 12.0 8.8 6.3 7.3 8.2 9.4 12.4 8.9 5.8 6.9 7.4 8.4 11.5 8.4 3.7 4.4 5.3 6.5 10.1 6.4 Dominican R. 1995 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.3 8.1 6.8 7.1 7.6 8.6 9.1 10.9 8.8 6.0 7.0 7.6 9.1 11.0 8.3 4.5 5.3 6.2 6.9 10.1 6.8 3.4 3.9 4.2 5.5 8.3 5.2 Ecuador 1994 5.5 6.1 6.6 6.9 7.8 6.5 6.2 7.2 8.8 9.5 11.2 8.9 4.4 5.9 7.5 8.4 11.7 7.8 3.8 4.5 5.1 6.5 10.1 6.4 3.1 3.0 4.3 4.3 7.7 4.6 1998 5.6 6.5 6.8 7.3 8.2 6.8 6.9 7.9 8.7 9.8 12.1 9.4 5.6 6.8 7.9 9.4 12.1 8.7 4.2 5.4 6.2 7.2 11.4 7.3 3.1 3.8 4.3 5.5 9.2 5.4 El Salvador 1991 4.5 4.9 5.5 6.4 7.3 5.7 3.9 4.4 6.0 7.8 10.4 7.0 2.8 3.6 4.7 6.3 9.6 5.7 1.9 2.6 3.5 4.4 7.7 4.3 1.3 1.5 2.2 3.2 6.0 3.1 1995 3.7 4.1 5.1 6.2 7.0 5.1 3.5 4.4 5.8 8.0 11.0 7.2 2.4 3.3 4.9 6.6 10.6 6.1 1.7 2.4 3.6 4.9 8.3 4.5 1.2 1.5 2.2 4.1 7.0 3.5 2000 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.4 7.3 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.2 8.5 10.8 8.1 4.4 5.2 6.2 7.2 9.6 6.7 3.6 3.8 4.8 5.7 8.2 5.5 2.3 3.0 3.4 4.1 7.6 4.4 Guatemala 2000 2.61 3.1 3.84 4.95 6.57 4.18 2.27 3.17 4.09 6.15 9.44 5.49 1.56 2.33 3.52 5.29 9.31 4.69 1.07 2.36 2.32 3.15 8.19 3.94 0.56 0.69 1.12 1.95 6.7 2.54 Honduras 1990 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.7 5.8 4.2 3.0 3.6 3.9 5.5 8.4 5.4 2.1 2.4 3.2 4.5 8.1 4.5 1.5 1.6 2.2 3.0 7.1 3.2 0.9 1.2 1.5 2.0 5.2 2.2 1995 4.0 4.2 4.6 5.3 6.2 4.9 3.8 4.5 5.7 6.8 8.7 6.3 3.0 3.6 4.6 6.1 8.9 5.6 2.3 2.4 3.3 4.8 7.6 4.4 1.3 1.6 2.0 3.0 5.8 2.9 1999 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.5 5.1 3.6 4.7 5.8 6.8 9.6 6.7 3.3 4.1 5.1 6.8 9.9 6.1 2.6 2.9 4.0 5.3 8.8 5.2 1.3 2.1 2.7 4.1 7.5 3.8 Jamaica 1990 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.6 8.8 8.2 9.7 9.0 10.0 9.7 10.8 10.0 7.5 7.3 8.1 8.8 9.7 8.5 5.8 7.0 6.6 7.1 8.3 7.1 6.3 5.7 6.7 6.8 7.4 6.7 1996 8.2 8.0 8.3 8.7 8.4 8.3 10.3 10.0 9.9 10.3 11.5 10.6 9.0 9.6 9.8 9.7 10.7 9.9 8.0 8.4 8.0 8.6 10.2 8.9 6.9 7.6 8.2 7.4 9.3 8.0 1999 7.7 7.8 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.1 9.3 9.5 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.0 9.0 9.3 9.3 9.9 10.6 9.7 8.2 8.2 8.6 8.4 9.5 8.7 7.9 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.3 Mexico 1992 4.9 6.0 6.7 7.2 7.7 6.4 4.5 6.2 7.2 8.7 11.1 8.0 3.0 4.5 5.6 7.5 10.8 6.6 2.2 3.3 4.0 5.3 9.3 5.1 1.4 2.6 3.3 4.2 8.2 4.3 1996 5.1 6.2 7.0 7.4 7.6 6.6 5.4 6.7 8.0 9.3 11.4 8.6 3.9 5.2 6.4 8.0 11.7 7.4 2.7 3.8 5.0 6.2 10.1 5.8 1.8 2.3 3.4 4.4 7.9 4.2 2000 5.6 6.6 7.2 7.7 8.3 7.0 5.6 7.6 8.7 9.7 12.5 9.2 4.2 6.1 7.6 9.2 12.0 8.0 3.3 4.3 6.2 7.5 11.6 7.2 1.7 3.0 4.5 5.3 10.5 5.5 Nicaragua 1993 3.0 4.2 4.4 4.9 5.5 4.4 3.3 4.8 6.1 6.7 8.2 6.1 2.4 4.0 4.6 6.6 8.2 5.6 1.7 3.0 3.6 4.7 5.9 3.9 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.7 4.7 2.7 1998 3.2 4.0 5.2 5.4 6.4 4.8 3.6 4.9 6.0 7.3 8.8 6.3 3.1 4.2 5.4 6.5 8.7 5.8 2.3 3.2 4.2 5.1 8.1 4.9 1.7 1.9 2.6 2.8 6.1 3.2 Panama 1991 5.8 6.7 7.4 7.7 8.2 7.0 6.9 8.7 9.7 10.9 12.4 10.0 5.6 7.1 8.4 10.3 12.8 9.3 4.1 5.6 7.1 8.1 11.7 7.9 3.2 4.4 5.7 7.0 10.4 6.5 1995 5.7 6.7 7.2 8.0 8.2 7.1 7.0 8.4 9.7 11.1 12.5 10.1 6.2 8.0 9.2 10.9 13.4 10.1 4.6 6.2 7.2 9.2 12.4 8.7 3.3 4.8 6.1 7.6 11.6 7.3 2000 6.2 6.9 7.6 8.1 8.3 7.3 7.6 8.8 10.2 11.2 13.5 10.6 7.3 8.7 9.7 11.0 14.0 10.3 6.1 7.5 8.5 9.8 13.1 9.7 5.0 6.3 6.9 7.8 12.0 8.4 Paraguay 1995 4.3 4.7 5.4 5.9 6.9 5.4 4.8 5.7 6.5 8.2 10.2 7.6 3.9 5.0 6.4 7.6 10.6 7.0 3.4 4.1 5.2 6.4 9.6 6.1 2.6 3.4 3.7 4.5 8.4 4.7 1999 4.8 5.4 6.1 6.7 7.7 6.1 5.4 6.3 7.5 9.2 11.3 8.5 4.5 5.8 7.1 8.4 10.9 7.7 3.5 4.6 5.6 6.9 10.3 6.5 2.9 3.4 4.9 5.6 8.2 5.4 Peru Regions 1991 6.9 7.6 8.0 8.1 8.2 7.7 9.2 10.3 11.1 11.8 12.1 11.1 7.8 9.6 10.2 10.9 12.8 10.5 6.7 8.8 9.0 10.1 10.4 9.2 7.1 7.1 7.4 7.8 9.2 7.8 1994 6.8 7.5 7.8 8.4 8.9 7.8 8.8 10.2 11.0 11.9 13.2 11.2 7.4 9.2 10.4 11.6 13.4 10.8 5.7 7.7 8.8 10.2 12.1 9.3 5.3 6.3 7.2 8.2 10.5 8.0 National 1994 6.5 7.2 7.5 8.2 8.7 7.6 8.0 10.0 10.6 11.6 12.9 10.9 6.9 8.5 10.4 11.1 13.1 10.4 5.6 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.9 9.0 5.3 5.8 7.0 7.7 10.3 7.8 2000 6.5 7.0 7.9 8.1 8.4 7.5 8.2 9.5 10.9 11.9 13.3 11.0 6.5 8.4 9.9 11.5 13.7 10.2 5.4 6.7 8.9 10.1 12.0 8.9 4.0 5.6 7.1 8.2 10.7 7.7 Trinidad & Tobago

1992 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.8 8.0 7.5 8.1 8.7 9.1 10.2 11.3 9.5 6.6 7.0 8.4 8.8 11.4 8.8 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.6 9.7 7.5 6.2 5.3 5.1 5.7 7.8 6.2 Uruguay 1989 6.3 7.1 7.6 7.8 8.2 7.3 7.6 8.5 9.7 10.7 11.7 9.9 6.7 7.9 9.0 10.0 11.7 9.2 5.7 7.0 7.6 8.7 10.3 8.1 4.4 5.3 6.1 6.9 8.9 6.7 1995 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.1 8.4 7.6 8.0 9.1 10.1 11.0 12.5 10.3 7.4 8.2 9.2 10.5 12.7 9.7 6.4 7.2 8.2 9.6 12.0 8.8 5.1 5.8 6.7 7.8 10.3 7.5 2000 7.9 8.8 9.1 9.8 10.1 8.9 8.1 9.3 10.4 11.2 13.1 10.5 7.5 8.3 9.5 10.8 13.1 10.0 7.1 8.0 8.7 10.1 12.3 9.4 5.7 6.8 7.2 8.5 11.1 8.3 Venezuela 1989 5.2 5.8 6.2 6.8 7.5 6.2 6.5 7.2 7.7 8.6 10.5 8.4 5.0 6.1 7.1 8.2 10.7 7.8 3.9 5.0 5.6 6.9 9.7 6.6 2.7 3.6 4.2 5.1 8.1 5.1 1995 5.9 6.2 6.6 7.3 8.0 6.7 6.9 7.3 8.1 9.2 10.8 8.7 5.8 6.5 7.5 8.5 10.7 8.1 4.8 5.4 6.4 7.5 9.5 7.1 3.3 4.0 4.6 5.6 8.5 5.7 1998 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.3 8.2 6.9 7.2 7.9 8.6 9.7 11.8 9.2 6.6 7.3 7.7 9.2 11.7 8.7 5.7 6.1 6.6 8.0 11.0 7.9 4.2 4.1 5.3 6.3 9.4 6.3