UD 5 MATS STONY PLASTICS 3ESO 15 16 INGLES

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(1)Materials: Stony and plastics.. Luis García Molina. I.E.S. Serra Perenxisa (Torrente).

(2) Rawmaterials and MATERIALS We recall the general scheme of the production process:. Raw material. Primary factory. Material. Secondary factory. product. Materials come from raw materials. Def: Raw material are substances extracted directly from nature. These must be processed so that we can use them in factories as material. Def: Materials are the stuff ready and available directly to manufacture products..

(3) Rawmaterials and MATERIAL • ACTIVITY 1.2: Complete the following diagrams, drawing what they need:. Raw material: ________. Primary factory. Raw material: _________. Primary factory. Material: ________. Secondary factory. Material: _________. Secondary factory. Product: building. Product: container.

(4) RAWMATERIALS. TYPES OF MATERIALS. 1.1 Stones: Gneis, marble... 1.2 Gravel 1.3.Sand 1.3 Clay 1.4 Gypsum 1.5 Limestone 1.6 Silica (sand). 1. -MATERIALS STONE 1.1 Stones 1.2 Aggregates 1.3.Sand. 1.3 Ceramics. 1.4 Plaster 1.5 Lime. 1.6 Glass. 2.1-Metal ferrous minerals 2.2-Metal nonferrous minerals. 2. -METALLIC MATERIALS. 2.1-Ferrous: Cast iron, steel ... 2.2-Non-Ferrous: Copper, Tin …. 3- Tree trunks. 3. -WOODS.. 4.1 Fiber crops 4.2 Hair, skin, silk 4.3 Petroleum polymers. 4. -TEXTILE. 4.1 Natural plant textiles 4.2 Natural-animal textiles 4.3 Synthetic textiles. 5- Petroleum polymers. 5. -PLASTICS..

(5) In this unit we will explore: I-STONY MATERIALS 1.1 Stones 1.2 Aggregates 1.3.Sand. 1.4 Plaster 1.5 Lime. 1.6 Ceramics. 1.7 Glass II-PLASTIC MATERIAL. And for everyone going to see these points: a-Raw materials and obtaining b-transformation of the raw material c-Types of material d-Uses. I. STONE MATERIALS.

(6) 1.1 STONES a. stones: rawmaterials •. The raw material for stones are ground rocks. They are classified in: – Igneous or eruptive: it is the magma of the Earth's mantle after cooling. – Eg Granite, Basalt ... – Metamorphic: igneous rocks that have came back under the ground and have been transformed by heat, pressure ... – Ex Gneiss, Slate, Marble .... – Sedimentary: Fragmented with erosion by wind, water ... – Eg sand, quartz, gravel, clay ... – Eg salt, limestone, gypsum .... b. stones: transformation. • Rocks are : -first extracted at the quarry *cantera -then initially prepared (roughing) *desbaste -finally they are carved to the convenient shape and size.*labra. http://www.pdf-inc.com/custom-fabrication.php.

(7) c. STONES: TYPES •. MASONRY: Non carved stone.. (mampuesto) •. ASHLAR: Carved stone with a cubic shape.. (sillar) •. CURB: Carved stone with a rectangular shape.. (bordillo) •. SLATE: Carved stone with a sheet shape.. (laja). c. STONES: uses •. Traditional construction.. •. Kitchen benches. •. Tombstones. •. Pavement. •. (...).

(8) I.2 AGGREGATES a. Raw material Gravel: rock fragments with a diameter larger than 2 mm. b.Transformation Rocks naturally or artificially crushed and sieved. d.Uses: concrete. I.3 SAND. a.Raw material SAND: rock fragments with a diameter between 2 mm and 0.002 mm b.Transformation rocks crushed and sieved. d.Uses: mortar, concrete....

(9) I.4 plaster a. Raw material It comes from the mineral called gypsum, with the next chemical formula: CaSO4· 2H20 (calcium sulfate dihydrate). b.Transformation Extracted from the quarries, it is baked to remove water from inside and make CaSO4·1/2H20 (calcium sulfate hemihydrate). The result is a very soft white powder. d.Uses: wall covering, false ceilings, decoration(friezes, sculptures...). I.5 lime and limestone. a. Raw material come from limestone rocks. b. Transformation Limestone (calcium carbonate) : crushing the rocks into a fine powder. lime: by calcining the limestone at 900 ° C gives lime (Ca2O). Adding water to this gives slaked lime Ca (OH)2. d. uses: limestone: for making mortar. Lime: for white-painted houses (lime)..

(10) PROCESSING: BINDING, MORTAR and CONCRETE iron ore. Iron bars. REINFORCED CONCRETE. gravel rocks. sand clay. CONCRETE GLASS CERAMICS CEMENT. of limestone rocks of Gypsum. Im: cadena 88. limestone LIME. gypsum. PLASTER. MORTAR. WATER (added to all). SCAGLIOLA.

(11) ACTIVITY 1.1.1: Make a list of uses that we give to the stones today (thnk of your house, your street, your city ...) ACTIVITY 1.1.2: Sketch the manufacturing process of the stones.. ACTIVITY 1.2.1: Make a scheme in which relations aggregate stone materials (gypsum, lime, limestone, sand, gravel) with (binders, mortars and concrete). Think: the thicker the particles does the material leaves tougher or softer? ACTIVITY 1.3.1: List your daily life objects that are made of glass. ACTIVITY 1.3.2: Make a list of the floors today and the materials they are made..

(12) I.6 CERAMICS MATERIALS a. raw material Ceramic materials are made from clay (very fine particles from the disintegration of rocks with a diameter less than 0.002 mm) The purest clay is call kaolin.. b. Transformation Ceramics are made with the molding of the clay wet paste. After the pieces are dryed and fired in a furnace..

(13) b.C Types and uses. A) THICK CERAMICS: – 1-TERRACOTTA (made of just Clay) • Only terracota or Coated with enamel layer • Uses: bricks, tiles, vessel, vase ... – 2-WARE: (made of yellow clay + sand) • Coated with enamel: Uses: tableware and decorative objects. – 3-REFRACTORIES: (made of clay + metal oxides) • Uses: Furnace linings. Electrical components. B) FINE CERAMICS (More resistant) – 1-GRES: (made of clay + fluxes pressed). More resistant. • Uses: tiles, tiles, pipes, bricks ... – 2-PORCELANE (made of Kaolin clay + quartz + feldspar) • Uses: tableware, decorative objects, Electrical insulation, chemical industry ....

(14) I.7 GLASS a. raw material Glass is made mainly from silica (sand).. b. transformation. To make glass we must melt the silica in furnace, mixing it with other ingredients additives such as – soda (sodium carbonate) – limestone (calcium carbonate) – metal oxides. Then, the liquid must be cooled rapidly.. To make objects can use different techniques such as -blowing. -lamination, -(…).

(15) c. GLASS: Types •. Translucent glass: It can be colorless or colored mass. Has on one or both sides a decorative texture which transmits light in a diffuse form and prevents clear vision.. •. COLORED GLASSES: certain aggregates is given by the glass is colored, eg iron oxide gives blue, yellow or green, chromium oxide reddish.. •. MIRRORS: Are sheets of glass on which is applied in one of its faces a sheet of molten metal or a chemical deposition, usually tin or silver.. •. Tempered glass: Is obtained by subjecting the glass sheet to a heat treatment thereby increasing the impact resistance and thermal shock. •. laminated glass: bonding two sheets of float glass sheets with a high strength plastic elements (PVB) as reinforcement, allowing the piece to break the glass pieces are attached to it.. •. ARMED glass: in this case is incorporated as a soul welded or twisted wire mesh, with an effect similar to that mentioned above..

(16) GLASS: Types •. Borosilicate glass (Pyrex): By replacing the calcium oxide by boric oxide greatly increases the resistance to high temperatures and acid attack (eg Pyrex glass).. •. LEAD GLASS (“crystal”) in this case the calcium oxide is replaced by lead oxide, whereupon the resulting glass has a higher density, higher gloss and brightness and greater aptitude for cutting.. d. Uses -Windows -Stained Glass -Buildings -bottles -other objects (…).

(17) I-STONE I.I STONES I.2 AGGREGATES I.3 CERAMIC I.4 GLASS II-PLASTICS. II.-PLASTICS.

(18) Plastics Plastics are polymers obtained from a fraction of petroleum. a. Raw material Petroleum. It is a thick liquid that comes from the long time mineralization of living beings corpses (such as plants, algi or sea animals). They come from a specific fraction of the petroleum (the naphta). To separate the petroleum in its different fractions distillation process is needed. There are also some “natural plastics” or “biopolymers” from the polimerization of molecules from actual living beings. Ie. Latex, cellulose from plants, casein (protein from milk)… b. Transformation. Polymers are chains resulting from joining many singular mollecules called monomers in a process called polymerization (the repeated binding of monomer molecules to form polymeric chains).. Polymerization. monomers. polymers.

(19) distillation. methane, ethane. It is the process to separate the petroleum into its different fractions. One of them is the one for plastics. Distillation tower. Gases. LPG: propane, butane Light gasoline. concentration of gas and caustic treatment. LPG´s. Plastics. Light naphtha. PLASTIC. Heavy naphtha Heavy fuels. Kerosene The evaporated oil is deposited by weight. Jet-Fuel. Catalytic reforming Jet-fuel Hidrotratadora. Diesel. Diesel. Diesel fuel. fuel oil Gasolines. Extraction tower. Heavy gasoline. Heavy oil Asphalts. Hidrotratadora LPG: propane, butane Gasoline diesel fuel oil thermal conversion. heat. Oil well. Vacuum tower. diesel diesel fuel asphal t. 32.

(20) c. Plastics: TYPES. Polyethylene (PE), PET POLYOLEFINS. Polypropylene (PP) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). THERMOPLASTIC. Polystyrene (PS). Vinyl and acrylic. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Methacrylate (pexiglás). plastic. Polyamides, polyester. Polyamide (PA). POLYCARBONATES. Polycarbonates. Fluorinated. THERMOSET. Teflon. Phenolic resins. Bakelite. Melamine resins. Melamine. Polyurethane resins. Polyurethane (PUR). Epichlorohydrin resins ELASTOMERS. Poliisopropenos. Epoxy. Synthetic rubber. Neoprene.

(21) Plastics: COPOLYMER The polymers may be: -HOMOPOLYMERS: If you are made up of chains of the same type of molecule (as all the above examples) -COPOLYMERS: Whose chains contain several different types of molecules. Among the copolymers, the most used are: -SAN: Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer. Improves the properties of styrene. Films are used as food. -ABS: Terpolymer acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. -MBS: Methacrylate + styrene. Styrene-butadiene-copolymers. -High Impact Polystyrene (Styrofoam + elastomer) -EVA: Ethylene-vinyl acetate. Very elastic..

(22) d. plastic: USES •. •. • • • • • • • • • •. PACKAGING: – PS plastic films – Bags, PE – Plastic boxes, lids, bottles, jars ... PE, PET – Foams, Styrofoam ... PS, PUR – Food containers: EVOH (ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer) Objects of all kinds – buckets, toys ... PE, PP, PS – cups, plates, cutlery .... PE – coating pans, countertops ... Teflon Conduits for water: pipes, hoses ... PVC Synthetic rubber tires Covers engines, electrical appliances ... PUR Teflon machine mechanisms, PUR Insulating coating electrical wires. PVC, PA, ... Synthetic fibers PA, PVC, polyester, PAN, Polisopropeno impermebles, shoe soles, gloves .... PVC Acrylic glass replacement Photographic film Polycarbonates Paints, varnishes ... PUR.

(23) IDENTIFICATION OF PLASTICS. http://tecnologiadelosplasticos.blogspot.com.es/2011/03/codigos-de-los-plasticos.html. •. activitat 2.1 Place the number appropriate (in of those arrows) In the classification of the plastic of slide 32. 37.

(24) • • • •. Activity 2.1 of which atoms are made of plastics molecules? Activity 2.2 explains what the polymerization activity 2.3 which is a homopolymer and a copolymer which. Activity 2. 4: what type of plastic are made these objects:.

(25) Plastics: CONFORMATION •. The forming processes are techniques that try to give the basic shape we need. It starts with a paste melted plastic and is shaped by several processes:. By molding. Plastics forming processes Strain. Injection molding Blow Molding. Solid parts Hollow parts. Extrusion. Bars, perfieles, pipes. Rolling (calendering). Sheets or plates. Stamping molds. Embossed plates, housings, trays .... Vacuum. Shaped lamellae, trays ...

(26) Compression, pressing Pressing: The pellet, loading and additives is heated and pressed into the shape of the mold.. Getting parts for pressing.. http://muyingenieros.blogspot.com.es/2015/03/el-moldeo-de-plastico.html. 40 http://losplasticoseneso.blogspot.com.es/.

(27) Blow Aire a presión Molde. Preforma. Rebaba https://hectorpostigogomez1415.wordpress.com/2015/01/11/fabricacion-de-plasticos/. 44.

(28) Moldeo por inyección. Imagenes: http://losplasticoseneso.blogspot.com.es/2012/03/metodos-de-fabricacion-de-objetos-de.html. Moldeo por extrusión. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebit esize/design/resistantmaterials/proce sstechniquesrev8.shtml. 28. http://electroprofesor.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/plasticos.html.

(29) Moldeo por extrusión + soplado. Moldeo por Termoconformado o deformación en caliente. 29. Imagenes: http://losplasticoseneso.blogspot.com.es/2012/03/metodos-de-fabricacion-de-objetos-de.html.

(30) Moldeo por laminado. Moldeo por calandrado. http://losplasticoseneso.blogspot.com.es/. 30. https://tecnoblogsanmartin.wordpres s.com/2010/10/27/moldeo-porcalandrado/.

(31) http://www.metaloplastica.com http://www.logismarket.com.mx/ http://material-de-oficina.net/. http://maxiproducts.es/. http://www.terraplastic.com/ http://www.fcm.portaldenegocios.es/. Activity: By what process these objects were made of plastic? Draw forming machine.

(32) 1. EXAMPLES. http://www.plasticjarsbottles.com. http://lacentraldestiladora.com/. http://www.alplas.es. Activity: By what process these objects were made of plastic? Draw forming machine.

(33) •. •. • • • • • • • • • •. PLASTICS: USES. 'PACKAGING: – plastic films – Bags, – Plastic boxes, lids, bottles, jars ... – Foams, Styrofoam ... Objects of all kinds – buckets, toys ... – cups, plates, cutlery .... – coating pans, countertops ... Conduits for water: pipes, hoses ... Tires Covers engines, electrical appliances ... Machine mechanisms Insulating coating electrical wires. Synthetic textile fibers impermebles, shoe soles, gloves .... Replacement of glass Photographic film Paints, varnishes ....

(34) Velvet Hammer, glass mat, table clay Satin buildings, war cotton Gun Candy, peace of men, ... choose materials choose what purposes.

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