Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°1, 747-754
DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.101 747
P
SYCHOANALYSIS ON THE
I
NNOVATION AND
E
NTREPRENEURSHIP
E
DUCATION OF
C
OLLEGE
S
TUDENTS
Limin Zhang
1,2*Abstract
Innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) education is of great significance to the entrepreneurial passion and self-awareness of college students. This paper aims to disclose the influence mechanism of I&E education on college students. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was carried out among college students in a university in Chongqing, China, on their understanding, interest and pressure of I&E. The survey data were
analyzed concerning the respondents’ entrepreneurial intention, psychology after failure of entrepreneurship,
innovation awareness, and I&E ability. The results show that, despite that most college students are interested in I&E, the I&E education is not popular in the university; college students have some wrong understandings of the I&E; the I&E pressure is high on college students, which suppresses their entrepreneurial practice; the I&E knowledge of college students is not sufficient, and should be enhanced; college students should receive I&E skill training to promote their psychological quality and comprehensive ability. The research helps to improve the I&E ability and skills of college students.
Key words: Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, College Students, Psychology, Entrepreneurial Intention.
Received: 07-04-19 | Accepted: 23-09-19
INTRODUCTION
With the rapid economic development worldwide, all walks of life are undergoing transformation and upgrading. More and more
entrepreneurs have engaged in
entrepreneurship, promoting the strategy of sustainable development (De la Fuente, Vera, &
Cardelle-Elawar, 2012; Edwards-Schachter,
García-Granero, Sánchez-Barrioluengo et al, 2015). The transformation of the global economy has led to the change in the demand for talent structure and college students are facing
increasingly tough employment situation.
Countries have also introduced many policies to encourage college students to innovate and start their own businesses (Bodnar, Clark, &
1Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi
Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China. 2School of
Economics and Management, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China.
E-Mail: [email protected]
Besterfield-Sacre, 2015; Zain, Basri, Mahmood et al, 2013; Harkema & Schout, 2008). There are many college students with entrepreneurial intention, but college students generally do not have necessary psychological qualities needed for entrepreneurship. College students lack the tempering of life and have insufficient social experience, so they do not have accurate self-positioning in innovation and entrepreneurship, and are not perseverant in overcoming difficulties (Mustar, 2009; do Paço, Ferreira, Raposo et al, 2013; St-Jean, Nafa, Tremblay et al, 2014). Therefore, it is very important to carry out innovation and entrepreneurship education for college students.
Colleges and universities need to attach great importance to the entrepreneurial psychology education of college students and set up special courses to shape the psychological quality of college students so as to meet the development needs of the country and cultivate the talents needed by the society (Savolainen & Kansikas,
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2013; Nasip, Amirul, Sondoh et al, 2017). The traditional education method that explains the theoretical knowledge of innovation and entrepreneurship in the classroom cannot meet the needs of innovation and entrepreneurship education in the present stage and the audience is small. Also, this method cannot achieve good effect, so the psychological quality of college students cannot be improved efficiently after the learning of relevant courses (Bhatnagar, 2013; Aggarwal & Bhargava, 2011). The innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities needs to be carried out from many aspects. In addition to traditional curriculum education, new methods such as carrying out relevant curriculum competitions and establishing alliances can be used to infiltrate the innovation and entrepreneurship psychology education in the campus from all aspects (Liang, Lee, & Liang, 2016; Díaz-Casero, Ferreira, Mogollón et al, 2012; Dino, 2015).
Based on the above problems, this paper studies the innovation and entrepreneurship education of a university in Chongqing, and uses the form of questionnaire for the date collection from sophomore junior and senior students in colleges and universities. The current situation and causes of the psychological quality of college students in innovation and entrepreneurship are analyzed and evaluated with the method of data statistical analysis and methods and suggestions for improving the psychological quality of college students in innovation and entrepreneurship are given. This research provides a theoretical basis for improving the psychological quality of college students in innovation and entrepreneurship education from the psychology perspective.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EDUCATION OF
INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Psychological Quality Requirement for Innovation and Entrepreneurship
College students are the new blood for social innovation and they are also the key training object for the whole nation. Undergraduate students in higher education in China have longer study time, rich theoretical knowledge and sufficient practical time, which is more suitable for innovation and entrepreneurship. While completing their own studies, college students should also be able to transform from self-employment to entrepreneurship. In this transformation process, college students need
to be equipped with the quality of innovation and entrepreneurship. Under the environment of innovation and entrepreneurship education, college students have established a sense of innovation and entrepreneurship, accumulated relevant knowledge, exercised the ability of innovation and entrepreneurship, and gradually improved their comprehensive quality of all aspects in practice.
The success of innovation and
entrepreneurship requires good psychological quality. The psychological quality of innovation
and entrepreneurship is mainly the
characteristics of college students that play a regulating role people's psychology in the process of practice, which includes human
emotions, memory, cognition, will,
temperament and other factors. The
characteristics of the will are mainly reflected in two aspects, self-determination and confidence so that individuals will feel more positive and decisive. Also, they will dare to explore and have more abundant emotions. Interest is the best teacher. The interest in innovation and
entrepreneurship can stimulate college
students' enthusiasm for entrepreneurship. Innovation and entrepreneurship is are very complex activity, starting from putting into practice, to the practice of entrepreneurship. It
is necessary to have the idea of
entrepreneurship so that people will have higher pursuit for their dreams.
Figure 1
.
Quality and ability of innovation
and entrepreneurship
Sustainability
Implementation capability
Starting capability
Strengthening ability
Innovation and entrepreneurship
Flexibility
Susceptibility
Originality
Information ability
Social skills
Be good to success or failure
Moral
Plan
PSYCHOANALYSIS ON THE INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS 749
The quality of innovation and
entrepreneurship requires college students to have various abilities. The ability of innovation and entrepreneurship will directly affect the success of entrepreneurship. The ability of
innovation and entrepreneurship mainly
includes four aspects, namely starting capacity,
strengthening capacity, sustainability and
implementation capacity, as is shown in Figure 1. College students need to have the innovative, interpersonal, practical, development, and
management ability. Innovation and
entrepreneurship are extremely complex and challenging. Only when accumulating and mastering innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge in the education process will they avoid detours in society.
Psychological Education of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
The psychology of innovation and
entrepreneurship is a special psychological phenomenon of people showing in the entrepreneurship process. The psychology of
innovation and entrepreneurship is the
psychological state that regulates the
entrepreneurship behavior in the process of entrepreneurship. College students are bravely advancing in innovation and entrepreneurship in
the new era but the difficulty of
entrepreneurship requires college students have all aspects of psychological quality. College students not only need to master the professional knowledge of innovation and entrepreneurship, but also have to constantly maintain a high-pressure state. They must be prepared to meet the challenges and setbacks in innovation and entrepreneurship at any time so that they must have good psychological qualities. From the perspective of psychology, college students need to constantly improve
their awareness of innovation and
entrepreneurship, maintain good mood and entrepreneurial emotions, focus on improving their abilities and build better personalities so that they will have more opportunities to succeed.
The cognition of entrepreneurship in innovation and entrepreneurship is the premise of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a behavior guided by psychological factors such as emotion, consciousness, ability, personality, etc. The cognition of entrepreneurship can lay a profound theoretical foundation for innovation
and entrepreneurship, and will determine the success of entrepreneurship. Personality and ability can determine the ultimate success or failure of the entrepreneurship. The emotions and feelings of entrepreneurs can facilitate the occurrence of entrepreneurial behaviors, and its
willpower and motivation can support
entrepreneurial behaviors. The psychological quality of innovation and entrepreneurship of college students is formed under the action of internal and external factors, which is the basis for the entrepreneurship of college students.
The psychological education in colleges and universities needs to carry out from two aspects. On the one hand, the psychological quality of the innovation and entrepreneurship of college students is shaped by means of education combined with the theory of psychology. Teachers in colleges and universities should actively inspire the entrepreneurial awareness of students from various aspects and cultivate their hobbies so that college students will be
able to have good emotions in the
entrepreneurship process, maintain enthusiasm, exercise their persevering qualities, and overcome difficulties in the innovation and entrepreneurship process. On the other hand, special education should be carried out in in the education process. In addition to professional education, colleges and universities should make full use of educational resources, broaden the psychology education of innovation and
entrepreneurship, create an innovative
atmosphere in the campus, help college students to cultivate innovative spirit, enhance their psychological qualities and fully develop their innovation and entrepreneurship potential on the basis of psychological education.
RESEARCH ON INNOVATION AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES BASED ON PSYCHOLOGY
Survey on the Innovation and
Entrepreneurship Quality of College Students The respondents of the innovation and entrepreneurship are sophomore, junior and senior students in colleges because these students will soon face employment pressure
and they have a stronger need of
entrepreneurial knowledge and better
understanding of innovation. This questionnaire is distributed in a university in Chongqing. 328 questionnaires were distributed and 306
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questionnaires were collected, with a recovery rate of 93.29%. After screening, the number of effective questionnaires was 298 with an effective rate of 90.85%. The basic situation of this survey is shown in Table 1 and Figure 2. It can be seen that the ratio of male to female is close to 1:1, and the distribution of students in different grades is relatively balanced. The number of students in different majors is also in line with the distribution characteristics of school majors. In general, the results of this survey conform to the actual situation and have reference value.
Table 1.
Information of respondents
Project Sub item Number Proportion% Gender Male 143 47.99%
Female 155 52.01%
Grade
Sophomore 96 32.21%
Junior 116 38.93%
Senior 86 28.86%
Major
Engineering 31 10.40%
Science 64 21.48%
Law 24 8.05%
Management 35 11.74%
Economics 42 14.09%
Art Studies 26 8.72%
Education 47 15.77%
Agronomy 29 9.73%
Figure 2
.
Grade and gender structure of
respondents
0 20 40 60 80
47
64
32
49 52
54
N
u
m
b
e
r
Male Female
Sophomore Junior Senior
The cognition of college students'
understanding of innovation and
entrepreneurship is shown in Figure 3. It can be
seen that college students have little
understanding of innovation and
entrepreneurship with only 2.54% of students knowing the knowledge in this aspect very well. The proportion of students that do not know or
know little about the knowledge in this aspect reaches 74.05%, indicating poor education
popularization of innovation and
entrepreneurship and lack of understanding of innovation and entrepreneurship in colleges universities. Only when truly understand innovation and entrepreneurship will they be actively engaged in this activity.
Figure 3
.
College students' understanding of
innovation and entrepreneurship
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2.54
23.41
59.53
14.52
P
ro
p
o
rt
io
n
（
%
）
None More
Very Little
Figure 4
.
College students' interest in
innovation and entrepreneurship
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
18.15
46.28
32.13
3.44
P
ro
p
o
rt
io
n
（
%
）
Lot More Commonly Never
The survey results of students' interest in innovation and entrepreneurship are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that only 3.44% of students are not interested in innovation and entrepreneurship while other students have all shown a certain interest in innovation and entrepreneurship, among whom 18.15% of students are very interested and 46.28% of students are relatively more interested in
PSYCHOANALYSIS ON THE INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS 751
innovation and entrepreneurship, indicating that most college students are interested in innovation and entrepreneurship. Interest is the best teacher. When students have a strong
interest in learning innovation and
entrepreneurship will they have the enthusiasm and motivation to be engaged in this activity.
The survey results on the current stuation of pressure faced by students in innovation and entrepreneurship are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that only 4.87% of students have never had pressure in the innovation and entrepreneurship process; 26.34% of students face great pressure and 61.26% of students face relatively huge pressure in this precess, which shows that college students generally face greater pressure in the innovation and entrepreneurship process. Stress is also one of the reasons why many college students are unwilling to be engaged in entrepreurship. Students may have the interest but they will not put into practice.
Figure 5
.
Pressure faced by college students'
innovation and entrepreneurship
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
26.34
61.26
7.53
4.87
P
ro
p
o
rt
io
n
（
%
）
Very More Commonly Never
Problems and Reasons of the Innovation and Entrepreneurship for College Students
The unreasonable knowledge structure of innovation and entrepreneurship is one of the reasons that affect the innovation and entrepreneurship of college students. For college students, they need to learn the knowledge of innovation and entrepreneurship first and then put it into practice. The number of college students has increased in recent years and the pressure of employment has also increased significantly. The state has also encouraged students to be engaged in entrepreneurship after graduation and has
issued relevant policies. The survey results of the entrepreneurial intention of college students are shown in Figure 6. It can be seen that the proportion of college students who are willing to be engaged in entrepreneurship after graduation is 31.26%; the proportion of students who are
uncertain or may be engaged in
entrepreneurship after graduation reaches 65.55% while the number of people who will not be engaged in entrepreneurship is only 3.19%. it
can be found through interviews and
questionnaires that college students generally hold a skeptical attitude towards innovation and entrepreneurship. They want to live a comfortable life and will not pursue innovation easily.
Figure 6
.
Survey results of entrepreneurial
intention of college students
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
31.26
17.24
48.31
3.19
P
ro
p
o
rt
io
n
（
%
）
Determine Probably Uncertain Never
The survey results of the mentality of college students after entrepreneurial failure are shown in Figure 7. It can be seen that 30.31% of students will maintain an optimistic attitude after the failure while most students are unable to maintain a good mentality to face the failure
of entrepreneurship. The cultivation of
psychological quality of innovation and
entrepreneurship is realized through higher education and the psychological quality directly restricts the innovation and entrepreneurship of
college students. Through psychological
education and cultivation, the psychological quality of the innovation and entrepreneurship of college students can be improved so that they can have a better mentality facing setbacks and difficulties.
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Figure 7
.
The psychology of college students
after failure of entrepreneurship
0 10 20 30 40
30.31
35.26
24.83
9.6
P
ro
p
o
rt
io
n
（
%
）
Constantly Occasionally Uncertain Never
The lack of innovative consciousness of college students is also one of the influencing factors. During the interview, many students have the innovative desire and believe that they can achieve success if they have something different. It can be see from the survey results in Figure 8 that the proportion of college students who are willing to accept new knowledge and skills is 34.81%, and the proportion of students who do not have a strong desire to accept new knowledge reaches 61.23%, indicating that college students are lacking in innovative consciousness, which needs to be settled urgently.
Figure 8
.
Innovation awareness of college
students
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
7.23
27.58
61.23
3.96
P
ro
p
o
rt
io
n
（
%
）
Very More Commonly Never
Figure 9
.
Investigation on innovation and
entrepreneurship ability of college students
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
3.25
17.8
10.71
68.24
P
ro
p
o
rt
io
n
（
%
）
Completely satisfied
More
satisfied Uncertain Dissatisfaction
The survey results of the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen that 68.24% of students think that their ability cannot meet the needs of innovation and entrepreneurship, and 10.71 % students are not sure whether their ability can satisfy the requirement. Only 3.25 % of students are confident in their own abilities and believe that they can meet the needs of innovation and entrepreneurship. This new era requires college students to have stronger comprehensive qualities and abilities to meet the needs of social development.
The main place for innovation and entrepreneurship is the campus and universities
need to carry out innovation and
entrepreneurship education for a long term. The lack of innovation and entrepreneurship of college students is mainly restricted by the platform. First of all, the recognition of innovation and entrepreneurship needs to be improved in society to create a good atmosphere for the entrepreneurship of college students so
that college students realize their
entrepreneurship dream in a good atmosphere of society. Although the benefits cannot be reflected in a short period of time, the long-term benefits are immeasurable, which is of great significance for promoting the innovation and entrepreneurship of college students. The society should give necessary help to fully play the bridge effect of the society, providing market development and service for college students.
Colleges and universities are based on the cultivation of professional education but they
PSYCHOANALYSIS ON THE INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS 753
also need to focus on innovation and entrepreneurship education to promote each other. College students transform from passively receiving education to actively accepting education and actively participate in various activities. The top priority for colleges and universities is to improve the curriculum system of education innovation and entrepreneurship, construct three-layer curriculum, cultivate, stimulate and mobilize the enthusiasm of students in entrepreneurship. The awareness of students in innovation should be stimulated and the comprehensive quality of students should also be improved, including professional knowledge and basic knowledge in innovation. Also, colleges and universities can cultivate the comprehensive personal qualities of students
through courses that combine targeted
competitions, activities, practice and teaching.
CONCLUSION
This paper investigates the current situation and psychological quality of the innovation and entrepreneurship of college students and
systematically studies the motivational
psychology and entrepreneurial quality of the innovation and entrepreneurial education from the perspective of psychology. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The popularity of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is relatively poor. College students still have many problems in understanding the innovation and entrepreneurship; the popularity of innovation and entrepreneurship education has not been achieved in colleges and universities, so college students do not have sufficient understanding of innovation and entrepreneurship.
(2) Although some students have great interest in entrepreneurship, college students do not have high entrepreneurial enthusiasm due to the lack of entrepreneurial knowledge and skills and the unreasonable knowledge structure of the innovation and entrepreneurship in the current stage.
(3) College students face huge pressure in the entrepreneurial process, so colleges and universities not only need to educate students on innovation and entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, but also need to strengthen the cultivation of students' psychological quality so as to ensure that students can correctly handle
the pressures and setbacks in entrepreneurship.
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