POLS 4372-01
International Law in the Middle East Spring 2021
Dr. Nesrine Badawi [email protected]
Office Hours: Sunday and Wednesday 1:00-2:30 (but you need to book an appointment 24 hours in advance)
Over the course of this semester we will be using the theory and practice of international law to help us make sense of some of the most significant and controversial issues facing states, peoples and individuals in the MENA region, and to think critically about the manner in which these issues have arisen and been responded to. Focusing broadly on two themes – self-determination and the use of force – the topics we will examine include: the influence of European colonialism on state-formation in the Middle East; the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the controversial doctrine of “pre-emptive self- defence” used to justify this invasion and many other regional issues to which the international legal dimension is crucial.
This course is premised on the idea of student-led learning: in this class your views (informed, of course, by your reading, thinking and independent research) are considered both legitimate and important. As one of its members, therefore, you are not only encouraged, but expected, to participate.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Understand the relationship between international law and politics in the Middle East.
• Reflect on continuities and discontinuities of the colonial legal order in the contemporary Middle East.
• Develop oral and written argumentative skills.
• Examine recent developments in the Middle East in light of developments in International Law.
COURSE ASSESSMENT
Reaction Papers 15%
Take Home Midterm Exam 25%
Take Home Final Exam 30%
Participation 10%
Conference Presentation 15%
Conference Participation 5%
Course Instruction Mode:
The course is heavily reliant on class discussions. Hence the course will be conducted synchronously via Zoom. You are expected to attend and participate in all sessions. Unless there is a reason you cannot open your camera during sessions, you are strongly urged to keep your cameras open to ensure active participation. In order to overcome internet connectivity issues you may encounter, sessions will be recorded and shared via blackboard. Please contact me during the first week of classes if you object to being recorded.
Zoom Meeting Details:
URL: https://aucegypt.zoom.us/j/97514351057 Meeting ID: 975 1435 1057
Passcode: 635638
Office Hours:
Office hours will be 1:00-2:30 pm on Sundays and Wednesdays.
Signup for Office Hours must be done via this link (24 hours before the appointment):
https://www.signupgenius.com/go/70A0B48AEAE22AAFC1-spring
Office Hours Zoom Meeting Invitation (to be used for the duration of online teaching):
https://aucegypt.zoom.us/j/95044914951 Meeting ID: 950 4491 4951
Passcode: 328494 Assignments:
Assignment Due Date Weight Description Criteria for Assessment Participation
(unless absolutely prevented, you are urged to keep your cameras open during class)
10% • University
Attendance policy applies, but if you do not attend, you will not get any participation grades. However, attending does not guarantee any of the 10% allocated for participation.
The primary benchmark will be your participation in class.
• Digestion of the reading material.
• Critical Engagement with the reading material.
• Critical Engagement with
comments made by the instructor and your colleagues.
• Positive and Respectful Demeanor.
Reaction
Papers First Reaction Paper:
First Reaction Paper:
28/02/2021 Second Reaction Paper:
28/03/2021 Third Reaction Paper:
05/05/2021
`15% • Submit 3 reaction papers.
• Reaction papers are
analytical/critical thoughts on the set of readings
assigned to a particular session.
• Word Count: 750 words (Any word beyond the world limit will be crossed out).
• Critical Engagement with the reading material. (NO
SUMMARIES)
• Coherent thesis statement.
• Comprehension of the author’s arguments.
• If necessary, awareness of other reading material.
Optional Fourth reaction paper (replaces lowest RP grade):
16/05/2021
• Must be
Submitted before the Session with the designated readings the student is reacting to.
• Reaction Papers must be submitted to blackboard before their due time. There are no excuses for failing to submit the required number of
reaction papers by the end of the semester (including sickness, car accidents and any other reasons)
• Ability to prove one’s argument and identify and refute counter- arguments.
• Coherent writing style and Proper Citation.
Midterm Due: 21/03/2021 25% • Take Home Essay in Response to One of Two Set Question.
• Word Limit: 1500 (Any word beyond the world limit will be crossed out).
• Sources, including reading material, must be Cited.
• Identification of issues relating to the question.
• Development of a clear thesis/argument and coherent subarguments.
• Ability to prove one’s argument and identify and refute counter- arguments.
• Digestion of course reading material.
• Proper citation.
• Coherent writing style.
Conference
Presentation During scheduled sessions (see session plan)
15% • You will be assigned to
present a paper on one of the selected themes.
• Presentation will follow conference
• Clarity of presentation.
• Novelty of thesis.
• Ability to present a coherent and convincing argument about the topic.
presentation formats.
• Presentations must show awareness of existing literature, offer a novel thesis
corresponding to a narrow research question
Final Exam Due on
Scheduled Exam time
30% • Same as Midterm but word count is 2000 words
• Same as Midterm
Academic Integrity
Teaching is based on a relation of mutual trust between the teacher and the students. When we research, we use other people’s work to help develop our own: this is an essential part of the academic world. However, when you use someone else’s work, you must cite it. This lets the reader know which parts of the work are your own, and which parts come from other sources. What that means it that anytime you draw from someone’s ideas or use their actual words, you must give the name of the author and the book in proper citation form.
All students are expected to be familiar with the AUC code of practice on academic integrity which is available at:
http://in.aucegypt.edu/auc-academics/academic-integrity/academic-integrity-students Please pay particular attention to the regulations on plagiarism, collaborative work and falsification of signatures. All breaches of the code of practice will be acted upon promptly and firmly, resulting at least in zero marks for the relevant piece of assessment and possibly in further action being taken by the instructor, depending on the severity of the offense.
If in doubt as to what constitutes plagiarism, do not hesitate to contact the instructor.
NOTE: Assignments are submitted on turnitin.com.
Course Enrollment Key: POLS4372SP21 Class ID: 28051053
Academic Freedom and Intellectual Interaction
In this course you will deal with a number of topics that are often controversial. You are free to offer the class any disagreement you may have with the readings or lecture. You will not be penalised for disagreeing with other students, the readings or the instructor, but your perspective must be based on documentable evidence from the course or other readings. Freedom of speech and ideas is a basic principle of academic life (and of universal human rights) and every student will have a chance to express her/his opinion as long as it is voiced in a respectful manner. However, varied points of view
must be expressed in a manner that is sensitive to differences in abilities, ethnicity, religion, gender and lifestyle, and should not be expressed so as to be perceived as a personal attack. In short, respect for others’ differences is one of the most important prerequisites for us working together in this course.
Students Who Are Differently-Abled
If you believe that you are differently-abled/have a disability that impacts your studies, or you have documentation of such, please contact the instructor as soon as possible. The instructor is happy to hear from you even if you do not have a formal proof; however, you may be asked to provide a note from the AUC Disability Services (http://in.aucegypt.edu/student-life/student-well-being/disability- services) when your condition requires substantial adjustments (e.g. to the structure of the exams etc.).
GRADING POLICY
A 93-100 B+ 87-89.9 C+ 77-79.9 D+ 63-66.9 F <50 A- 90-92.9 B 83-86.9 C 70-76.9 D 50-62.9
B- 80-82.9 C- 67-69.9
READING MATERIALS
There no textbooks for the course; instead, you will be provided with readings and handouts, which will be made available to you on blackboard, or by email, if they are not available on the internet directly. The “core reading” texts are compulsory. You must read and reflect on all of these before coming to class, using the list of “discussion points” for each topic to guide your thinking. Please note, however, that the list of “further readings” for any topic is by no means comprehensive; on the contrary, these materials constitute only a very tiny selection of what is out there, and are designed to broaden your knowledge and spark your imagination with regard to a particular topic.
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES HeinOnline (database of legal journal articles, among other things):
Go to AUC Library >> Find Articles [With Databases] >> See All Databases >> HeinOnline Core Collection >> Law Journal Library [from where you can either look up a journal article via the alphabetical list of law journals; or click on the SEARCH tab >> Field Search >> and search for what you want.
Avalon Project (Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy): http://avalon.law.yale.edu/
(see esp. Avalon’s special collection, “Middle East 1916-2001: A Documentary Record,”
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/mideast.asp)
Al Haq, http://www.alhaq.org/
United Nations www.un.org
Security Council Resolutions Archive www.un.org/documents/scres.htm
General Assembly Resolutions Archive www.un.org/documents/resga.htm
UN Treaty Collection http://treaties.un.org/
International Court of Justice www.icj-cij.org
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia www.icty.org International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda www.un.org/ictr/
International Criminal Court www.icc-cpi.int
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights www.ohchr.org
European Court of Human Rights www.echr.coe.int/echr
Inter-American Court of Human Rights www.corteidh.or.cr
United Nations Peacebuilding Commission http://www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/
International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/
International Committee of the Red Cross www.icrc.org/
Amnesty International www.amnesty.org/
Human Rights Watch www.hrw.org/ar
Coalition Provisional Authority (inc. legal documents relating to the occupation) www.iraqcoalition.org/
B'Tselem (Israeli Info. Center for Human Rights in the OPT) www.btselem.org/
Breaking the Silence (Israeli soldiers talk about the OPT) www.breakingthesilence.org.il/
Al-Haq (Palestinian human rights NGO) www.alhaq.org/
Jadaliyya (ezine produced by the Arab Studies Institute) www.jadaliyya.com/
>> see esp. recently-launched section on “Occupation, Intervention and Law (OIL)”: http://ww w.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/2063/jadaliyya-launches-section-on-occupation-intervent
Inner City Press www.innercitypress.com/index.
html
Law and Disorder (blog) http://pashukanis.blogspot.com/
Inside Justice (blog) http://insidejustice.com/
For links to other useful websites for international legal materials, see:
American Society of International Law (ASIL) www.asil.org/electronic-resources.cfm
>> see also ASIL Insights ("international law behind the headlines," provide brief, balanced accounts of the international law issues raised by newsworthy late-breaking
events)www.asil.org/insights.cfm
European Journal of International Law (EJIL), archived online at http://www.ejil.org/archives.php
>> see also EJIL links: http://www.ejil.org/links/index.php
University of Chicago www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/forintlaw.html Lauterpacht Centre for International Law www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/
Sessions
Note: Sessions and Reading Material may change during the course of the semester. You need to check your email for course announcements.
Session 1((31/02/21)): Introduction to the Course Session 2 (03/02/21) and Session 3 (07/02/21): Critical Tools
• Nathaniel Berman, “In the Wake of Empire.” American University International Law Review 14 (1999), 1521-69. Read for Session 2
• James Thuo Gathii, TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network, and a Tentative Bibliography (September 26, 2011). Trade Law and Development, Vol. 3, No.
1, p. 26, 2011, Albany Law School Research Paper No. 35 of 2011-2012, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1933766. Read for Session 3
• Makau Mutua, “Critical Race Theory and International Law: The View of an Insider- Outsider”, 5 Vill. L. Rev. 841 (2000). Available at:
https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol45/iss5/2. Read for Session 3.
Statehood and Self Determination
Session 4 (10/02/21): Statehood, Recognition and International Personality in the Nineteenth Century – the Ottoman Empire
CORE READING:
• Hugh McKinnon Wood, “The Treaty of Paris and Turkey’s Status in International Law,”
American Journal of International Law 37 (1943), 262-74. Read for session 4.
• John Westlake, The Collected Papers of John Westlake on International Law, ed. Lassa Oppenheim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914), 6-7; 78-85. Read for Session 4
• Eliana Augusti, “From Capitulations to Unequal Treaties: The Matter of an Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in the Ottoman Empire” Journal of Civil Law Studies 4 (2011), 284-307.
FURTHER READING:
• Brett Bowden, “The Colonial Origins of International Law: European Expansion and the Classical Standard of Civilisation,” Journal of the History of International Law 7 (2005), 1- 23.
• Lassa Oppenheim, International Law: a Treatise, Vol. 1, 1st Ed. (London, New York &
Bombay: Longmans, Greens & Co., 1905), pp. 30-34; 99-101.
• Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (inter-American), Montevideo, 26 Dec.
1933, LNTS 165 (1934) 19 [“Montevideo Convention”], available at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Montevideo_Convention
• General Act of the Conference of Berlin, Berlin, 26 February 1885. BSP & Other, 76/4 [“Berlin Act”], esp. Arts. I, V, VI, IX, X, XXXIV and XXXV.
Session 5 (14/02/21) and Session 6 (17/02/21): The Legal Framework for Self-Determination in the Middle East prior to 1945 – Protectorates
CORE READING:
• James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law. 2nd Ed (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006), pp. 282-328 (Ch. 7: “Dependent States and Other Dependent Entities”). Read for Session 5.
• Malcolm McIlwraith, “The Declaration of a Protectorate in Egypt and its Legal Effects,”
Journal of Social and Comparative Legislation 17 (1917), 238-59.
Read for Session 6.
• Norman Dwight Harris, “The New Moroccan Protectorate,” American Journal of International Law 7 (1913), 245-67, esp. p. 261, ff. Read for Session 6.
FURTHER READING:
• Nathan J. Brown, “Law and Imperialism: Egypt in Comparative Perspective,” Law &
Society Review 29 (1995), 103-125.
• Robert L. Tignor, “Decolonization and Business: the Case of Egypt,” The Journal of Modern History 59 (1987), 479-505.
Session 7 (21/02/21) and Session 8 (24/02/21): The Legal Framework for Self-Determination in the Middle East prior to 1945 – Mandates
CORE READING:
• Antony Anghie, “Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty, Economy and the Mandate System of the League of Nations,” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 34 (2002), 513-633. Read for Session 7.
• Usha Natarajan, “Creating and Recreating Iraq: Legacies of the Mandate System in Contemporary Understandings of Third World Sovereignty”, Leiden Journal of International Law, 24 (2011), pp. 799–822. Read for Session 8
• Syria and Iraq Mandates. Read for Session 8 FURTHER READING:
• Address on the Fourteen Points for Peace. Speech by US President Woodrow Wilson to Congress, 8 Jan. 1918. The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, available at
http://wwl2.dataformat.com/Document.aspx?doc=30716
• Nathaniel Berman, “‘But the Alternative is Despair’: European Nationalism and the Modernist Renewal of International Law.” Harvard Law Review 106 (1992-93), 1793- 1903.
Session 9 (28/02/21) and Session 10 (03/03/21): Self Determination in the Middle East:
Palestine- UP to 1967 (Critical Perspectives)
NOTE: SESSION 9 WILL COVER THE HISTORY UP TO 1967 WAR AND SESSION 11 WILL COVER FROM 1967 WAR UNTIL THE OSLO ACCORDS.
CORE READING:
• Geoffrey Watson, “Before Oslo: A Brief Legal History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” pp. 3- 40 in The Oslo Accords: International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Agreements, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Read until 1967 for Session 9 and the remainder for Session 10
• GA Res.181 (“Partition Plan”),A/Res/181(II)[A-B], 29 Nov. 1947, available at http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r2.htm. Read for seasion 9
• Noura Erakat, “Colonial Erasures” in Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine, Stanford University Press, 2019. Book available online on the library website. Read for session 9
• Noura Erakat, “Permanent Occupation” in Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine, Stanford University Press, 2019. Book available online on the library website.
Read for session 10
• SC Res. 242, 22 Nov. 1967, available at
http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1967/scres67.htm.Read for Session 10
FURTHER READING:
• Sykes-Picot Agreement, 16 May 1916, available at http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/sykespicot.htm
• Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, 14 July – 10 Mar. 1916, esp. Letters 1-4, available at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/hussmac1.html
• The Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917:
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/balfour.asp
• British Mandate for Palestine, in American Journal of International Law 17, Supplement:
Official Documents (Jul. 1923), 164-71.
• Benny Morris, “The idea of transfer in Zionist thinking before 1948”, in Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 2nd Ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2nd ed., 2004), 40-64 (available as an e-book through the library website)
• Summary of the Report of the Palestine Royal Commission, July 1937 (“Peel Commission”), http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html
• British White Paperon Palestine, 9 Nov. 1938 (approved by Parliament, 1939),available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/brwh1939.asp
• Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry,April 1946 http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angap04.asp
• SC Res. 338, 22 Oct. 1973, available at
http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1973/scres73.htm
Session 11 (07/03/21) & Session 12 (10/03/21): Self Determination in the Middle East: Palestine- from Oslo to Present (Critical Perspectives):
CORE READING:
Session 11:
• Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, Agreement between the Government of Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation, 13 Sep. 1993, available at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documen ts/1682727.stm.
• Noura Erakat, “The Oslo Peace Process” in Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine, Stanford University Press, 2019. Book available online on the library website.
• Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (“Oslo II”), Washington, 28 Sep. 1995, available at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/interimtoc.html. Read for Session 13.
• Disengagement Plan of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, April 16, 2004 at:http://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/DisengageSharon_eng.htm..
Session 12:
• GA Res. 67/19, Status of Palestine in the United Nations, 4 Dec. 2012, at
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/67/19. Read for Session 13.
• Victor Kattan, “Palestinian Scholarship and the International Criminal Court’s Blind Spot”, TWAILR: Reflections #14/2020, available at: https://twailr.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/Kattan-Palestinian-Scholarship-and-the-ICCs-Blind-Spot.pdf.
• Aeyal Gross, “Palestinian Statehood of Confusion,” Haaretz, 30 Nov. 2012, at http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/palestinian-statehood-of- confusion.premium-1.481541. Read for Session 13.
• Palestine’s UN Initiatives and the Representation of the Palestinian People’s Rights, Al Haq’s Questions & Answers, 15 Sep. 2011, Ref. 286/2011, at
http://www.alhaq.org/images/stories/PDF/QA_on_representation.pdf. Read for Session 13.
FURTHER READING:
• PLO Negotiations Affairs Department, “The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State Solution,”
Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (European University Institute: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies), 15. Nov. 2008, available at http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf
Session 13 (14/03/21): Changing Attitudes to Self-Determination – Western Sahara and the
“earned sovereignty” approach Core Reading:
• Western Sahara Advisory Opinion, ICJ Rep., 1975, paras. 35-37; 42-59; 70-83; 87-89 and 162.
• Catriona Drew, “The Meaning of Self-Determination: ‘The Stealing of the Sahara’
Redux?” In Karin Arts & Pedro Pinto Leite, eds., International Law and the Question of Western Sahara (Leiden: International Platform for Jurists of East Timor, 2007), 15-122.
• Paul R. Williams et al, “Resolving Sovereignty-Based Conflicts: the Emerging Approach of Earned Sovereignty,” Denver Journal of International Law 31 (2002-03), 349-53.
FURTHER READING:
• UN Security Council Resolution 1720, S/Res/1729 (2006), 31 Oct. 2006, available at http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions06.htm
• Thomas M. Franck, “The Stealing of the Sahara,” American Journal of International Law 70 (1976), 694-721.
• Wayne Madsen, “Big Oil and James Baker Target the Western Sahara,” Counterpunch, 8 Jan. 2003, http://www.counterpunch.org/2003/01/08/big-oil-and-james-baker-target-the- western-sahara/
• Interview with Bachir Dkhil, one of Polisario’s founders, who defected to Morocco, available at
http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/moroccoelections2007/2007/09/200852519021408952.ht ml
• Christine Chinkin, “Western Sahara and the UN Second Decade of Decolonisation,” in Karin Arts & Pedro Pinto Leite, eds. (see above), 329-344.
• Williams, Paul R. & Francesca Jannotti Pecci. “Earned Sovereignty: Bridging the Gap Between Sovereignty and Self-Determination.” Stanford Journal of International Law 40 (2004), 347-386. Reuters News Agency, “UN Shuns W. Sahara Rights Plea after France Objects,” 31 Oct. 2006, available at http://uk.reuters.com/article/2006/10/31/sahara-un- idUKN3123062420061031
• Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Territories and Peoples. UN General Assembly, Res. 1514 (XV), 14 Dec. 1960, GAOR 15th Session, Supp. 16, p. 66 [Colonial Declaration], available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/15/ares15.htm
• Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, GA Res. 2625 (XXV), 24
Oct. 1970, at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/25/ares25.htm (section on “self- determination of peoples”).
• James Crawford, ‘The Right of Self-Determination in International Law: Its Development and Future’ in P. Alston (ed.), Peoples’ Rights (United States: Oxford University Press, 2001) pp. 7-67.
JUS AD BELLUM & JUS IN BELLO
Session 14 (17/03/21): Use of Force in the Second Gulf War CORE READING:
• Christopher Greenwood, “New World Order or Old? The Invasion of Kuwait and the Rule of Law,” Modern Law Review 55 (1992), 153-178.
• Nadje Al-Ali, “Reconstructing Gender: Iraqi Women between Dictatorship, War, Sanctions and Occupation,” Third World Quarterly 26 (2005), 739-758.
FURTHER READING:
• UN Charter, esp. Arts 2(4) and Chs. VI and VII (inc. Art. 51)
• Iraq-Kuwait, SC Res. 660 (1990), 2 Aug. 1990, available at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1990/scres90.htm
• Iraq-Kuwait, SC Res. 661 (1990), 6 Aug. 1990, available at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1990/scres90.htm
• Iraq-Kuwait, SC Res. 678 (1990), 29 Nov. 1990, available at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1990/scres90.htm
• Iraq, SC Res. 688 (1991), 5 Apr. 1991, available at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1991/scres91.htm
• Oscar Schachter, “United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict,” American Journal of International Law 85 (1991), 452-473.
• Matthew Craven, “Humanitarianism and the Quest for Smarter Sanctions,” European Journal of International Law (2002), 43-61.
Session 15 (21/03/21) & Session 16 (24/03/21): 2003 Invasion of Iraq CORE READING:
• Ruth Wedgwood, “The Fall of Saddam Hussein: Security Council Mandates and Pre- emptive Self-Defence,” American Journal of International Law 97 (2003), 576-585.
• Antony Anghie, “The War on Terror and Iraq in Historical Perspective,” 43 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 2005, 45-66.
• James T. Gathii, “Assessing Claims of a New Doctrine of Pre-Emptive War under the Doctrine of Sources,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 43 (2005), 67-103.
FURTHER READING:
• Lord Goldsmith, UK Attorney-General, Secret Memo to the British Government re: the Legality of Invading Iraq, 7 Mar. 2003, available at
http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/special/2005/iraq-advice/index.pdf
• SC Res. 1441, 8 Nov. 2002, available at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2002/sc2002.htm
• Opinion: Legality of the Use of Force against Iraq, Rabinder Singh QC & Alison McDonald, Matrix Chambers, London, on Behalf of Peacerights, 10 Sep. 2002.
• Thomas Franck, “What Happens Now? The United Nations After Iraq,” American Journal of International Law 97 (2003), 607-620.
• Christopher Greenwood, “Britain’s War on Saddam had the Law on its Side,” Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law 9 (2003), 29-31.
• Anthony Carty (2005) “The Iraq Invasion as a Recent United Kingdom ‘Contribution to International Law,’” European Journal of International Law 16 (1)
• Michael Reisman and Andrea Armstrong, ‘The Past and Future of the Claim of Pre- emptive Self-defence’ 100 (3) American Journal of International Law, 2006, 525.
• The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Sep. 2002, available at http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nss/nss_sep2002.pdf
• Judith Gardan, “A Role for Proportionality in the War on Terror,” Nordic Journal of International Law 74 (2005), 3-25.
• Gerry Simpson, “The War in Iraq and International Law,” Melbourne Journal of International Law 6 (2005), 167-188
Session 17 (28/03/21): Intervention in Libya and the Responsibility to Protect CORE READING:
• Carsten Stahn, “Responsibility to Protect: Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?”
American Journal of International Law 101 (2007), 99-120.
• Ayça Çubukçu (2013) The Responsibility to Protect: Libya and the Problem of Transnational Solidarity, Journal of Human Rights, 12:1, 40-58, DOI:
10.1080/14754835.2013.754291
• Security Council Res. 1970 (2011), 26 Feb. 2011, available at http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions11.htm
• Security Council Res. 1973, 17. Mar. 2001, S/Res/1973 (2011), avaible at http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions11.htm
• Statue of the International Criminal Court [“Rome Statute”], available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/romefra.htm -- Arts. 1-33.
FURTHER READING:
On the responsibility to protect in general:
• Anne Orford, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2011), Ch. 1 (“Protection in the Shadow of Empire”), 1-41
• The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001), available at http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf
• 2005 World Summit Outcome, A/60/L.1, 15 Sep. 2005, available at
http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/world%20summit%20outcome%20doc%202005%281%2 9.pdf
• International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, at http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/
• David Chandler, “R2P or not R2P: More Statebuilding, Less Responsibility,” Global Responsibility to Protect 2 (2010), 161-166.
On the Intervention in Libya:
• Ayça Çubukçu, “Killing in the Name Of: Libya, Sovereignty, Humanity,” Jadaliyya, 11 Mar. 2011, available at http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/870/killing-in-the-name- of_libya-sovereignty-humanity
• The Crisis in Libya, International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, available at http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-libya.
• “Luck: Council Action on Libya ''Historic'' Implementation of RtoP,” Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung interview with Ed Luck, Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General on the Responsibility to Protect, 28 Mar. 2011, available at
http://www.ipinst.org/news/general-announcement/224-luck-council-action-on-libya- historic-implementation-of-rtop.html.
• Tony Cartalucci, “How do we Respond to NATO’s War Crimes in Libya?” Libya 360˚, 2 Sep. 2011, available at http://libya360.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/how-do-we-respond-to- natos-war-crimes-in-libya/
Session 18 (31/03/21): Intervention in Iraq/Syria against ISIS and the doctrine of inability/unwillingness
• Lang, Arabella, “Legal basis for UK military action in Syria,” House of Commons BRIEFING PAPER Number 7404, 1 December 2015, available at:
file:///C:/Users/Nesreen/Downloads/CBP-7404.pdf
• Monika Hakimi, “Defensive Force against Non-State Actors: The State of Play,” 91 INT’L L. STUD. 1 (2015)
• Further Readings: Check the blog entries at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/category/syria/.
Session 19 (07/04/21): Intervention in Yemen and the doctrine of Invitation
• Zachary Vermeer, “The Jus ad Bellum and the Airstrikes in Yemen: Double Standards for Decamping Presidents?” EJIL Talk
• The Saudi Led Military Intervention in Yemen’s Civil War – 2015,in The Use of Force in International Law: A Case-Based Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018
Session 20 (11/04/21): Project Presentations
Session 21 (14/04/21): Project Presentations
Session 22 (18/04/21): Project Presentations Session 23 (21/04/21): Project Presentations INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
Session 24 (05/05/21) and Session 25 (09/05/21): Law of Occupation in Palestine + Relationship between IHL and IHRL in Palestine
• ICJ Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004 - Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Skim for Session 24
• Beit Sourik Village Council vs. the Government of Israel The Government of Israel &
Commander of the IDF Forces Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank in the West Bank, June 30, 2004. Skim for Session 24
• Orna Ben-Naftali, Aeyal M. Gross & Keren Michaeli, “Illegal Occupation: Framing the Occupied Palestinian Territory,” Berkeley Journal of International Law 23 (2005), 551- 614. Session 24
• Mazen Masri, “Colonial imprints: settler-colonialism as a fundamental feature of Israeli constitutional law”, International Journal of Law in Context, 13(3) (2017), pp. 388–407.
Session 25
• Gisha, "Scale of Control: Israel's Continued Responsibility in the Gaza Strip", November 2011. Session 25
• Aeyal Gross, Human Proportions: Are Human Rights the Emperor’s New Clothes of the International Law of Occupation', The European Journal of International Law, vol. 18, no.1, 2007. Session 25
• Btselem, “A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea:
This is Apartheid.” Available at:
https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/publications/202101_this_is_apartheid_eng.pdf
Further Reading:
• Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 Aug.1949, available at http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/380.
• [Hague] Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex:
Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 18 Oct. 1907 [“Hague Regulations”], at http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/195 esp. paras. 42-43.
• Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977, available at http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/470.
Session 26 (16/05/21): Conflict in the ME/IHL + Terrorism
• Nathaniel Berman, Privileging Combat? Contemporary Conflict and the Legal Construction of War, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, vol 43, 2004.
• ICRC, “The applicability of IHL to terrorism and counterterrorism,”
https://www.icrc.org/en/document/applicability-ihl-terrorism-and-counterterrorism
• Noura Erakat, “The Sovereign Right to Kill: A Critical Appraisal of Israel’s Shoot-to-Kill Policy in Gaza”, International Criminal Law Review 19 (2019) 783-818
Session 27 (19/05/21): Water Disputes (the Nile)
• Mekonnen, “The Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement Negotiations and the Adoption of a ‘Water Security’ Paradigm” 21 EJIL (2010) 421
• M Helal, “Sharing Blue Gold: The 1997 UN Convention on the Law of the Non-
Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Ten Years On”, (2007) 18 Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L. & Pol'y 337.
• M Helal, So Close, Yet So Far: An Account of the Negotiations on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Part I), available at: http://opiniojuris.org/2020/05/04/so-close-yet-so- far-an-account-of-the-negotiations-on-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-part-i/
• M Helal, So Close, Yet So Far: An Account of the Negotiations on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Part II), available at:
http://opiniojuris.org/2020/05/04/so-close-yet-so-far-an-account-of-the-negotiations-on- the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-part-ii/
• M Helal, So Close, Yet So Far: An Account of the Negotiations on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Part III),
https://opiniojuris.org/2020/05/04/so-close-yet-so-far-an-account-of-the-negotiations-on- the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-part-iii/
Session 28: Revision Session (Assembly Hour 19/05/21)
