El discurs de l’odi
a les xarxes socials:
un estat de la qüestió
Àrea de Drets de Ciutadania, Participació i Transparència
Direcció de Serveis de Drets de Ciutadania i Diversitat
Barcelona, desembre de 2017
TAULA DE CONTINGUTS
INTRODUCCIÓ 4
1. UN DIAGNÒSTIC DEL PROBLEMA 5
1.1. Què s’entén per discurs d’odi? Un concepte objecte de debat 6 1.2. Les particularitats del discurs de l’odi online 8
1.3. Les conseqüències del discurs de l’odi 8
1.4. Qui són els autors del discurs de l’odi a Internet? 9
2. LA RESTRICCIÓ DEL DISCURS DE L’ODI 11
2.1. El dilema entre la llibertat d’expressió i la repressió del discurs de l’odi 11 2.2. Les particularitats jurídiques de l’odi a Internet i les xarxes socials 14
2.3. Legislació espanyola 14
3. EL ROL DE LES XARXES SOCIALS COM A INTERMEDIÀRIES 19
3.1. Atribució de responsabilitat 19
3.2. (\[VYLN\SHJP}PPTWSLTLU[HJP}KLÄS[YLZPUMVYTn[PJZ 20
3.3. El Codi de Conducta amb la Unió Europea 22
4. LES ESTRATÈGIES NO JURÍDIQUES PER COMBATRE
EL DISCURS DE L’ODI A LES XARXES SOCIALS 24
4.1. Les estratègies de monitoreig i recerca 25
4.2. Les estratègies de pressió a les xarxes socials 26 4.3. Les estratègies orientades a canviar percepcions i actituds 26 4.3.1. Les campanyes contra el discurs de l’odi a Internet 26 4.3.2. Les estratègies contra el discurs de l’odi a Internet basades
LUS»LK\JHJP}PSHMVYTHJP} 30
CONCLUSIÓ 33
INTRODUCCIÓ
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més variat d’intervencions tant de tipus jurídic com de tipus social.
1.2. Les particularitats del discurs de l’odi
online
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trems.
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1.3. Les conseqüències del discurs de l’odi
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nyant la seva reputació.
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rarament es produeixen episodis de crims d’odi sense una prèvia estigmatització i deshumanit aHJP}KLSLZ]xJ[PTLZ7LY[HU[UVLZ[nKLTtZYLJVYKHYHX\xLSZPUJPKLU[ZKLKLSPJ[LZK»VKPYL NPZ[YH[ZLSWLS4PUPZ[LYPK»0U[LYPVY+\YHU[LSLZ]HUKLU\UJPHYPLUYLNPZ[YHYJVTHKL SPJ[LZK»VKPJHZVZX\LPUJSV\LUSLZPVUZHI\ZVZZL_\HSZKHU`Z[YHJ[LZKLNYHKHU[ZL[J 4V]PTPLU[VJVU[YHSH0U[VSLYHUJPHTHULQHLZ[PTHJPVUZX\LZP[\LUSH_PMYHYLHSLU[VYUKLSZ JHZVZ;LUPU[LUJVTW[LX\LLSWYVWP4PUPZ[LYPK»0U[LYPVYYLJVULP_X\L\UHNYHUWHY[KLSZKLSPJ[LZ K»VKPUVLZKLU\UJPLUHX\LZ[LZ_PMYLZZ}U\UPUKPJPKLÄUZHX\PUW\U[UVtZJVU]LUPLU[WYLU KYL»ZHSHSSL\NLYHLSKPZJ\YZKLS»VKPJVTHZ\IZ[YH[Q\Z[PÄJHKVYVPUJP[HKVYKLJVTWVY[HTLU[Z ]PVSLU[Z4PUPZ[LYPK»0U[LYPVY
1.4. Qui són els autors del discurs de l’odi a Internet?
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(X\LZ[ZNY\WZOHU[YVIH[HSLZ_HY_LZ\UH[PSLPUHKLKPM\ZP}KLSZZL\ZTPZZH[NLZPSHZL]HZPT IVSVNPHMLP_PZ[HX\LLSZZLY]LP_[HU[WLYH[HJHYSLZZL]LZ]xJ[PTLZJVTWLYJHW[HYHKLW[LZ,SZ PUKP]PK\ZHZZVJPH[ZHHX\LZ[ZNY\WZZVSLUHJ[\HYHSLZ_HY_LZKLTHULYHJVSÇSLJ[P]HJVZHX\L WYV]VJH\UHTHQVYZLUZHJP}K»HZZL[QHTLU[HSLZ]xJ[PTLZKLSZZL\ZH[HJZ(TtZWLYHIVJHYSLZ ZL]LZPUJP[HJPVUZHSH]PVSuUJPHHSLZ_HY_LZKLZLU]VS\WLUKPMLYLU[ZJVKPZSPUN xZ[PJZPWHYH\SLZ JSH\X\LLSZZLY]LP_LUWLYL]P[HY[HU[LSZÄS[YLZPUMVYTn[PJZKLSLZLTWYLZLZ[LJUVS~NPX\LZJVT
la persecució judicial i policial de les seves conductes9.
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ternet són coneguts com hatersV[YVSZX\LJVUZ[P[\LP_LU\UHWHY[PTWVY[HU[KLSWYVISLTH
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]LYIHSTLU[HPUKP]PK\ZJVUJYL[ZLUNYHUTLZ\YHWLYZVULZMHTVZLZVHJVSÇSLJ[P\ZHSZX\HSZ
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missatges.
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2. LA RESTRICCIÓ DEL DISCURS DE L’ODI
2.1. El dilema entre la llibertat d’expressió i la repressió del discurs de l’odi
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polític.
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acceptació.
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SxUPHTtZPU[YHUZPNLU[HTILSKPZJ\YZKLS»VKPPZ»OHUYLJVSaH[LUSHÄN\YHKLS»HIZKLKYL[
per negar la possibilitat d’invocar la llibertat d’expressió per emparar la negació de l’holo JH\Z[S»HWVSVNPHKLS[LYYVYPZTLVTPZZH[NLZVILY[HTLU[_LU~MVIZVYHJPZ[LZ
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terreny com a conseqüència del gir securitari produït en el marc de la denominada “guerra contra
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10. El Pacte Internacional de Drets Civils i Polítics de 1966 va establir límits a la llibertat d’expressió. L’article 19 con [LTWSHSHWVZZPIPSP[H[KLYLZ[YPJJPVUZWLY¸HZZLN\YHYLSYLZWLJ[LHSZKYL[ZVHSHYLW\[HJP}KLSZHS[YLZ¹PWLYH¸SH WYV[LJJP}KLSHZLN\YL[H[UHJPVUHSS»VYKYLWISPJVSHZHS\[VSHTVYHSWISPX\LZ¹"PS»HY[PJSLWYVOPILP_¸[V[HHWV SVNPHKLS»VKPUHJPVUHSYHJPHSVYLSPNP}ZX\LJVUZ[P[\LP_PPUJP[HJP}HSHKPZJYPTPUHJP}S»OVZ[PSP[H[VSH]PVSuUJPH¹
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prohibicions del discurs de l’odi una amenaça per a la llibertat d’expressió? Es poden considerar
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Taula 112
A favor En contra
La llibertat d’expressió no és un dret absolut.
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Drets Civils i Polítics així ho reconeix en els seus arts. 19.3 i 20.
3HSSPILY[H[K»L_WYLZZP}PLSKLIH[WISPJZ}U LZZLUJPHSZWLYKLZLU]VS\WHY\UHKLTVJYnJPH WSLUH5VOHUK»LZ[HISPYYLZ[YPJJPVUZIHZHU[ZL UPJHTLU[LULSPUKLZP[QHISLZVVMLUZP]LZX\L
puguin ser determinades expressions. Es corre
LSYPZJK»HIZWLYWHY[KLNV]LYUZX\LSLZ \[PSP[aPUJVT\U¸KYL[WLUHSKLS»LULTPJ¹WLY
castigar a la dissidència i oponents polítics.
3HWYVSPMLYHJP}KLJVTLU[HYPZPL_WYLZZPVUZ VMLUZP]LZPL_[YLTLZWVKLUNLULYHY\UJSPTH
social que acabi desembocant en episodis de
]PVSuUJPHPLUJVU[L_[VZJVUÅPJ[P\ZVZVJPL[H[Z KP]PKPKLZLUH[HJZNLUVJPKLZ
,UKLTVJYnJPLZJVUZVSPKHKLZPWY~ZWLYLZUV
s’ha demostrat que existeixi una correlació
JSHYHLU[YLWYVSPMLYHJP}KLKPZJ\YZKLS»VKPP\U
augment de crims d’odi. L’estat ja pot castigar
SHTV[P]HJP}K»¹VKP¹KLSZHJ[LZJYPTPUHSZJVTH JPYJ\TZ[nUJPHHNYL\QHU[
,SKPZJ\YZKLS»VKPJH\ZHKHU`ZWZPJVS~NPJZ KPYLJ[LZZLU[PTLU[KLZLYHTLUHsH[O\TPSPH[ L[JPKHU`ZPUKPYLJ[LZLULSZLU[P[X\LJVU[YP
bueix a la perpetuació de situacions de discri
minació.
Les declaracions més extremes d’odi són
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L’estat ja pot castigar actes de provocació o
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clara connexió material amb la comissió d’un
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mecanisme per castigar sense haver de demostrar la possibilitat que es realitzi el dany
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d’idees.
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cions del discurs de l’odi són un símbol i una declaració de principis del compromís amb els
]HSVYZKLTVJYn[PJZSHPN\HS[H[PSHKPNUP[H[
humana.
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perquè es corre el risc de deslegitimar la promoció real de la igualtat i perquè poden
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llibertat d’expressió.
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cialització del discurs de l’odi de determinats polítics d’extrema dreta té sobre el suport als seus partits. Aquests investigadors van trobar evidències empíriques que l’inici d’una causa judicial
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,UYLSHJP}HTISHWVZZPIPSP[H[X\LLZWYVK\LP_PUHI\ZVZWVSx[PJZKLSJVUJLW[LKLKPZJ\YZKLS»VKP \UJHZWHYHKPNTn[PJtZKLSH:\K±MYPJHKLS»(WHY[OLPKVUZ»\[PSP[aH]LUSLZSSLPZJVU[YHHX\LZ[ [PW\Z KL KPZJ\YZ WLY JYPTPUHSP[aHY SLZ JYx[PX\LZ JVU[YH SH KVTPUHJP} ISHUJH .HNSPHYKVUL L[ HS ;HTItHS»LZ[H[LZWHU`VSOLTWYLZLUJPH[YLJLU[TLU[KP]LYZVZL_LTWSLZK»ZKLSJVU JLW[LKLKPZJ\YZKLS»VKPJVU[YHSHKPZZPKuUJPHPLSZLULTPJZWVSx[PJZWLYL_LTWSLLSJHZKL*tZHY :[YH^ILYY`JHU[HU[KL+LM*VU+VZ13HX\PLSÄZJHSKLS»(\KPuUJPH5HJPVUHSHJ\ZH]HK»PUJP[HYH
S»VKP"LSKL.\PSSLYTVAHWH[HYLNPKVYKLS»(Q\U[HTLU[KL4HKYPKHX\PLZ]HLUJH\ZHYWLY\UZ HJ\KP[ZW\ISPJH[ZH;^P[[LYX\HUKLIH[PHZVIYLLSZSxTP[ZKLS»O\TVYULNYL14"VLSJHZKLSHQV]L
]HSLUJPHUH4HYPH3S\JO¸4HKHTL.\PSSV[PUL¹H;^P[[LYX\L]HZLYQ\[QHKHWLYMLYHJ\KP[ZZVIYL ]xJ[PTLZK»,;(PJVUKLTUHKHHHU`KLWYLZ}WLYJVUZPKLYHYLS;YPI\UHS:\WYLTSLZZL]LZ
piulades com a discurs de l’odi no protegit per la llibertat d’expressió15THSNYH[YLIHP_HYSHJVU
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nents polítics.
13. O[[W!^^^LSKPHYPVLZWVSP[PJH(IZ\LS[V*LZHY:[YH^ILYY`LUHS[LJPKV;^P[[LYFF O[TS
14. O[[W!^^^SH]HUN\HYKPHJVTWVSP[PJH HYJOP]HKHJH\ZHaHWH[H[LYJLYH]La[\P[ZO[TS
15.O[[W!^^^WVKLYQ\KPJPHSLZJNWQLZ7VKLY1\KPJPHS5V[PJPHZ1\KPJPHSLZ,S;YPI\UHS:\WYLTVJVUKLUHH\UHUV WYPZPVUH\UHQV]LUWVYO\TPSSHYH[YH]LZKL[^P[[LYH0YLUL=PSSH`H4PN\LS(UNLS)SHUJV
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2.2. Les particularitats jurídiques de l’odi a Internet i les xarxes socials
7LYZPHX\LZ[KLIH[WVSx[PJu[PJPQ\YxKPJUV[PUN\tZZ\ÄJPLU[ZHYLZ[LZ0U[LYUL[PSLZ_HY_LZZVJPHSZ HMLNLP_LU\UHTHQVYJVTWSL_P[H[HSWYVISLTHKLSKPZJ\YZKLS»VKP,UWYPTLYSSVJWLYX\u0U[LYUL[ Z»OHJVU]LY[P[LU\UHLZWuJPLKLML[P[_LK»HSSPILYHTLU[JVUZPKLYH[\[~WPJHTLU[WLYTVS[ZJVT
“una força revolucionària que no hauria d’estar sotmesa a cap regulació¹PX\HSZL]VSPU[LU[KL YLN\SHYLSX\LZ\JJLLP_HSH?HY_HtZH\[VTn[PJHTLU[HJ\ZH[KLYLHJJPVUHYPPSÇSLNx[PTPHU[PKL TVJYn[PJ4VYVaV]0
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(X\LZ[HL_[YH[LYYP[VYPHSP[H[Z\WVZH[HTIt\UYLW[LLUTH[uYPHKLJVVWLYHJP}Q\KPJPHSLUSHTL Z\YHLUX\uSLZKPMLYuUJPLZSLNPZSH[P]LZ[HTItHMLJ[LUHTH[uYPLZK»PTWVY[nUJPHJHIKHSLUS»nTIP[ KLSHJPILYJYPTPUHSP[H[JVTSHWYV[LJJP}KLKHKLZVLSZLJYL[KLSLZJVT\UPJHJPVUZ
,ZWSHU[LNLUHTtZWYVISLTLZKLYP]H[ZKLSHWY~WPHJVUÄN\YHJP}[uJUPJHPS»VWLYH[P]P[H[K»0U[LY UL[SVJHSP[aHJP}KLZLY]PKVYZH\[LU[PJHJP}K»07ZJVTW[LZYVIV[KPMLYLU[ZWYVJLKPTLU[ZK»LU JYPW[HJP}WLYVJ\S[HYSHPKLU[P[H[KLSZH[HJZL[JX\LWSHU[LNLU\UHHS[YHZuYPLK»PUJLY[LZLZPKPÄ J\S[H[ZLUX LZ[P}K»VI[LUJP}KLWYV]LZVKLKL[LYTPUHJP}KLYLZWVUZHIPSP[H[4VYL[}U;VX\LYV
:LUZLLU[YHYHX\xLU\U[LYYLU`KLNYHUJVTWSL_P[H[Q\YxKPJHSH[YHUZMVYTHJP}KLSTVKLSJVT\
nicatiu que suposa Internet situa el debat relatiu al discurs de l’odi davant dues alternatives. La
WYPTLYHSHJLYJHK»\UKPnSLNPU[LYUHJPVUHSWLYHJVUZLN\PY\U¸acord global sobre els criteris de restricció o permissivitat del discurs de l’odi a Internet¹X\LtZWVJYLHSPZ[H0SHZLNVUHSH¸ im-posició a Internet de les polítiques constitucionals de cada estat¹9VKYxN\La0aX\PLYKV X\LWYLZLU[HLSZSxTP[ZPPUJLY[LZLZQ\YxKPX\LZX\LZ»OHUL_WVZH[HX\xZ\WLYÄJPHSTLU[
2.3. Legislació espanyola
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3»S[PTHYLMVYTHKLS*VKP7LUHS17YLZWVUHS»L_PNuUJPHK»HQ\Z[HYZLHHX\LZ[HYLN\SHJP}L\YVWLH
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impliqui una incitació a l’odi o hostilitat contra minories.
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1. 1 a 4 anys de presó i multa de 6 a 12 mesos
a. Incitació directa o indirecta a l’odi, a l’hostilitat, a la discriminació i a la violènciaJVU[YH NY\WZVPUKP]PK\ZWLYTV[P\ZYHJPZ[LZHU[PZLTP[LZVHS[YLZYLSH[P\ZHSHZL]HPKLVSVNPHYLSP NP}VYPNLUZL_LVYPLU[HJP}ZL_\HSTHSHS[PHVKPZJHWHJP[H[
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c. Negació o enaltiment dels delictes de genocidiSLZHO\THUP[H[VJVU[YHSLZWLYZVULZV ItUZWYV[LNP[ZLUJHZKLJVUÅPJ[LHYTH[X\LOHN\LZZPULZ[H[JVTLZVZJVU[YHLSZNY\WZ HZZLU`HSH[ZX\HUHP_~WYVTVN\PVHMH]VYLP_P\Uclima de violència, hostilitat o odi contra els mateixos
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b. S»LUHS[PTLU[VQ\Z[PÄJHJP}WISPJHKLSZdelictes comesos contra els grups assenyalats.
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servei19.
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delictes atenuats per a aquelles conductes “que no reuneixen totes les característiques com per incitar a l’hostilitat, a la discriminació o a la violència, però que sí són ideals per lesionar la
digni-17.36KLKLTHYs
tat dels individus¹HTIWLULZPUMLYPVYZTLZVZHHU`ZKLWYLZ}HKLX\HTPSSVYSHYLN\SHJP}HS WYPUJPWPKLWYVWVYJPVUHSP[H[.HZJ}U*VUJH
5VVIZ[HU[WLYHHS[YLZH\[VYZHX\LZ[HYLMVYTHtZ[uJUPJHTLU[WVIYHPYLHJJPVUnYPHPZLN\LP_ WSHU[LQHU[K\I[LZKLSHZL]HJVUZ[P[\JPVUHSP[H[WLYTHUJHK»HKLX\HJP}HSHQ\Z[PÄJHJP}KLSHPU [LY]LUJP} KLS KYL[ WLUHS P WLY ZLN\PY WH[PU[ KL THUJH KL WYVWVYJPVUHSP[H[ (SN\UZ WLUHSPZ[LZ JVUZPKLYLUÄUZP[V[X\LZ»OHHWYVM\UKP[LUSHTHQVYPHKLSZKLMLJ[LZKLSHYLN\SHJP}HU[LYPVYKLP
xant massa a criteri dels jutges el sancionar o no conductes que aparentment encaixen en els
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intervenció penal. L’ordenament espanyol compta amb “PUZ[Y\TLU[ZZ\ÄJPLU[ZWLYJHZ[PNHY¹WLY L_LTWSLSLZO\TPSPHJPVUZSLZHTLUHJLZVSHWYV]VJHJP}K»\UWLYPSSJLY[PPTTPULU[K»HJ[LZPSÇSxJP[Z
“sense que sigui necessari plantejar una resposta excepcional a través de tipus penals ad hoc anti-discriminatoris¹;LY\LS3VaHUV!
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,MLJ[P]HTLU[ÄUZH]\PSHQ\YPZWY\KuUJPHOHML[\UHPU[LYWYL[HJP}YLZ[YPJ[P]HKLSZKLSPJ[LZKLKPZ J\YZK»VKP(P_~OH[PUN\[JVTHYLZ\S[H[\UWHUVYHTHQ\YxKPJKLWLULZTVS[K\YLZPU\SÇSHZHUJP}
KLSKPZJ\YZKLS»VKP7LYH9LP4HY[xULa!tZULJLZZnYPH¸més sanció dels discursos de
l’odi, però amb una duresa penal proporcionada¹3HUV]HYLN\SHJP}THSNYH[SHPU[YVK\JJP}KLSZ [PW\ZH[LU\H[ZKLS»HWHY[H[KLS»HY[PJSLOHTPSSVYH[WVJLUHX\LZ[HZWLJ[LLULZ[HISPYWLULZ KLÄUZHHU`ZKLWYLZ}HWHY[HU[ZLÄUZP[V[KLSH+LJPZP}4HYJ 1(0KLSH<,X\L LZ[PW\SHWLULZTn_PTLZKLHU`Z.HZJ}U*VUJH
=L\YLTX\PUHtZSHPU[LYWYL[HJP}X\LLSZQ\[NLZPTHNPZ[YH[ZMHUKLSHUV]HYLN\SHJP},UX\HSZL]VS JHZZLYPHKLZP[QHISLX\LUVPUJVYYLN\LZZPULUSLZJVU[YHKPJJPVUZX\LLZ]HUWYVK\PYLUHWSPJHYSH SLNPZSHJP}HU[LYPVYPX\LHSN\UZL_WLY[ZJVT4PN\LSÍUNLS(N\PSHYÄZJHSJVVYKPUHKVYKL+LSPJ[LZ K»6KPKLSH-PZJHSPHKL)HYJLSVUH]HUJYP[PJHYK\YHTLU[20X\HULS;YPI\UHS:\WYLT]HKPJ[HYK\LZ
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,U X\HSZL]VS JHZ UV Z»OH K»VISPKHY X\L SH YLWYLZZP} WLUHS KLS X\L NLUuYPJHTLU[ Z»LU[tU WLY
discurs de l’odi no s’esgota en l’article 510 del Codi Penal. El Codi Penal contempla una circum Z[nUJPH HNYL\QHU[ NLUuYPJH WLY TV[P\Z KPZJYPTPUH[VYPZ X\L HNYL\QH SH YLZWVUZHIPSP[H[ WLUHS KL X\HSZL]VSKLSPJ[LPX\LWLYL_LTWSLWV[HWSPJHYZLHJVUK\J[LZ[xWPX\LZHSLZ_HY_LZZVJPHSZ21
com les amenaces o l’assetjament. La consideració de que concorre l’agreujant de discriminació
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20.O[[W!^^^LST\UKVLZLST\UKVIHYJLSVUH O[TS
Principals problemes per a la persecució dels delictes de discurs de l’odi
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3.3. El Codi de Conducta amb la Unió Europea
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ment creat Grup d’Alt Nivell sobre la Lluita contra el Racisme, la Xenofòbia, i altres formes
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4.2. Les estratègies de pressió a les xarxes socials
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4.3. Les estratègies orientades a canviar percepcions i actituds
4.3.1. Les campanyes contra el discurs de l’odi a Internet
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a) La campanya No Hate del Consell d’Europa
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