Capítulo Preliminar
Getting started with Spanish:El alfabeto – refer to worksheet Frases útiles – refer to textbook
Colores: gris morado rosado rojo marrón verde blanco anaranjado amarillo azul negro ====================================================================================
Capítulo 1: ¡Mucho Gusto!
Objectives:Say hello and goodbye
Introduce people & respond to an introduction Ask and say how old someone is
Ask where someone is from and say where you are from Talk about likes and dislikes
PRIMER PASO
Saying hello and goodbye: Adiós
Buenas noches. Buenas tardes. Bueno, tengo clase. Buenos días. Chao. Hasta luego. Hasta mañana. ¡Hola! señor señora señorita
Tengo que irme. Introducing people and responding to an introduction: ¿Cómo te llamas? Encantado/a. Ésta es mi amiga. Éste es mi amigo. Igualmente. Me llamo … Mucho gusto. Se llama … Soy … ¿Y tú? Asking how someone is and saying how you are: ¿Cómo estás?
Estoy (bastante) bien, gracias. Estupendo/a. Excelente. Gracias. Horrible. Más o menos. (Muy) mal. ¿Qué tal? Regular. tú yo Yo también.
SEGUNDO PASO
Asking and saying how old someone is: ¿Cuántos años tiene?
¿Cuántos años tienes? el número
Tengo ... años. Tiene ... años.
Asking where someone is from and saying where you are from: ¿De dónde eres?
¿De dónde es? Es de … ser Soy de ... Numbers 0-30: cero uno dos tres cuatro cinco seis siete ocho nueve diez once doce trece catorce quince dieciséis diecisiete dieciocho diecinueve veinte veintiuno veintidós veintitrés veinticuatro veinticinco veintiséis veintisiete veintiocho veintinueve treinta TERCER PASO
Talking about likes and dislikes: el baloncesto
el béisbol la cafetería el chocolate la clase de inglés
la comida mexicana / italiana / china el la ensalada el español la fruta el fútbol el fútbol norteamericano el jazz la más Me gusta ... Me gusta más ... mucho
la música clásica / pop / rock la música de ... la natación no No me gusta ... pero la pizza ¿Qué te gusta? sí la tarea ¿Te gusta? el tenis el voleibol
Capítulo 1: Grammar Patterns
Spanish PunctuationNotice the upside down punctuation marks in Spanish: ¿Qué tal? ¡Chao!
In Spanish, an accent mark is sometimes used over vowels (á, é, í, ó, ú) to show which syllable in a word is stressed. The letter ñ has a tilde (~) over it to show that it is pronounced like the ny in the word canyon.
Subject pronouns tú and yo
The pronoun yo, capitalized only at the beginning of a sentence, is used when you refer to yourself: Yo soy María.
The pronoun tú is used when you are talking to a friend or a classmate: ¿Y tú? The pronouns tú and yo can either be stated or implied.
Yo is implied in the following expressions:
Bueno, tengo clase. Tengo que irme.
Me llamo …
Soy …
Estoy bien, gracias.
Tú is implied in these expressions:
¿Cómo te llamas?
¿Cómo estás?
The verb SER
You use the verb ser to say where someone is from. To describe where you are from, you would say:
(Yo) soy de …
To ask a friend where he or she is from, you might say:
¿De dónde eres (tú)?
To ask where someone is from, you might say:
¿De dónde es Ana?
yo soy
tú eres
él / ella es
Forming Questions
Question words are sued to ask who?, what?, where?, when?, why?, and how? Examples of question words:
¿Cómo estás? (How are you?)
¿Cómo te llamas? (What’s your name? Literally, How are you called?) ¿Cuántos años tienes? (How old are you?)
Nouns and Definite Articles
In Spanish, nouns have a gender – either masculine or feminine. The definite articles el or la (meaning “the”) almost always indicate the gender of the noun. Generally, el is used before
masculine nouns and la before feminine nouns. When learning a new noun, it’s important to know which definite article accompanies it.
Capítulo 1: Culture Concepts
Spanish Last NamesSpanish and Latin Americans commonly use both their first and Latin Americans commonly use both their first and middle names. They also generally use two last names: first the father’s and then the mother’s maiden name.
For example, Paco’s full name is: Francisco Xavier López Medina. Father’s last name Æ López
Mother’s maiden name Æ Medina
In the phone book, Paco’s name would be listed under “L” as López Medina. Greetings and Goodbyes
Spanish speakers often greet each other with a handshake or a kiss. In Spain, friends may greet each other with a light kiss on both cheeks. Latin Americans kiss on only one cheek. When men greet each other, they often shake hands, pat each other on the back or hug. Young people often shake hands when they meet or say goodbye. Family members usually greet each other with a kiss.
First Names and Saint’s Day
Many people in Spain and Latin America are Roman Catholic. Children are often named after the Catholic saint celebrated on the day they are born, or after very important saints. Common first names are José and Juan Pablo for males, María José and Magdalena for females. Some common Jewish names include Miriam and Ester for girls, and Isaac and Jacobo for boys. Islamic names include Ómar and Ismael for boys, and Jasmín and Zoraida for girls.
La distancia interpersonal – Interpersonal distance
Interpersonal distance is the distance people keep from each other when they are together. Generally speaking, Spanish speakers stand and sit closer to one another than most people in the United States do. Your Spanish-speaking friend might think you are a bit unfriendly if you stand too far away.
Capítulo 2: ¡Organízate!
Objectives:Talking about what you want and need Describing the contents of your room
Talking about what you need to do and want to do
PRIMER PASO
Talking about what you want and need: el bolígrafo Bueno … la calculadora la carpeta el colegio el cuaderno el diccionario él ella la goma de borrar el lápiz la librería el libro la mochila necesita necesitar necesitas necesito el papel querer (ue) quiere quieres quiero la regla tengo un una unas unos ya SEGUNDO PASO
Describing the contents of your room: el armario la cama el cartel ¿Cuánto/a? ¿Cuántos/as? el cuarto el escritorio hay la lámpara la mesa mi mucho/a muchos/as la puerta ¿Qué hay en ...? la radio el reloj la revista la ropa la silla su el televisor tener (ie) tiene tienes tu la ventana
TERCER PASO
Talking about what you need to do and want to do: el centro comercial comprar conocer la cosa el dinero el dólar encontrar (ue) hacer ir No sé. nuevos amigos organizar la pizzería poner primero Numbers 31 – 199: treinta y uno treinta y dos treinta y tres treinta y cuatro treinta y cinco treinta y seis ... cuarenta cincuenta sesenta setenta ochenta noventa cien ... ciento uno ciento dos ciento tres ...
ciento noventa y nueve
*NOTA: Uno at the end of a number changes to un before a masculine noun and una before
a feminine noun:
veintiún cuadernos treinta y un diccionarios
veintiuna carpetas treinta y una gomas de borrar
Capítulo 2: Grammar Patterns
Indefinite ArticlesIn Spanish, the indefinite articles un and una are the equivalent of a and an.
Un is used with masculine nouns Æ un libro Una is used with feminine nouns Æ una regla
The plural indefinite articles unos and unas mean some or a few. Use unos with a masculine plural noun Æ unos libros
Use unas with a feminine plural noun Æ unas reglas
When referring to a group that includes masculine and feminine objects or males and females, the masculine plural is used.
Making Nouns Plural
To make a noun plural, add –s if it ends in a vowel: cuaderno Æ cuadernos If the noun ends in a consonant, add –es: marcador Æ marcadores For nouns ending in –z, change the –z to –c and add –es: lápiz Æ lápices Subject Pronouns
The subject pronoun yo (I) is used when you are talking about yourself and tú (you) is used when you are talking to a friend.
Yo necesito dos reglas. Tú necesitas tres carpetas, ¿no?
The subject pronouns él (he) or ella (she) are used when you are talking about someone else. Paco y Merche son mis amigos. Él es de Perú. Ella es de Argentina.
In Spanish, subject pronouns are sued mainly for clarity or emphasis, since the verb shows who the subject of the sentence is.
The adjectives mucho and cuánto Agreement of mucho and cuánto:
In Spanish, many adjectives have endings that change depending on whether the nouns is masculine or feminine (agreement in gender), singular or plural (agreement in number). These changes are shown in the following chart:
Singular Plural
Masculine rojo rojos
Feminine roja rojas
Various forms of ¿cuánto? are used to ask how much? or how many? ¿Cuánto? is an adjective, so it agrees with the noun it is describing.
¿Cuánto papel necesitas? ¿Cuánta tarea tienes?
¿Cuántos libros hay? ¿Cuántas carpetas quieres?
Infinitives
Verbs like comprar (to buy), poner (to put), conocer (to know, to meet), and ir (to go), are called infinitives.
In English, infinitives begin with the word to: to run, to walk, to dance, to live. In Spanish, infinitives always end with –ar, -er, or –ir (organizar, hacer, escribir).
Capítulo 2: Culture Concepts
The school day in Spain and Latin AmericaIn many high schools in Spain and Latin America, students stay in the same room for their classes all day and the teachers change classrooms. Because of this, it’s rare to find a school that has lockers. Students carry their supplies to and from school each day in book bags or backpacks.
Apartments in Spain
In Spain, most people live in pisos (apartments) in cities or towns. Bedrooms are often smaller, and sisters or brothers will sometimes have to share a room. Generally, the family shares a single TV set and a single phone. It is not common for teenagers to have a TV or a phone of their own in their bedroom.
