14
Ana VII, Num.14 Julia-Diciembre 2013
ENCLAVES del pensamiento ha sido integrada en los siguientes Índices:
!" LATINDEX: Sistema Regional de Información en Línea para las Revistas
#$%&'()*+,"-%"./01$*+"2+'$&+3"%4"#+1$5%3"6,7+8+"9":;1'<=+4
!" #2.>6?"#$'+,"2+'$&;+/%1$*+&+,"%&"#$%&*$+,">;*$+4%,"9"@</+&$-+-%,
!" GALE: Cengage Learning
!" A2BC#@":%1$;-$*+4,"D$1%*';19
!" 6E>#F?":<54$,G$&="H.*+-%/$*">%+1*G":1%/$%1I
!" >#C62FJK0L$*;?">*$%&'$)*"64%*'1;&$*"2$51+19"F&4$&%
!" DIALNET: Universidad de la Rioja
!" B%-" -%" B%M$,'+," #$%&'()*+," -%"./01$*+" 2+'$&+" 9" %4" #+1$5%3" 6,7+8+" 9""""""""""
:;1'<=+4N">$,'%/+"-%"C&O;1/+*$P&"#$%&'()*+"B%-+49*
!" Q%R"S;<1N?"64%*'1;&$*"S;<1&+4,"+&-"Q%R,4%''%1,N"T%;1=%';R&"A&$M%1,$'9
!" CB6>C6?"E+,%"-%"D+';,"">;51%"6-<*+*$P&"C5%1;+/%1$*+&+
ENCLAVES del pensamiento
B%M$,'+"-%"@</+&$-+-%,?".1'%3"U$4;,;O(+3"@$,';1$+3":,$*;4;=(+
:<54$*+*$P&",%/%,'1+4"-%"4+"6,*<%4+"-%"@</+&$-+-%,"9"#$%&*$+,">;*$+4%, -%4""V%*&;4P=$*;"-%"K;&'%11%93"B%*';1(+"-%"4+"W;&+"K%'1;7;4$'+&+"-%"4+"#$<-+-"-%"K0L$*;
.8;"XCC3"&Y/N"Z[3"\<4$;J-$*$%/51%"]^Z_
Directora
D;1+"64M$1+"T+1*(+"TN Jefas de redacción CMP&"#%7%-+"!"K+1=;"6*G%&5%1="
Consejo de redacción
D$&+"#;/$,+1%&*;"!".45%1';"#;&,'+&'%"!"K+1=;"6*G%&5%1=
.45%1';"@%1&`&-%a"!"B;5%1';"F1;7%a+
K+1(+"2<$,+":+11+=<%a"!">;O(+"B%-$&="!"S<4$;"B<5$;"!"">G+&&;&">G%+"!"#+14;,">;4+
6&1$b<%"V+/0,"!"S;1=%"V1+,4;,G%1;,"!"2$44$+&"E1$,%8;"!"X$M$+&".&'+c$
Comité editorial y asesor nacional e internacional
B+Y4".4*+4`"HAQ.K3"K0LNI3".&';&$;"E+15+"HAQ.K3"K0LNI3"E%1';4-"E%1&1%<'%1"H:;494;=3".4%/NI3"K+<
1$*$;"E%<*G;'"HAQ.K3"K0LNI3"K+1(+"6<=%&$+"E;1,+&$"HA&$M%1,$-+-"Q+*$;&+4"-%4"#;/+G<%3".1=NI3"
S+*;5"E<=+&a+"HA&$M%1,$-+-"X%1+*1<a+&+3"K0LNI3"Q%<,"#+/7$44;"HA&$M%1,$-+-"-%"X+4%&*$+3"6,7NI3"
:%-1;"#;5;"HCV.K3"K0LNI3"T$<,%77%"#+**$+';1%"HA&$M%1,$'`"-%=4$">'<-$"-$"Q+7;4$3"C'+NI3"S%,Y,"#;&$44"
HA&$M%1,$-+-"-%"X+4%&*$+3"6,7NI3":+;4;"#1$,';O;4$&$"H@$,';1$+":G$4;,;7G$*+3"C'+NI3"@;1'%&,$+"#<044+1"
HV%*&;4P=$*;"-%"K;&'%11%93"K0LNI3"B;-1$=;"D(+a"#1<a"HAQ.K3"K0LNI3">$/;&+"U;1'$"HA&$M%1,$-+-"-%4"
:$%/;&'%"F1$%&'+4%3"C'+NI3"E4+&*+"T+1*(+"T+1*(+"HA&$M%1,$-+-"-%"4+,"./01$*+,3"K0LNI3"#+14;,"T%&-%"
HA&$M%1,$-+-"Q+*$;&+4"-%4"#;/+G<%3".1=NI3"S;,0"2<$,"T;&a`4%a"H6,*<%4+"Q+*$;&+4"-%".&'1;7;4;=(+"
%"@$,';1$+3"K0LNI3"T1+*$+"D;/$&=;"HA&$M%1,$-+-"-%"4+,"./01$*+,3"K0LNI3"#+14;,"d;G&"HA&$M%1,$-+-"
#%&'1+4"-%"X%&%a<%4+3"X%&NI3"@%$&a"d1</7%4"HA&$M%1,$-+-"-%"X$%&+3".<,NI3"K+1(+"U%1&+&-+"2+&-%1"
H>c$-/;1%"#;44%=%3"66N"AANI3".&-1%R"2$=G'"HA&$M%1,$'9";O"e+,G$&=';&3"66N"AANI3".4O;&,;"K%&-$;4+"
H@$,';1$+" 9" T1+O(+3" K0LNI3" 2<$," K;&'+8;" @$1;,%" HA.K3" K0LNI3" K+1(+"V%1%,+" K<8;a" HA&$M%1,$-+-"
C&'%1*;&'$&%&'+43"K0LNI3"64$a+5%'G":+-$44+"HA&$M%1,$-+-"Q+*$;&+4"-%4"#;/+G<%3".1=NI3"S;,0".&';&$;"
:01%a" V+7$+," HA&$M%1,$-+-" -%" T1+&+-+3" 6,7NI3" >$4M+&+" B+5$&;M$*G" HAQ.K3" K0LNI3" C&0," >`%&a"
HV%*&;4P=$*;"-%"K;&'%11%93"K0LNI3".4%\+&-1;">+G<("HA&$M%1,$-+-".<'P&;/+"-%"#+/7%*G%3"K0LNI3"
#1$,'$&+">`&*G%a"HA&$M%1,$-+-".<'P&;/+"-%"K+-1$-3"6,7NI3"F,/+1">`&*G%a".=<$4%1+"HV%*&;4P=$*;"-%"
K;&'%11%93"K0LNI3"K+1(+"S;,%O+">+&';,"HAQ.K3"K0LNI3"D+M$-">;51%M$44+"HA&$M%1,$-+-"-%"2$/+3":%1YI3"
X+4%&'$&+"V;11%,">%7'$0&"HA&$M%1,$-+-"C5%1;+/%1$*+&+3"K0LNI3"6<=%&$;"V1(+,"HA&$M%1,$-+-":;/7%<"
U+51+3"6,7NI3"./51;,$;"X%4+,*;"HAQ.K3"K0LNI3"S;1=%"X%4`,b<%a"HA.K3"K0LNI3"T+11+'G"e$44$+/,"
H2+&*+,'%1"A&$M%1,$'93"AdI3"K+1c"e+9/+*c"H2;9;4+"A&$M%1,$'9";O"#G$*+=;3"66N"AANI3".&+"W+=+1$"
HA&$M%1,$-+-"-%4">+4M+-;13".1=NI3"2$4$+&"W$17;4;"H.<1;1+3"VG%"S;<1&+4";O"'G%"@$,';19";O".1'3"66N"AANI
Asistente editorial
V+1,,$,"D%,,+M1%"F4$M+"!"f+M$%1".4%\+&-1;"#+/+1=;
Edición
S<+&"#+14;,"@N"X%1+"!"6-&+"d+1$&+"B$M%1+"K+1'(&%a
Diseño
F/+1"W+/;1+"#+4-%1P&"!"X(*';1"KN"S<`1%a"E+4M+&%1+
ENCLAVES"%,"<&+"7<54$*+*$P&",%/%,'1+4"b<%",<1=%"*;&"%4")&"-%"7;&%1"+4",%1"G</+&;"9"
,<"1%g%L$P&",$,'%/`'$*+"'+&';"%&"%4"*%&'1;"-%"4+,"$&M%,'$=+*$;&%,"9"4;,"-%5+'%,3"*;/;"%&"
4;"/`,"G;&-;"-%"&<%,'1+"M$-+"*;'$-$+&+"9"%&"4;"/`,"71;O<&-;"-%"4+"+**$P&",;*$+4N"6&"<&+"
7+4+51+?"*+7'+1"4;"=4;5+4"9"1%*1%+1"4;"4;*+4"1%7%&,+&-;"4+,"G</+&$-+-%,3"+*;/7+8+-+,"
-%"4+"7%1/+&%&'%"*;&,'1<**$P&"-%",$=&$)*+-;,3",(/5;4;,"9"+**$;&%,N"D%"%,'+"/+&%1+3"
ENCLAVES",%"71;7;&%",%1"<&"/;-%,';"M%G(*<4;"+")&"-%"1%g%\+1"4+"5%44%a+3"4+"<&$-+-"9"
4+"M%1-+-"b<%"&;,"G%1/+&+"9"*1%+1"*;&"%44;"&<%M;,"7<%&'%,"9"*+/$&;,"-%"+7%1'<1+3"
%/7+'(+3"1%*$71;*$-+-"9"1%*;&;*$/$%&';N"
6,'+"1%M$,'+"44%M+"%4"&;/51%"-%"ENCLAVES3"&;/51%"O;1/+-;"7;1"<&+"-<74+"-%"7+4+51+,"
b<%"*;/;")=<1+"1%'P1$*+"-$,'$&=<%"9",%7+1+"7+1+"*;/5$&+1"9"\<=+1"*;&"&<%M;,",$=&$)*+-;,3"
%&"+1+,"-%"M%1"*;&"%44;,"4+"1%+4$-+-"-%,-%"`&=<4;,"9"7%1,7%*'$M+,"-$O%1%&'%,N"6&"%O%*';3"
por un lado enclave nos lleva a pensar en un territorio incluido en otro con características -%"(&-;4%"-$M%1,+N":;1";'1;"4+-;3"4+"7+4+51+"clave3"-%4"4+'(&"clavis3",$=&$)*+"44+M%"+,("*;/;""
'+/5$0&"%L74$*+*$P&3"b<%"&%*%,$'+"+4=Y&"%,*1$';"7+1+",<"*;/71%&,$P&"9"b<%"'%1/$&+"7;1"
*;&,'$'<$1,%"%&",$=&;";"*;/5$&+*$P&"-%",$=&;,N"6,"+4=;"'+&"1%4%M+&'%"9"-%*$,$M;"b<%3"5+\;"
<&+"'1+&,7;,$*$P&"9"\<%=;"/%'+OP1$*;,3",%"*;&M$%1'%"%&"%4"7<&';"O<&-+/%&'+4"-%4"+1*;";"
-%"4+"5PM%-+3"%,"-%*$13"4+"-;M%4+"b<%"4;"*$%11+"9"4;",<,'%&'+3"9"b<%"-%,%/7%8+"4+"O<&*$P&"
-%"7$%-1+"+&=<4+1";"7$%-1+"-%"+/+11%"%&"4+"b<%",%",<,'%&'+"<&+"%-$)*+*$P&N"
.,("7<%,3"*;&"4+"*;/5$&+*$P&"-%"enclave"9"claves"b<%-+"*;&,'$'<$-;"%4"&;/51%"-%"
%,'+"1%M$,'+"b<%"$&M$'+"+"4+"1%g%L$P&"%L71%,+-+"%&"7%&,+/$%&';,"%,*1$';,"7+1+"b<$%&%,"
5<,b<%&"*;/71%&-%1"-%,-%"4+,"G</+&$-+-%,"+"&<%,'1;"*;/74$*+-;"/<&-;"G</+&;N ENCLAVES del pensamiento"5<,*+"*;&M%1'$1,%"%&"<&"%,7+*$;"+*+-0/$*;"9"-%"$&M%,
'$=+*$P&" h%&" *<+&';" '%11$';1$;" -%" *;&,$-%1+54%" +/74$'<-h" ,;51%" %4" *<+4" %4"V%*&;4P=$*;"
-%"K;&'%11%9"+7<%,'+"9"+11$%,=+"'1+5+\+1"7;1"4+,"@</+&$-+-%,3"%/7%8`&-;,%"%&"<&+"
1%g%L$P&",;51%"%4",%1"G</+&;N"E<,*+",%1"*1<*%"-%"*+/$&;,"%&'1%"-$M%1,+,"-$,*$74$&+,"
71;*<1+&-;"%4"-$`4;=;3"4+"/<4'$-$,*$74$&+"9"4+"$&'%1-$,*$74$&+N"E<,*+",%1"+'+4+9+"-%"&<%M;,"
G;1$a;&'%,"9"*;11$%&'%,"9"*%1*;"(&'$/;"7+1+"%4"$&'%1*+/5$;"%&'1%"71;O%,;1%,"9"+4</&;,N"
Como claves del pensamiento"%,'+"1%M$,'+"-%,%+"+4a+1,%"*;/;"%/54%/+"-%,*<51$%&-;"
4+,"i)=<1+,j"71$&*$7+4%,"b<%"1%71%,%&'+&"9"O;1/+4$a+&"4;"/`,"(&'$/;3"4;"/`,"+1*+&;3"4;"
-%*$,$M;"-%"-$O%1%&'%,"*<4'<1+,3"'1+-$*$;&%,3"7+1+-$=/+,"9"%,*<%4+,"+*%1*+"-%4",%1"G<
/+&;"9"-%",<"%L$,'%&*$+3"*+1=+-+",$%/71%"-%"71;*%,;,"9"*+'%=;1(+,3"-%"+*;&'%*$/$%&';,"
9"%,'1<*'<1+,3"+"4;"4+1=;"9"+&*G;"-%",<"'1+&,$'+1"7;1"4+"'%/7;1+4$-+-"-%"4+,"07;*+,3"4;,"
4$&+\%,3"4+,"=%&%1+*$;&%,3"4;,"+8;,"9"4;,"-(+,N
LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS EN FRANCISCO DE VITORIA
C
ARLOSB
RETÓNM
ORAH
ERNÁNDEZ* ResumenE
4"71%,%&'%" +1'(*<4;"1%71%,%&'+"<&"%,O<%1a;" b<%" 71%'%&-%" -$,'$&=<$1" 4+"*;11%4+*$P&"-%"4+"-;*'1$&+"b<%"+7+1%*%"-$,7%1,+"%&"+4=<&+,"-%"4+,";51+,"-%"
U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+3"'+4%,"*;/;"4+,"1%%4%**$;&%,"Sobre el Poder Civil y Sobre los Indios, entre otras. A partir de tal correspondencia surge el sustrato doctrinal ,;51%"4;,"b<%",%"%1$=%"4+"51$44+&'%"*;&*%7*$P&"M$';1$+&+"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,3"
'+&';"%&",<"O<&-+/%&'+*$P&")4;,P)*+"9"%&",<"+74$*+*$P&"\<1(-$*+N"
.,(3"*;&"4+")&+4$-+-"-%"-%,%&'1+8+1"4+,"+7;1'+*$;&%,"M$';1$+&+,"+"4;,"-%1%
*G;,"G</+&;,3"4+"/%';-;4;=(+"b<%",%=<$1%/;,"1%,<4'+"O<&-+/%&'+43"/$,/+"b<%"
$/74$*+"%4"+&`4$,$,"-%"4+"*;&*%7*$P&"-%"-$=&$-+-"-%4",%1"G</+&;"%&"%4"-;/$&$*;"
9",<"1%4+*$P&"*;&"%4"7;-%1"7;4('$*;"-%"'+4"1%4+*$P&",%"-%*+&'+&"<&+",%1$%"-%"-%
1%*G;,"9"4$5%1'+-%,"-%"4+"7%1,;&+"$&-$M$-<+43"*;/;"'$'<4+1"-%"-%1%*G;,",<5\%'$M;,"
$&+4$%&+54%,N":;1"Y4'$/;3",%"%,'+54%*%"-%,-%"<&+"7%1,7%*'$M+"-;*'1$&+4"%&"b<0"
'$7;"-%"O<&-+/%&'+*$P&")4;,P)*+",%"%&*<+-1+"4+"*;&*%7*$P&"M$';1$+&+"-%"4;,"
-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,N"D+-+"4+"/%';-;4;=(+"$/74%/%&'+-+3"%4"71%,%&'%"+1'(*<4;"
=<+1-+"%&",("/$,/;"*$%1'+";1$=$&+4$-+-"b<%"4;"G+*%",<=%1%&'%N
Palabras clave: -%1%*G;,"G</+&;,3"D$;,3"7;-%1"7;4('$*;3"4$5%1'+-"%"$=<+4-+-3"
-$=&$-+-"G</+&+N
*" D;*%&'%"%"$&M%,'$=+-;1"-%"4+"A&$M%1,$-+-"-%4"K+13"#+/7<,"@<+'<4*;3"K0L$*;3"u*51%';&v G<+'<4*;N</+1N/LwN
_n" #+14;,"E1%'P&"K;1+"@%1&`&-%a
Abstract VG$,"+1'$*4%"1%71%,%&',"+&"%OO;1'"'G+'",%%c,"';"-$,'$&=<$,G"'G%"*;11%4+'$;&";O"+"
-;*'1$&%"RG$*G"$,",*+''%1%-"$&"M+1$;<,"R;1c,";O"U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+3",<*G"+,"'G%"
relection of Civil Power and those relating to the Indians3"+/;&=";'G%1,N"U1;/"
'G$," *;11%,7;&-%&*%3" +1$,%," +" -;*'1$&+4" ,<5,'1+'%" RG$*G" ,'+&-," ;&" X$';1$+x,"
51$44$+&'"*;&*%7'$;&";O"G</+&"1$=G',3"5;'G"$&"$',"7G$4;,;7G$*+4"O;<&-+'$;&"+&-"$',"
4%=+4"$/74%/%&'+'$;&N
VG<,3"$&";1-%1"';"<&1+M%4"X$';1$+Ä,"*;&'1$5<'$;&,"';"G</+&"1$=G',3"'G%"/%'G;-;
4;=9"';"O;44;R"$,"%,,%&'$+43"$'"$&M;4M%-"'G%"+&+49,$,";O"'G%"*;&*%7'";O"G</+&"-$=&$'9"
$&"'G%"D;/$&$*+&"+&-"$',"1%4+'$;&,G$7"';"7;4$'$*+4"7;R%1"'G%1%O;1%"O1;/",<*G"+"
1%4+'$;&,G$73"-%*+&'%-"+",%1$%,";O"1$=G',"+&-"O1%%-;/,";O"'G%"$&-$M$-<+4"7%1,;&"+,"
'G%"G;4-%1";O"$&+4$%&+54%"$&-$M$-<+4"1$=G',N"U$&+4493"$'"%,'+54$,G%,3"O1;/"+"-;*'1$&+4"
7%1,7%*'$M%3"RG+'"c$&-";O"7G$4;,;7G$*+4"O;<&-+'$;&")',"'G%"*;&*%7'$;&"M$';1$+&"
;O"G</+&"1$=G',N"D<%"';"'G%"$/74%/%&'%-"/%'G;-;4;=9"+774$%-3"'G$,"+1'$*4%"$,"
%M;*+'$M%N
Key words: @</+&"1$=G',3"T;-3"7;4$'$*+4"7;R%13"O1%%-;/"+&-"%b<+4$'93"G</+&"
-$=&$'9N
Introducción 2+"-;*'1$&+"-%4"/+%,'1;"U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+3"'+&';"%&",<"O<&-+/%&'+*$P&")4;
,P)*+"*;/;"%&",<"+74$*+*$P&"\<1(-$*+3"G+"-+-;"$/7;1'+&'%,"+7;1'+*$;&%,"y*;&"
,<,"-%5$-;,"/+'$*%,y"+4"/;M$/$%&';"/<&-$+4"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,N".,(3"
%&" %4" -;/$&$*;" %&*;&'1+/;," ,<,'+&*$;,+" -;*'1$&+" ,;51%" %4" '%/+3" 7%1;" 0,'+"
+7+1%*%"-$,7%1,+N":;1"*;&,$=<$%&'%3"71$/%1;"1%*;7$4+/;,"%4%/%&';,"-;*'1$&+4%,"
b<%",%"%&*<%&'1+&"%,7+1*$-;,"%&"+4=<&+,"-%",<,";51+,3"7+1+";1=+&$a+14;,"-%"
'+4"O;1/+"b<%"&;,"7%1/$'+"M$,<+4$a+1"9"*;/71%&-%1"*;&"&$'$-%a"4+,"+7;1'+*$;&%,"
-%4"<&$M%1,;"M$';1$+&;N"
6&"71$/%1+"$&,'+&*$+"&;,"*;11%,7;&-%"-%,%&'1+8+1"4+"O<&-+/%&'+*$P&")4;
,P)*;J\<1(-$*+"-%4",+=1+-;"7;,'<4+-;"-%"-$=&$-+-"G</+&+"%&"%4"O1+$4%N"A&+"M%a"
*</74$-;"%,'%"*;/%'$-;3"&;,"1%/$'$/;,"+"<&"71;O<&-;"%,'<-$;"-%4"7;-%1"7;4('$*;3"
7+1+"-%,7<0,"1%4+*$;&+14;"*;&"%4"$&-$M$-<;"9"4;,"-%1%*G;,"b<%"4%",;&"$&G%1%&'%,3"
*;/;",;&?"4+"4$5%1'+-"%&",<,"-$O%1%&'%,"+*%7*$;&%,3"%4"-;/$&$;"9"71;7$%-+-3"4+"
M$-+3"4+"$=<+4-+-3"4+",%=<1$-+-"\<1(-$*+"9";'1;,3",;&"*;&*%7'<+4$a+-;,"9";1-%
&+-;,"%&"<&",$,'%/+"b<%"&;,"7%1/$'%"M%1"*;&"=1+&"*4+1$-+-"4+,"*;&'1$5<*$;&%,"
M$';1$+&+,"+"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,N"
2;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"%&"U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+" _k A&+"M%a"*</74$-;"4;"+&'%1$;13"+&+4$a+/;,"9"%&*<+-1+/;,"-%,-%"<&+"7%1,
7%*'$M+"-;*'1$&+43"4+"*;&*%7*$P&"+-;7'+-+"7;1"%4"-;/$&$*;"*;&"1%4+*$P&"+",<"
O<&-+/%&'+*$P&")4;,P)*+"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,N"
.G;1+"5$%&3"'+/5$0&"1%,<4'+"71$/;1-$+4"7+1+"-$4<*$-+1"'+4%,"+7;1'+*$;&%,3"<5$*+1
&;,"%&"%4"-%,*<51$/$%&';3"*;&b<$,'+"9"*;4;&$a+*$P&"-%"./01$*+3"%,*%&+1$;"G$,'P1$*;"
b<%",$1M%"*;/;"*+4-;"-%"*<4'$M;"7+1+"b<%"%,'%"$&,$=&%"G;/51%"&;,"51$&-+1+"+"';-+"
4+"G</+&$-+-"<&+";51+"/;&</%&'+4",;51%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,N"
La dignidad humana U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+"*<%,'$;&+"%4"G%*G;"-%4"-%,*<51$/$%&';"-%"./01$*+"9"4;,"
*;/7;1'+/$%&';,"-%"4;,"%,7+8;4%,"-%,-%"%4"7<&';"-%"M$,'+"-%"4+"'%;4;=(+"71`*
'$*+"9"-%4"-%1%*G;"&+'<1+4N"24%MP"+"*+5;"<&"'1+5+\;"-%"$&M%,'$=+*$P&"-;&-%",%"
71;7<,;3"<'$4$a+&-;"*;/;"5+,%"%4"G%*G;"*;&g$*'$M;"-%"4+"#;&b<$,'+"-%4"%&';&*%,"
44+/+-;"Q<%M;"K<&-;3",<7%1+1"4;,"$&'%1%,%,"%&"4$a+"9"G+*%1"<&+"'%;1(+"-%,-%"
&<%M+,"5+,%,"+&'1;7;4P=$*+,N"
En A)&Q)-)'84#&R524.%&$&$*$+",<"+1=</%&'+*$P&"71%=<&'`&-;,%",$"%1+&"4;,"$&-$;,"
1%*$%&'%/%&'%"-%,*<5$%1';,"-<%8;,"-%",<,"5$%&%,3"'+&';"%&"4;"7Y54$*;"*;/;"%&"
4;"71$M+-;NZ":+1+"1%,7;&-%1"+"'+4"71%=<&'+3"%/7$%a+"/+1*+&-;"<&;,"71$&*$7$;,"
*4+1;,3"71%*$,;,"9")\;,3"-%-<*$-;,"-%,-%"4+"'%;4;=(+"9"1+a;&+-;,"-%,-%"%4"-%
1%*G;"&+'<1+4N"V+4"+1=</%&'+*$P&"4+",<7;"*;&\<=+1"*;&"/+1+M$44;,+"/+%,'1(+"9"
+<&b<%"4+,"5+,%,"g<(+&"-%"4+"-;*'1$&+"71%*%-%&'%"-%"V;/`,"-%".b<$&;3",<7;"
5+\+14;,"+4"*+/7;"-%"4+"'%;4;=(+"71`*'$*+"9"-%4"-%1%*G;3"-+&-;"O;1/+"\<1(-$*+"
+"4;,"71$&*$7$;,"-%4"/%&,+\%"%M+&=04$*;?"$=<+4-+-3"O1+'%1&$-+-"<&$M%1,+4"-%"4;,"
G;/51%,"9",<"-$=&$-+-"-%"7%1,;&+,"4$51%,N
.,(3"%4"G;/51%"M$';1$+&;"+7+1%*%"*;/;"<&",%1",<,'+&*$+4"*;/7<%,';"-%"*<%17;"
9"+4/+3"*;&",<,"-$/%&,$;&%,"-%"1+*$;&+4$-+-"9"-%"4$5%1'+-N"D<%8;"-%",<,"+*';,3"
*+-+"G;/51%"'$%&%"<&")&"'1+,*%&-%&'%"b<%"G+"-%"+4*+&a+1"7;1"%4"*+/$&;"-%"4+"
4$5%1'+-N":;1",<"*;&-$*$P&"-%",%1"1+*$;&+4"9"4$51%3"&;"%,"<&",$/74%"M%,'$=$;"-%",<"
#1%+-;13",$&;"b<%"%,",<"$/+=%&N"64",%1"4"1;#&A)4&*;/7;1'+3"7;1",<"%4%M+*$P&"+4"
;1-%&",;51%&+'<1+43"4+")4$+*$P&"-$M$&+"+4*+&a+-+"7;1"4+";51+"1%-%&';1+"-%"#1$,';N] V+4"*;&*%7*$P&"4%"*;&-<*%"+"%,'+54%*%1"<&"71$&*$7$;"-%"4+1=;"+4*+&*%?"b<%"
4;,"-%1%*G;,"b<%"%&<&*$+"&;"-%7%&-%&"&$"7%1'%&%*%&"+"<&+"1%4$=$P&3"&$"+"<&+"
*<4'<1+3" &$" +" <&" 7<%54;" -%'%1/$&+-;3" ,$&;" b<%" '$%&%&" ,<" O<&-+/%&';" %&" 4+"
Z" U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+3"Relectio de Indis. 6-N"9"'1+-N"-%"2<*$+&;":%1%8+"9"S;,0"KN":01%a":1%&-%,N"
K+-1$-3"#;&,%\;"><7%1$;1"-%"C&M%,'$=+*$;&%,"#$%&'()*+,3"Zonk3"7N"ZkN
] IbidN3"7N"ZlN
_l" #+14;,"E1%'P&"K;1+"@%1&`&-%a
/$,/+"&+'<1+4%a+"G</+&+"y1+*$;&+4y"93"7;1"4;"'+&';3",%"7<%-%&"%,'+54%*%1"
*;/;"*1$'%1$;,"<&$M%1,+4%,"7+1+"';-;,"4;,"G;/51%,"9"7<%54;,N">%"'1+'+"-%"<&"
,%1"G</+&;"b<%"-$,'$&=<%"4;,"74+&;,"&+'<1+4"9",;51%&+'<1+43",;51%"%4"71$&*$7$;"
-%"b<%"4+"=1+*$+"&;"-%,'1<9%"4+"&+'<1+4%a+3",$&;"b<%"Y&$*+/%&'%"4+"7%1O%**$;&+N
><"&+'<1+4%a+"&;"G+",$-;"$&'1(&,%*+/%&'%"*;11;/7$-+N"2+"4<a"&+'<1+4"-%"4+"1+aP&3_ b<%"&;"44%=P"+"%L'$&=<$1,%"*;&"%4"7%*+-;3"G+",$-;"7;'%&*$+"*;&"%4"-(")5&,2)4>&Esta M$,$P&"-%"4+"O%",<7;&%3"%&"%4"G;/51%3"<&+"*+7+*$-+-"-%"-$,*%1&$1"b<%"&;"%&,;/
51%*%3",$&;"b<%"7;'%&*$+",<"4$5%1'+-N"6,"04"b<$%&"-%*$-%"4$51%/%&'%"%&",<"M$-+3"%,"
<&+"4$5%1'+-"*1%+-+"93"7;1"'+&';3"4$/$'+-+"9"-%7%&-$%&'%"7%1;"+<'0&'$*+"4$5%1'+-N[ X$';1$+"$&$*$+",<"+1=</%&'+*$P&"*;&"<&+"*$'+"-%4"T0&%,$,?"iG+=+/;,"+4"G;/51%"
+"$/+=%&"9",%/%\+&a+"-%"D$;,3"7+1+"b<%"-;/$&%",;51%"4;,"7%*%,"-%4"/+1jNm 6&" *;&,%*<%&*$+3" *;&O;1/%" +" 4+" )4;,;O(+" ';/$,'+3" 7;&%" %4" O<&-+/%&';" -%" 4+"
-$=&$-+-"-%4"G;/51%3"9"0,'+"7;1"*<+&';"%,"$/+=%&"-%"D$;,"7;1",<,"7;'%&*$+,"
1+*$;&+4%,N" :;1" %,+" *+4$)*+*$P&" 4%" *;11%,7;&-%" %4" -;/$&$;" 9" 4+" '$'<4+1$-+-" -%"
-%1%*G;,"O<&-+/%&'+4%,N"
64"7+-1%"-;/$&$*;"*;/$%&a+"*<%,'$;&+&-;",$"4;,"$&-$;,3"*;/;"&;"*1%9%&'%,3"
7;-(+&"'%&%1"4+"*+7+*$-+-"-%"-;/$&$;N".4"*;&'1+1$;"-%"'%P1$*;,"+&'%1$;1%,3"b<%"
<&(+&"4;,"-%1%*G;,"-%"71;7$%-+-"*;&"%4"-%1%*G;"-$M$&;3"0,'%"-%O%&-$P"b<%"4+"
7;,%,$P&" 9" %4" -;/$&$;" ,%" 5+,+5+&" %&" %4" -%1%*G;" &+'<1+4" 93" 7;1" '+&';3" &;" ,%"
-%,'1<(+&"7;1"<&+"*<%,'$P&"-%"O%Nn">$%/71%"b<%"4;,"$&-$;,"'<M$%1+&"1+aP&3"7;
drían reclamar los mismos derechos naturales poseídos por cualquiera de los
%<1;7%;,"*1$,'$+&;,N"><,"-%1%*G;,"&+'<1+4%,",$=&$)*+5+&"b<%"%1+&"7;,%%-;1%,"
M%1-+-%1;," -%" ,<," 5$%&%," +&'%," -%" b<%" 44%=+1+&" 4;," %,7+8;4%,3" '+&';" %&" 4;"
71$M+-;"*;/;"%&"4;"7Y54$*;Nk
_" F*+8+"T+1*(+"/%&*$;&+"b<%"4+"1+*$;&+4$-+-"%,"4;"*;&,'$'<'$M;"-%4",%1"G</+&;3"+b<%44;",$&"4;"*<+4"
&;"7<%-%"-+1,%"<&"G;/51%N":+1+"043"4+"1+*$;&+4$-+-"%,"4;"*;&,'$'<'$M;"1+-$*+4"7%1;"4+"1+aP&"%&"%4"*+,;"
-%4"G;/51%3"+4"/%&;,"M$%&%"&%*%,$'+-+"7;1";'1+"*+1+*'%1(,'$*+"$=<+4/%&'%"*;&,'$'<'$M+3",$"5$%&"-%1$M+-+"
-%"4+"1+aP&";"%L$=$-+"7;1"%44+?"%4"4%&=<+\%3"9"b<%"+"'1+M0,"-%"4+"7+4+51+3"$/74$*+"9"%L$=%"<&+"'%1*%1+"
1%+4$-+-3"$=<+4/%&'%"*;&,'$'<'$M+?"4+",;*$+5$4$-+-N"6&';&*%,3"4+"1+*$;&+4$-+-3"9+"b<%3",$%&-;"4;"%,7%*()*;3"
4;"1%+4/%&'%"*;&,'$'<'$M;"-%4",%1"G;/51%3"-%"*+-+"G;/51%3"*;&44%M+"$&-$,;4<54%/%&'%"<&$-+,3"%&"<&"
'1%&a+-;"*;/7+*';"-%"<&$-+-3"4+"7+4+51+"9"4+",;*$+5$4$-+-N"D%"+G("b<%"7+1+"X$';1$+3",$"4;,"$&-$;,",;&"
G;/51%,3"&;"7<%-%"-%*$1,%"b<%"*+1%a*+&"-%"1+*$;&+4$-+-3"&$"%&"*;&,%*<%&*$+3"-%"1+aP&"1+aP&"b<%",%"
/+&$O%,'+1`"7;1"%4"4%&=<+\%"9"7;1"4+";1=+&$a+*$P&",;*$+4"%&"4+"b<%"M$M%&"1+*$;&+4$-+-"b<%"-%/;,'1+1`"
b<%",;&"7+1'(*$7%,"-%"4+"/$,/+"&+'<1+4%a+"G</+&+"b<%"4;,"%,7+8;4%,3"-;'+-;,3"%&"*;&,%*<%&*$+3"-%"
4;,"/$,/;,"-%1%*G;,"9"71%11;=+'$M+,"b<%"-%"'+4"&+'<1+4%a+",%"-%1$M%&N"HK+1*%4$&;"F*+8+"T+1*(+3"El hombre y sus derechos en Francisco de Vitoria. K+-1$-3":%-+=P=$*+,3"Zoon3"77N"klJkoNI
[" UN"-%"X$';1$+3"opN citN3"7N"ZoN
m IbidN3"7N"]^N"
n IbidN3"77N"Z[J_ZN
k Idem.
2;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"%&"U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+" _o 64"G;/51%3",%=Y&"X$';1$+3"%,"%4"*%&'1;"-%"4+"#1%+*$P&3",<\%';"1%,7;&,+54%"-%"
-%1%*G;"7;1",<"&+'<1+4%a+"1+*$;&+4"9"'$'<4+1"-%"-%1%*G;,"%&"*<+&';",%1"1+*$;&+43"
*;&"$&-%7%&-%&*$+"-%"4+"O%"9"-%"4+"*<4'<1+N".,("7<%,3",%"+7+1'+"-%"4+,"'%,$,"/;
1+4%,"9"-%"O%3"7+1+"1+a;&+1"-%,-%"%4"-%1%*G;"&+'<1+43"7;1b<%"%4"G;/51%",$=<%"
,$%&-;"$/+=%&"-%"D$;,"+<&b<%"4;"$=&;1%"9"+<&"4;"%,*+1&%a*+Nl
#;/;"%&"<&+"4P=$*+",<*%,$M+"%,'+54%*%"<&"*;&\<&';"-%"-%1%*G;,"-%4"G;/51%"
04"4;,"*;&,$-%1+"M`4$-;,"7+1+"';-;"'$%/7;"9"4<=+13"7<%,';"b<%",%"%&*<%&'1+&"
%&1+$a+-;,"%&"4+"/$,/+"&+'<1+4%a+"-%4",%1"G</+&;3"*;&",<"-$=&$-+-"9"*;&",<"
'%&-%&*$+"&+'<1+4"+",<"/`L$/;"7%1O%**$;&+/$%&';"$&-$M$-<+4"9",;*$+4N"
6&"*;11%,7;&-%&*$+"*;&".1$,'P'%4%,"+)1/+"%&"4+"1%4%**$P&"Sobre el poder civil b<%"%4"G;/51%"%,"7;1"&+'<1+4%a+"*$M$4"9",;*$+43o"9"%&"Sobre los indios advierte +4"*;&'1+1$;"b<%"@;55%,3"b<%"%4"G;/51%"&;"%,"<&"4;5;"7+1+"%4"G;/51%3Z^ sino b<%"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"G+"%,'+54%*$-;"*$%1';"7+1%&'%,*;"%&'1%"';-;,"4;,"G;/51%,NZZ 2+"+/$,'+-"%,"'+/5$0&"+4=;"b<%"*;&*$%1&%"+4"-%1%*G;"&+'<1+4NZ]
64"-%1%*G;"-%"+/$,'+-"%&'1%"4+,"7%1,;&+,",%"+74$*+"'+/5$0&"+4"G;/51%"*;/;"
,%1",;*$+4"9"%,"4+"5+,%"-%"4+,"1%4+*$;&%,"$&'%1&+*$;&+4%,"%"$&'%1%,'+'+4%,N"X$';1$+"
%,'`"*;&M%&*$-;"-%"4+"1%*'$'<-"-%"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"G</+&+3"7<%,"-%"4;"*;&'1+1$;"%4"
G;/51%"%,'+1(+"7%1-$-;"%&",<"*+/$&+13",$&"5+,%"%&",<,"1%b<%1$/$%&';,"9"%L$
=%&*$+,3",$&"7;,$5$4$-+-"-%"1%4+*$P&",;*$+4N":+1+"043"D$;,"&;",P4;"%,"%4"*1%+-;1"
-%"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"-%4"G;/51%3",$&;"-%"';-+,",<,"'%&-%&*$+,"%"$&*4$&+*$;&%,NZ_
."7+1'$1"-%"';-;"%44;3"<&;"-%",<,"$&'%1%,%,"O<&-+/%&'+4%,3"%,"-%\+1",<)*$%&
'%/%&'%"*4+1;"%4"*+1`*'%1",;*$+54%"-%4"G;/51%",;*$+5$4$-+-"b<%3",$"5$%&"%,"<&+"
*<+4$-+-"-%1$M+-+3"&;"7;1"%,;"%,"/%&;,"$/7;1'+&'%N":;1"'+&';3"&;"b<$%1%"*;&O;1
/+1,%"*;&"-%\+1"*4+1+"4+",;*$+5$4$-+-"-%4"G;/51%3",$&;"b<%"$&,$,'%"9"1%*+4*+"b<%"
-$*G+"*+1+*'%1(,'$*+"&;"%,"+4=;"$/7<%,';3",$&;"b<%",%"-%1$M+"-%"4+"/$,/+"&+'<1+
4%a+"G</+&+3"b<%"G+",$-;"7<%,'+"7;1"D$;,"%&"4+,"%&'1+8+,"/$,/+,"-%4"G;/51%NZ[
s"%,"b<%"7+1+"X$';1$+3"4+,"/$,/+,"*+1%&*$+,"9"*<+4$-+-%,"G</+&+,"+7<&'+&"+"
4+"&%*%,$-+-"-%"M$M$1"%&",;*$%-+-N">$&"0,'+3"';-+,"%44+,"b<%-+1(+&",$&"7;,$5$4$-+-"
l Idem.
o" UN"-%"X$';1$+3"Sobre el poder civil; sobre los indios; sobre el derecho de guerraN"6,'N"71%4N3"'1+-N"
9"&;'+,""-%"2<$,"U1+$4%"D%4=+-;N"K+-1$-3 V%*&;,3"Zool3"7N"ZZN
Z^" @;55%,",%8+4P"b<%"%4"%,'+-;"&+'<1+4"%b<$M+4%"+"4+"=<%11+"93"7;1"4;"'+&';3"%,"<&"%,'+-;"-%"
$&,%=<1$-+-"+5,;4<'+3"%,"4+"=<%11+"-%"';-;,"*;&'1+"';-;,N"D%"+G("&+*%",<"O+/;,+"O1+,%"homo hominis lupusN"6,"%M$-%&'%"b<%",<"*;&*%7*$P&"+&'1;7;4P=$*+"-$)%1%"1+-$*+4/%&'%"-%"4+"-%4"/+%,'1;"X$';1$+N"
HVG;/+,"@;55%,3"LeviatanN 2;&-1%,3":%4$*+&3"ZonlN
ZZ" UN"-%"X$';1$+3"Relectio de Indis3"7N"lZN
Z] IbidN3"7N"koN
Z_" V%P)4;"A1-+&;a3"Obras de Francisco de Vitoria: relecciones teológicasN"K+-1$-3"#+'P4$*+3"
Zon^3 7NZo]N
Z[" UN"-%"X$';1$+3"Sobre el poder civil…3"7N"ZmlN
[^" #+14;,"E1%'P&"K;1+"@%1&`&-%a
-%"-%,+11;44;N"s"&;"9+"4+,"*<+4$-+-%,",%*<&-+1$+,3",$&;"4+,"71;7$+,"O+*<4'+-%,"
'(7$*+,"-%4"G;/51%"y%4"%&'%&-$/$%&';"9"4+"M;4<&'+-y3"b<%-+1(+&",$&"7;,$5$4$-+-"
-%"71;=1%,;"9"7%1O%**$;&+/$%&';NZm Y es que junto al entendimiento —que per
/+&%*%1(+"1<-;"9",$&"7;,$5$4$-+-"-%"-%,+11;44+1,%"%&",;4%-+-y3"4+"M;4<&'+-",%"
%&*;&'1+1(+"$&,+'$,O%*G+"9"-%,=1+*$+-+"+4%\+-+"-%4"*;&,;1*$;"G</+&;NZn .,$/$,/;3"%4"G;/51%3"%&"*;&*1%';3"&;",P4;"'$%&%"1+aP&"y1+aP&"*+7+a"-%"
1%=<4+1"9"%&*+<a+1"*<+4b<$%1"$&*4$&+*$P&"7;1"/<9"+'1+*'$M+"b<%"1%,<4'+"7+1+"%4"
G;/51%"%L'%1$;1y3",$&;"b<%3"+-%/`,3"%4"G;/51%"7;,%%"<&+"*+1+*'%1(,'$*+"%,7%
*$+43"%,%&*$+4"9"-$,'$&'$M+"-%",<"&+'<1+4%a+3"*;&"5+,%"%&"4+"*<+4"7<%-%"%4%=$1"+",<"
+&';\;"93"7;1",<7<%,';3"5+\;",<"%,'1$*'+"1%,7;&,+5$4$-+-"';-+,"4+,"+**$;&%,"b<%"
-%'%1/$&`&"1%+4$a+1"5+\;"%4"*;&'1;4"9"4+"%,'1$*'+"$&*</5%&*$+"-%",<"4$51%"+45%-1(;NZk D%"'+4"O;1/+"b<%"%4"G;/51%"&;"%,"<&",%1"O+51$*+-;"%&",%1$%3"&$",$b<$%1+"%,"
<&" ,%1" 7%1O%*'+/%&'%" +*+5+-;" y%," 7%1O%*'$54%y3" ,$&;" <&" ,%1" *<9+" 1%+4$-+-"
Y4'$/+"%,'`"%&"*;&,'+&'%"%"$&$&'%11</7$-;"G+*%1,%"+",("/$,/;N"64"$&,'1</%&';"
*;&)=<1+-;1"-%",<"71;7$+"1%+4$-+-"%,3"71%*$,+/%&'%3",<"4$5%1'+-3",<"*+7+*$-+-"
-%"-%*$,$P&"9"+*'<+*$P&3"%,"-%*$13",<"4$51%"+45%-1(;N"D%"+G("'+/5$0&"%4"*+1`*'%1"
-%"7%1,;&+3"b<%"%,"71;7$;"-%"';-;"G;/51%"9"b<%"$/7$-%"4+"*;&,$-%1+*$P&"-%4"
/$,/;"*;/;",$",%"'1+'+,%"-%"<&",$/74%"/%-$;";"$&,'1</%&';3"-+-;"b<%";&';4P
=$*+/%&'%"'$%&-%"+",<"71;7$+"9"74%&+"1%+4$a+*$P&"7%1,;&+4N"
@+93"7<%,3"%&"04"<&+"%L$=%&*$+"b<%"$/74$*+3"+",<"M%a3"4+"O+*<4'+-"-%"7;-%1"
%*G+1"/+&;"-%"4;,"/%-$;,"b<%"4%",;&"&%*%,+1$;,"7+1+"+4*+&a+1",<"7%1O%**$;
&+/$%&';N"s"%,';"'+&';"+"&$M%4"-%"*<%17;3"*;/;"+"&$M%4"-%"%,7(1$'<N"D%"+G(",<"
,;*$+5$4$-+-N"~,'+"+7+1%*%"*;/;"<&+"%L$=%&*$+"$&%4<-$54%"-%",<"&+'<1+4%a+N"
.,(3"'%&%/;,"$/51$*+-+,3"'1%&a+-+,"%&"4+"<&$-+-"-%4"$&-$M$-<;"4+,"*+1+*'%
1(,'$*+,"%,7%*()*+,"-%4",%1"G</+&;3"*;&,'$'<'$M+,"9"-%)&$';1$+,"-%",<"1%+4$-+-"
Y4'$/+3"-%",<"&+'<1+4%a+"%,7%*()*+N"2+"1+*$;&+4$-+-",%=Y&"%,'+"*;&*%7*$P&3"%,"
%4"O<&-+/%&';"9"4+"1+aP&"-%4",%1NZl"2+"1+aP&",%"G+*%"%M$-%&'%";",%"/+&$)%,'+"
+"'1+M0,"-%4"4%&=<+\%3";",%+3"-%"4+"7+4+51+3"b<%"O<&=%"*;/;"$&'%1/%-$+"%&'1%"
Zm IdemN
Zn IdemN
Zk" VN"A1-+&;a3 op. citN3"7N"ZonN
Zl" :+1+"X$';1$+3",$=<$%&-;"4+"4(&%+"';/$,'+3"4+"-$=&$-+-"-%"4+"7%1,;&+"1%,<4'+"-%",<"/$,/;",%1"
%,%&*$+4"9"'+/5$0&"-%"+4=<&+,";7%1+*$;&%,3"%,"-%*$13"-%",<"/$,/;"+*';",<,'+&*$+4"9"-%";'1;,"+*';,"
;7%1+'$M;,N".,(3"4+"-$=&$-+-"%,'`"1+-$*+-+"%&",<"%,%&*$+";"&+'<1+4%a+"1+*$;&+4N":;1"%44;"-$*%",+&';"
V;/`,?"i*<+4b<$%1"G;/51%"$&-$M$-<+4"%,"/`,"-$=&;"b<%"';-+,"4+,"*1%+'<1+,"$11+*$;&+4%,j"HV;/`,"
-%".b<$&;3" Summa Theológica3" C&"I" :%1$G%1/%&%$+,3" 4%*'N" Z^3" &N" oIN" 6&';&*%,3" %4" G;/51%" '$%&%"
<&+"-$=&$-+-",<,'+&*$+43"%&"%4",%&'$-;"-%"b<%"51;'+"-%",<"71;7$;",%1"%,7$1$'<+4"-%"7%1,;&+"7%1;"
'+/5$0&"'$%&%"<&"4+-;"+**$-%&'+43"7;1b<%"';-+M(+"1%b<$%1%"4+,"M$1'<-%,"hb<%",;&"+**$-%&'%,3"G`5$';,"
Ñ"*<+4$-+-%,"-%"4+",<,'+&*$+"G</+&+hN"HCfN"K+<1$*$;"E%<*G;'3"Filosofía y derechos humanosN"K0L$*;3"
FFL3"UNAM"Ñ">$=4;"ffC3"]^^[3"77N"mZJmmIN
2;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"%&"U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+" [Z 4+" 1+aP&" 9" 4+" ,;*$%-+-N" >$&" 4+" 7+4+51+" 4+" 1+aP&" b<%-+1(+" /<-+3" $&%L71%,$M+3"
$&*;/<&$*+54%3"%,'01$4N":%1;",$&"4+",;*$%-+-3"4+"7+4+51+",%1(+"<&"%*;"M+*(;3"<&"
,;&$-;",$&",%&'$-;N
2+"7+4+51+"%&';&*%,3"+7<&'+"7;1"<&"4+-;"+"4+"1+*$;&+4$-+-"b<%"7+'%&'$a+"93"
7;1";'1;3"+"4+",;*$+5$4$-+-"$&%M$'+54%3",$&"4+"b<%"*+%1(+"%&"%4"+=<\%1;"&%=1;"-%"4+"
$&<'$4$-+-"9"4+"$&*;/71%&,$P&NZo
6,'+," *+1+*'%1(,'$*+," y1+aP&3" 4%&=<+\%3" ,;*$+5$4$-+-" +/$,';,+" 9" 4$51%" +45%
-1(;y3"G+*%&"+4"G;/51%3"+"';-;"G;/51%"y$&*4<$-;,"$&-$;,y"$/+=%&"9",%/%
\+&a+"-%"D$;,3"-$=&$-+-"-%4",%1"G</+&;"%&"4+"b<%",%",<,'%&'+&"4;,"-%1%*G;,"
G</+&;,"%&"U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+N
D%"%,'+"/+&%1+"+74$*P",$,'%/`'$*+/%&'%"4;,"71$&*$7$;,"-%4"-%1%*G;"&+'<1+4"
';/$,'+"7+1+"-%O%&-%1"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"-%"4;,"$&-$;,N"64"71%*%7';"';/$,
'+"-%"b<%"';-;,"4;,"G</+&;,"7;,%%&"%4"-;&"-$M$&;"-%"4+"1+aP&3",$=&$)*+"b<%"
';-;,"4;,"$&-$M$-<;,3"*1$,'$+&;,"9"7+=+&;,3"7;,%%&"%4"-%1%*G;"9"4+";54$=+*$P&"
7;1"-%1%*G;"&+'<1+43"-%";1-%&+1",<"M$-+",;*$+4"9"7;4('$*+"7;1"/%-$;,"1+*$;&+4%,N"
>%=Y&"%4"O1+$4%3",$",%"%,*4+M$a+"+"4;,"&+'$M;,"-%"4+,"C&-$+,3"4;,"*;4;&;,"%,7+8;4%,"
M$;4+5+&"%4"-%1%*G;"&+'<1+43"7<%,",%"4%,"&%=+5+"4+"7;'%,'+-"-%"+<';"1%=<4+1,%"
9"4+"+<';&;/(+N]^
6&';&*%,"*;/;"9+"%,"%M$-%&'%3"%4"O<&-+/%&';"'%P1$*;"-%"';-+",<"+7;4;=(+",%"
,<,'%&'+"%&"4+"-$=&$-+-"-%"4+"7%1,;&+"G</+&+"93"+<&b<%"&;"<,%"%4"'01/$&;"-%"
O;1/+"%L71%,+3"-%"+G("G+*%"-%1$M+1"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,N"6,"M%1-+-"b<%"$&$*$+"
,<"+1=</%&'+*$P&"*;&"<&"O<&-+/%&';"'%;4P=$*;3"%4",%1"G</+&;"%,"$/+=%&"-%"
D$;,3"7%1;"7<%,'+"%,'+"5+,%3"'1+,4+-+"';-;",<"*;&'%&$-;"+4";1-%&"0'$*;J\<1(-$*;"
7;1b<%"%4"G;/51%"%,"$/+=%&"-%"D$;,"7;1",<"&+'<1+4%a+3"%,';"%,3"7;1",<,"7;'%&
*$+,"1+*$;&+4%,"y4%9"&+'<1+4N"
:+1+"2<*$+&;":%1%8+"0,'%"*;&,'$'<9%"%4";1-%&";&';4P=$*;"71%M$;3"7%1;"<&+"
M%a"b<%"G+",$-;"*1%+-;"%4"G;/51%"'$%&%"<&+"+<';&;/(+"9"4$5%1'+-"7+1+"G+*%1"
,<"71;7$+",;*$%-+-N"#;/;"b<$%1+"b<%"D$;,"G+9+"G%*G;"+4"G;/51%"4%"G+"-%\+-;"
+",<"71;7$;"+45%-1(;3"7+1+"b<%",%"1$\+"7;1",<,"7;'%&*$+,"1+*$;&+4%,3"4+,"*<+4%,3"
*;&"$&-%7%&-%&*$+"-%"b<%"+*'Y%&"5$%&";"/+43",;&"4+,"1%,7;&,+54%,"-%",<,"+*
';,"9"4;,"'$'<4+1%,"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"$/71%,;,"%&"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"G</+&+N]Z Estos
Zo" UN"-%"X$';1$+3"Relectio de Indis3"7N"ZmmN
]^ IdemN
]Z" 2<*$+&;":%1%8+3"La idea de justicia en la conquista de AméricaN"K+-1$-3"K+7O1%3"Zoo]3"77N"
Z^nJZ^oN"X$';1$+3"-%"+*<%1-;"+"4+"-;*'1$&+"';/$,'+3"%,'+54%*%"b<%"4+"1+aP&"$&*4$&+"+4"*;&;*$/$%&';"
-%"4+"M%1-+-"9"+"4+"M$-+"M$1'<;,+"%&",;*$%-+-"h+*%7'+&-;"b<%"0,'+,",%+&"i$&*4$&+*$;&%,"&+'<1+4%,j3"
p:;1"b<0"debemos ,%=<$14+,r"p#P/;",%",$=<%"<&+";54$=+*$P&"-%"%,';,"G%*G;,3",$",;&"G%*G;,r"
>+&';" V;/`," 1%,7;&-%" b<%" %,;" ;*<11%" 7;1b<%" %,+," *;,+," G+*$+" 4+," b<%" '%&%/;," $&*4$&+*$P&"
&+'<1+4",;&"+71%G%&-$-+,"7;1"4+"1+aP&"*;/;",$%&-;"5<%&+,"9"*;&,$=<$%&'%/%&'%"*;/;";5\%';,"-%"
,%=<$/$%&';hN".,$/$,/;3",%"71%=<&'+",$"';-;,"4;,"+*';,"-%"4+,"M$1'<-%,",;&"-%"4%9"&+'<1+4N"B%,7;&-%"
[]" #+14;,"E1%'P&"K;1+"@%1&`&-%a
-%1%*G;,"-%";1-%&"&+'<1+43",;&"71;7$;,"-%"';-;",%1"G</+&;"7;1"%4"G%*G;"-%"
,%14;3"7;1"4;"b<%",%"G+&"-%"*;&,$-%1+1"*;/;"$&&+';,"9"71%M+4%*$%&'%,"%&"4+,"
1%4+*$;&%,"G</+&+,N"
64"1%4$=$;,;"%,'+54%*%"<&"<&$M%1,;"+5,;4<';"*;&"4+"+/74$'<-"-%"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"
G</+&+3"*;/71%G%&,$M;"-%"';-;",%1"G</+&;"9"%,';"4%"44%M+"+"-%,*<51$1"9"%&<&
*$+1"%4"71$&*$7$;"-%"<&$M%1,+4$-+-"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"$&&+';,"-%4"G;/51%3"9+"b<%"
*;&,$-%1+",<\%';"-%"%,';,"-%1%*G;,"+"*+-+"<&;"-%"4;,"$&-$M$-<;,"b<%"*;&,'$'<9%&"
%,'%"<&$M%1,;3"7;1"%4"G%*G;"-%"7%1'%&%*%1"+"04N"
>%=Y&"S<+&"T;'$"F1-%8+&+3"%&*;&'1+/;,"%&"';-;"%44;"<&+"7%1,;&+4$a+*$P&"-%"
4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,3"%L7<%,'+"*;&"1+a;&+/$%&';,"*;&*$,;,N":+1+"043"X$';1$+"
+)1/+"%,'%"*+1`*'%1"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,",$&"-%'%&%1,%"%&",<"%L74$*+*$P&3"+<&b<%"
4;"-%/<%,'1+"%L74(*$'+/%&'%"%&",<"$&'%&';"-%"+74$*+14;"+"4;,"$&-$;,"*;/;",%1%,"
G</+&;,3"*;&"$&-%7%&-%&*$+"-%"4+"*<4'<1+"+"4+"b<%"7%1'%&%a*+&"9"+<&"$=&;
1+&-;"%44;,"-%"b<%",%+&"'$'<4+1%,"-%"'+4%,"-%1%*G;,N"6,"4+"*;&*4<,$P&"&%*%,+1$+"
-%",<"M$,$P&"<&$M%1,+4$,'+"-%"%,';,"-%1%*G;,3"%"$&-%7%&-$%&'%,"-%"4;,",$,'%/+,"
\<1(-$*;,"-%"4;,"6,'+-;,N]]
64"/$,/;"S<+&"T;'$"/%&*$;&+"b<%"<&+"M%a"7<%,';"%4"O<&-+/%&';"-%"4;,"
-%1%*G;," %&" 4+" -$=&$-+-" -%" 4+" 7%1,;&+" *;&" <&+" &<%M+" +&'1;7;4;=(+3" X$';1$+"
+1=</%&'+"%&"%4"*+/7;"-%4"-%1%*G;"9",$'<+-;"%&"4+"%,O%1+",%*<4+13"1%*G+a+&-;"
b<%",%"7<%-%"G+54+1"-%"'+4%,"+*';,"%&"-;,",%&'$-;,?"%&"*<+&';"+*';,"M$1'<;,;,"9"%&"*<+&';"+*';,"b<%"
*;&,'$'<9%&"*$%1'+,"%,7%*$%,N">$"-%4"71$/%1"/;-;3"';-;,"7%1'%&%*%&"+"4+"4%9"&+'<1+43"7<%,"$&*4$&+&"+4"
G;/51%",%=Y&"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"-%"0,'%N"s3"*;/;",<"&+'<1+4%a+"%,"4+"1+aP&3"9"4+"1+aP&"$&*4$&+"+"+*'<+1"
,%=Y&" 4+" M$1'<-3" 0,'+" 7%1'%&%*%" +" 4+" 4%9" &+'<1+4N" :%1;" ,$" ,%" *;&,$-%1+&" ,%=Y&" ,<," %,7%*$%,3" &;"
';-;,"7%1'%&%*%&"+"%44+3"7<%,"&;"$&*4$&+"+"%44;,"4+"1+aP&"*;/;"'+43",$&;"-%,7<0,"-%"4+"$&M%,'$=+*$P&"
-%"4;"b<%"%,"*;&M%&$%&'%"7+1+"M$M$1"5$%&"HSumma Theologica"+N"_3 *NI"6&"*<+&';"+"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"
G</+&+3",+&';"V;/`,"-$*%"b<%"7<%-%"-%*$1,%"'+4"+b<%44+"b<%"%,"71;7$+"-%4"G;/51%?"9",%=Y&"%,';"
';-;,"4;,"7%*+-;,3"%&"*<+&';"M+&"*;&'1+"4+"1+aP&3"'+/5$0&"M+&"*;&'1+"4+"&+'<1+4%a+N">%"71%=<&'+"
+-%/`,",$"4+"4%9"&+'<1+4"%,"<&+"7+1+"';-;,N"B%,7;&-%"b<%",(3"9+"b<%"+"%44+"7%1'%&%*%&"4+,"*;,+,"
+"4+,"b<%"%4"G;/51%"%,'`"$&*4$&+-;"&+'<1+4/%&'%3"%&'1%"4+,"b<%"%,'`"%4"+*'<+1"*;&O;1/%"+"4+"1+aP&N"
.,(3"7;1"4;"'+&';3"-%5%"-%*$1,%"b<%"4+"4%9"&+'<1+43"%&"*<+&';"+"4;,"71$/%1;,"71$&*$7$;,"*;/<&%,3"%,"
4+"/$,/+"7+1+"';-;,3"'+&';",%=Y&"4+"1%*'$'<-"*;/;",%=Y&"%4"*;&;*$/$%&';N"K+,"%&"*<+&';"+"*$%1'+,"
*;,+,"71;7$+,3"b<%",;&"*;/;"*;&*4<,$;&%,"-%"4;,"71$&*$7$;,"*;/<&%,3"%,"4+"/$,/+"7+1+"';-;,"
%&"*<+&';"+"4+"/+9;1(+3"'+&';",%=Y&"4+"1%*'$'<-"*;/;",%=Y&"%4"*;&;*$/$%&';"7%1;"%&"*<+&';"+"4+"
/$&;1(+"7<%-%"O+44+1"'+&';"%&"*<+&';"+"4+"1%*'$'<-3"+"*+<,+"-%"+4=<&;,"$/7%-$/%&';,"7+1'$*<4+1%,"
y*;/;"'+/5$0&"4+,"&+'<1+4%a+,"=%&%1+54%,"9"*;11<7'$54%,"O+44+&"%&"*<+&';"+"4+"/$&;1(+3"+"*+<,+"
-%"4;,"$/7%-$/%&';,y3"*;/;"'+/5$0&"%&"*<+&';"+4"*;&;*$/$%&';"9"%,';"+"*+<,+"-%"b<%"+4=<&;,"
'$%&%&"<&+"1+aP&"-%71+M+-+"7;1"4+"7+,$P&3";"7;1"4+"/+4+"*;,'</51%3";"7;1"4+"/+4+"-$,7;,$*$P&"-%"4+"
&+'<1+4%a+N"HCfN"KN"E%<*G;'3"i2%9"Q+'<1+4"%&",+&';"V;/`,"9"2%;">'1+<,,j3"%&"F#5<4<4("%&L4-#.#,1%&
Psicologia, Humanidades3"E+1*%4;&+3"M;4N"l3"Zoom3"77N"ZnJZlNI
]]" S<+&"T;'$"F1-%8+&+3"A)-&?$1812#&2)&?#$2).4--1.&1&-1&2#'8$451&2)&-#.&2)$)'7#.&/(521")581-).&
en Francisco de VitoriaN" X+44+-;4$-3" A&$M%1,$-+-" -%" X+44+-;4$-" Ñ" >%*1%'+1(+" -%" :<54$*+*$;&%," %"
C&'%1*+/5$;"#$%&'()*;3"Zooo3"77N"]kZJ]k_N
2;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"%&"U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+" [_
';-+,"4+,"'%;1(+,"*;&'1+1$+,3"5+,+-+,"%&"71%\<$*$;,"'%;4P=$*;,"b<%"M%&(+&"-%"
07;*+,"+&'%1$;1%,"9"b<%"-%O%&-(+&"4+"$&*+7+*$-+-"-%"4;,"7%*+-;1%,"7+1+",%1"
'$'<4+1%,"-%"-%1%*G;,N"6,';"4;"G+*%"*<+&-;"-%)%&-%"4+"'%,$,"%&"4+"*<+4",;,'$%&%"
b<%"4+",;*$%-+-"'$%&%",<,"71;7$;,"M+4;1%,"9"&;1/+,"-%"+*'<+*$P&"9"b<%"'$%&%&"
M+4$-%a"7;1b<%"%4"-%1%*G;"&+'<1+43"%4"-%1%*G;"-%"=%&'%,"9"%4"-%1%*G;"*$M$43"4%"-+&"
4%=$'$/$-+-"*;&"$&-%7%&-%&*$+"-%"+4=<&+"*+4$)*+*$P&"1%4$=$;,+N]_
De aquí que para el dominico los indios del Nuevo Mundo que no han tenido /%-$;,"7+1+"*;&;*%1"4+"*<4'<1+"*1$,'$+&+3"&;"7<%-%&",%1"71$M+-;,"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"
b<%"4%,"*;11%,7;&-%&"*;/;"G;/51%,3"7;1"%4"/$,/;";1-%&"&+'<1+43"7;1"/`,"*+4$)
*+*$;&%,"-%";1-%&"1%4$=$;,;";"\<1(-$*;"7;,$'$M;"b<%"7<-$%1+&",;,'%&%1"4;"*;&'1+1$;N][
A&+"M%a"*;&,'$'<$-;"%,%"<&$M%1,;3"*;/;"*+/7;"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,3"
-%)&$-+,"4+,"7%1,;&+,"$&-$M$-<+4%,"*;/;",<\%';,"-%"%,;,"-%1%*G;,"9"5+,+-+"
,<"'$'<4+1$-+-"%&"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"1+*$;&+43"*;&"$&-%7%&-%&*$+"-%"<&+"*+4$)*+*$P&"
1%4$=$;,+";"/;1+4"b<%"*;&-$*$;&%"%4"M+4;1"\<1(-$*;"-%"4+"+*'<+*$P&"G</+&+3",%"
,$=<%" &%*%,+1$+/%&'%" 4+" +)1/+*$P&" -%" b<%" ';-;," 4;," G;/51%," ,;&" 4$51%," %"
$=<+4%,"%&"4;"b<%"1%,7%*'+"+"%,';,"-%1%*G;,N
>$"X$*';1$+"*;&,$-%1+"+4"G;/51%"*;/;"'$'<4+1"-%"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"%&"*<+&';"
,%1"1+*$;&+43"*;/;"4P=$*+"*;&,%*<%&*$+"-%)%&-%"4+"&+'<1+4"4$5%1'+-"-%"4;,"$&-$;,"
9"4+"&%=+*$P&"-%"*<+4b<$%1"-%1%*G;"-%"4;,"%,7+8;4%,"+",;/%'%14;,N"#;&'1+"';-+"
71%'%&,$P&"-%"%,*4+M$,/;";"-%",%1M$4$,/;"&+'<1+43"+)1/+"%&"Sobre el poder civil b<%"%4"G;/51%"O<%"*1%+-;"%&"4$5%1'+-3]m"9"%&"Sobre los indios"-%)%&-%"b<%"7;1"
-%1%*G;"&+'<1+4"';-;,"4;,"G;/51%,",;&"4$51%,N]n"6,'+54%*%"%4"-%1%*G;"-%"4$5%1'+-"
b<%"*;11%,7;&-%"+"4+,"7%1,;&+,"*;/;",%1%,"1+*$;&+4%,"9"+"4+,",;*$%-+-%,"b<%"
0,';,"G+&"O;1/+-;3"*;&"$&-%7%&-%&*$+"-%4"&$M%4"*<4'<1+4"b<%"G+9+&"+4*+&a+-;N V+/5$0&"7;&%"-%"1%4$%M%"%4"71$&*$7$;"-%"$=<+4-+-3"*;/;"5+,%"-%"';-+",<"*;&,
'1<**$P&3"7<%,"%4"G;/51%"%,"'$'<4+1"-%"-%1%*G;,3"7;1",<,"7;'%&*$+,"1+*$;&+4%,N"
s"4+"1+*$;&+4$-+-3"b<%"-%)&%"4+"'$'<4+1$-+-"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,3"%,"<&+"*<+4$-+-"b<%"
*;11%,7;&-%"+"';-;"G;/51%"7;1"$=<+4N"
#;/;",%"7<%-%"M%13"7+1+"%&*;&'1+1"%,+"$=<+4-+-"G+"+,*%&-$-;"+"<&"<&$M%1,;"
+5,;4<';3"*;/71%&,$M;"-%"';-;",%1"G</+&;3"/`,"+44`"-%"4+,"*<4'<1+,"9"7;-%1%,"
*;&;*$-;,"b<%"*;&-$*$;&+&"4;,"-%1%*G;,"7;,$'$M;,3"9"G+"-%)&$-;"*;/;"<&"*+/7;"
-%"+74$*+*$P&"-%4"-%1%*G;",$&"&$&=Y&"'$7;"-%"4$/$'+*$;&%,"7;1"*4+,%,"&$"71$M$4%
=$;,N"6&"%,%"<&$M%1,;"';-;",%1"G</+&;"%,"$=<+4"9"7+1'$*$7+"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"-%"
<&"/;-;"$=<+4$'+1$;N"
]_ IdemN
][" UN"-%"X$';1$+3"Relectio de Indis3"7N"_ZN
]m" UN"-%"X$';1$+3"Sobre el poder civil…3"7N"ZkN
]n Relectio de Indis3"7N"_nN
[[" #+14;,"E1%'P&"K;1+"@%1&`&-%a
#;&"%,'+"O;1/<4+*$P&"*;&*%7'<+4$a+"4+"-$=&$-+-"-%4",%1"G</+&;"y1+*$;
&+4$-+-3" 4%&=<+\%" 9" ,;*$+5$4$-+-" +/$,';,+3" 4$51%" +45%-1(;y" *;/;" O<%&'%" -%"
-%1%*G;,3" *+1+*'%1$a+-;," *;/;" $&&+';," 9" 7%1,;&+4%," 93" +4" /$,/;" '$%/7;3"
%,'+54%*%"4;,"71$&*$7$;,"-%"4$5%1'+-"%"$=<+4-+-N":;1"*;&,$=<$%&'%3",%"7<%-%"
*;&,$-%1+1"b<%"G+"-%\+-;"-%,*1$';,"9"-%)&$-;,"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"b<%"
,;&"$&G%1%&'%,"+"4+"&+'<1+4%a+"G</+&+3"7%1;"+Y&"-%5%/;,"+8+-$1"b<%"G+"
*+4$)*+-;" %,';," -%1%*G;," *;&" 4+," &;'+," -%?" $&+4$%&+5$4$-+-3" $&M$;4+5$4$-+-3"
$=<+4-+-"9"<&$M%1,+4$-+-N
2+"$&+4$%&+5$4$-+- porque 7+1+"X$';1$+3",;&"-%1%*G;,"<&$-;,"+4"/$,/;",%1"
1+*$;&+4"-%4"G;/51%3"7;1"4;"b<%"&;",%"7$%1-%&"%&"&$&=<&+";*+,$P&3"&$"+<&"%&"%4"
caso en que no se puedan ejercitar por las limitaciones que pudiera imponer
%4"-%1%*G;"7;,$'$M;N
2+" $&M$;4+5$4$-+-" 7;1b<%" +" 4;" 4+1=;" -%" ,<," 1%%4%**$;&%," $&M;*+" %4" 1%,7%';"
,;51%"%,';,"-%1%*G;,"1%,7%';"b<%"+)1/+"%&"-%O%&,+"-%"4;,"$&-$;,"9",%"5+,+"
%&"4+"-$=&$-+-"%"$&'%=1$-+-"-%"4+"7%1,;&+3"%4"G;&;1"-%5$-;"+4"G;/51%3"%4"1%,7%';"
+",<,"7;,%,$;&%,"9"O;1/+,"-%"+-/$&$,'1+*$P&"7;4('$*+N
2+"$=<+4-+-"M$%&%"+",%1"'+/5$0&"<&+"*<+4$-+-"&%*%,+1$+"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"
G</+&;,3" -%1$M+-+" -%" 4+" /$,/+" O;1/<4+*$P&3" +4" %,'+54%*%1" *;/;" *+/7;" -%"
-%1%*G;,"%4"<&$M%1,;"-%"';-;"%4"=0&%1;"G</+&;3"%,"-%*$13"71;7<=&+"b<%"';-;,"
4;,",%1%,"G</+&;,"-%5%&"-$,O1<'+14;,"7;1"$=<+4N
Y la universalidad porque 4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,",%"%&<&*$+&"9"1%*;&;*%&"
7+1+"';-;",%1"1+*$;&+4N"64"*+1`*'%1"G</+&;"%,"4;"b<%"-%'%1/$&+"4+"5+,%"-%"';-;,"
%,';,"-%1%*G;,3"7;1b<%",;&"71;7$;,"+",<"/$,/+"&+'<1+4%a+N
D%5%/;,"-%"+-M%1'$1"b<%"&;"&;,"%&*;&'1+/;,"+&'%"<&"71;9%*';"7+1+"G+*%1"
un listado de los derechos humanos al estilo de nuestras actuales declaracio
&%,3"'+/7;*;"%&"%,+"07;*+"%1+"71%M$,$54%N"2+"$-%+"-%"X$';1$+"%1+"-+1"1%,7<%,'+"
9" ,;4<*$P&" +" 4;," 71;54%/+," b<%" ,%" G+5(+&" 71%,%&'+-;" 7;1" 4+" *;&b<$,'+" 9" 4+"
*;4;&$a+*$P&"-%"4+,"'$%11+,"1%*$%&'%/%&'%"-%,*<5$%1'+,3"9",<"4+5;1",%";1-%&P"+"
%&*;&'1+1"<&+,"5+,%,";&';4P=$*+,"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"7+1+"4+,"*<4'<1+,"
+5;1(=%&%,3"+<&b<%"-%",<";51+",%"-%-<a*+"<&+"#+1'+"K+=&+"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"
-%"4;,"$&-$;,3"+74$*+54%,"+"';-;"G;/51%N"
#;&"%,'+"*;&,'1<**$P&"%4"O1+$4%"*+/5$P"4+"'1+-$*$P&"b<%"M%&(+"-%"4+".&'$=Ü%
-+-3"-;&-%",%"+)1/+5+"b<%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"*;11%,7;&-(+&"+4",%1"G</+&;"7;1"
7%1'%&%*%1"+"<&+"*;/<&$-+-";"+"<&+"*<4'<1+";"71;O%,+1"-%'%1/$&+-+"1%4$=$P&]k G+5(+"%&"*;&,%*<%&*$+"%4"-%1%*G;"-%4"*$<-+-+&;"=1$%=;";"1;/+&;3"4<%=;"%4"-%4"
*1$,'$+&;";",+11+*%&;3"9"*+-+"*+'%=;1(+"*;&-$*$;&+5+"'+4%,"-%1%*G;,N"B;/7%"
%,';,"4(/$'%,"+)1/+&-;"4+"<&$M%1,+4$-+-"-%"4;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,3"b<%"*;11%,
]k" SN"T;'$"F1-%8+&+3"op. cit.3"77N"]kZJ]knN
2;,"-%1%*G;,"G</+&;,"%&"U1+&*$,*;"-%"X$';1$+" [m 7;&-%&"+"';-+"7%1,;&+"7;1"7%1'%&%*%1"+"4+"G</+&$-+-3"$/71$/$0&-;4%,"-%"%,'+"
O;1/+3"<&+"*+'%=;1(+"-%"+5,;4<';,N
:<%,"5$%&3"G+,'+"+G;1+"G%/;,"*;&*%7'<+4$a+-;"4+"-$=&$-+-"-%4",%1"G</+&;"
%&"X$';1$+"9"4;,"-%1%*G;,"b<%"4%",;&"*;&,<5,'+&*$+4%,3"*;&",<,"7+1'$*<4+1$-+
-%,"-%"$&+4$%&+5$4$-+-3"$&M$;4+5$4$-+-3"$=<+4-+-"9"<&$M%1,+4$-+-"y*+'%=;1(+"-%"
+5,;4<';,yN">$&"%/5+1=;3"7+1+"*;/71%&-%1"%4"+4*+&*%3"4+"O<%1a+3"+,("*;/;"4+"
M$=%&*$+"*;&"4+"b<%"+7%4+"+"'+4%,"-%1%*G;,3"1%,<4'+"71$/;1-$+4"1%M$,+1"b<0"&;,"
-$*%"%4"-;/$&$*;",;51%"4+"1%4+*$P&"b<%"G+9"%&'1%"%4"7;-%1"7;4('$*;3"9"%4"G;/51%"
*;/;",%1"$&-$M$-<+4"9",;*$+43"+,("*;/;",<,"*$'+-+,"71%11;=+'$M+,N
El poder político y el individuo En la reelección Sobre el poder civil3"X$';1$+"&;,",%8+4+"b<%"4;,"*$<-+-+&;,"%,'`&"
;1-%&+-;,"*;/;"/$%/51;,"+"4+"$&'%=1$-+-"-%4"';-;"9"*;&,%1M+*$P&"-%4"5$%&"*;
/Y&N]l".,$/$,/;3"+)1/+"*;/;"71;7$;"-%4"6,'+-;"%"$&G%1%&'%"+"043"<&"-%1%*G;"+"
4+"-%O%&,+"-%",("/$,/;"9"+",+4M+=<+1-+1"4;",<9;"*;&'1+"4;,"+*';,"+&'$\<1(-$*;,"-%"
,<,"71;7$;,"/$%/51;,";"-%"4;,"%&%/$=;,"%L'%1$;1%,N]o Es importante manifestar b<%"'+4"*;&*%7*$P&",<71+$&-$M$-<+4"-%4"6,'+-;3"&;",$=&$)*+"7+1+"04"4+"&%=+*$P&"
-%4"M+4;1"71;7$;"%"$&-%*4$&+54%"-%"4+"7%1,;&+4$-+-"$&-$M$-<+4N"
La teoría vitoriana del poder político no puede tener una derivación seme
\+&'%"9"5+,'+"*;&"1%*;1-+1",<,"71%,<7<%,';,"%&"%4"*+/7;"-%"4+"*;&*%7*$P&"-%4"
/<&-;N"D%&'1;"-%"';-+"+*'$'<-"%,7$1$'<+4"*1$,'$+&+"-%"*;&\<&';"+&'%"%4"/<&-;"9"4+"
M$-+3"%4"G;/51%3"b<%"7;1"&+'<1+4%a+"%,"<&",%1",;*$+4"9"<&+"7+1'%"-%"4+",;*$%-+-3"
%,"'+/5$0&"7;1"&+'<1+4%a+"<&+",<,'+&*$+"$&-$M$-<+4"1+*$;&+43"<&+"7%1,;&+3"<&"
,%1"7+1+",(3",P4;"+"D$;,",<5;1-$&+-;"9"b<%3"7;1"'+&';3"&;"7<%-%",%1"+5,;15$-;"
&$"+&%=+-;"%&"%4"6,'+-;N"
:;1"';-;"%44;3"7+1+"X$';1$+"%4"/%\;1"=;5$%1&;"%,"+b<%4"b<%",+5%"+-/$&$,'1+1"-%"
'+4"/;-;"%4"5$%&"-%"4+",;*$%-+-3"7%1;"b<%"1%,7%'+"%4"/+9;1"&Y/%1;"9"/%\;1"*+4$-+-"
-%"4+,"4$5%1'+-%,"$&-$M$-<+4%,N"6&"%,'%",%&'$-;3",;&"-%"O<&-+/%&'+4"$/7;1'+&*$+"
4;,"-%1%*G;,"-%"4+"7%1,;&+"93",;51%"';-;3"4+"4$5%1'+-"%&"4+"*;&*%,$P&"-%4"7;-%1N"
6,"+,("b<%"4;,"-%1%*G;,",<5,%*<%&'%,"-%1$M+-;,"-%"%,'+"4$5%1'+-3"1%71%,%&'+&"
<&"4(/$'%"+"4+"+<';1$-+-"%&"%4"%\%1*$*$;"-%4"7;-%13"7<%,"&;"7<%-%"+'%&'+1"*;&'1+"
%4"<&$M%1,;"-%"%,';,"-%1%*G;,3"7<%,"-%"4;"*;&'1+1$;3"G+51(+"<&"+5<,;"-%"7;-%1N 64"4(/$'%"/`,"=%&%1+4"-%4"7;-%1"%,3"%&';&*%,3"4+"4$5%1'+-"-%"4;,"$&-$M$-<;,3"b<%"
*;&44%M+"4;,"-$M%1,;,"-%1%*G;,"b<%"%,+"4$5%1'+-";1$=$&+"%&"4;,"*$<-+-+&;,N"2+"
]l" UN"-%"X$';1$+3"Sobre el poder civil…3"7N"Z[N
]o IbidN3"7N"[nN